A Study of The Differences of Request Strategies Applied by Male and. Female Speakers: A Case Study of Customers at Rasamala Traditional Market

A Study of The Differences of Request Strategies Applied by Male and Female Speakers: A Case Study of Customers at Rasamala Traditional Market

A THESIS

By: J. Marina Sindy V. Student Number: 10.80.0036

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME FACULTY LANGUAGE AND ARTS SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2014

A Study of The Differences of Request Strategies Applied by Male and Female Speakers: A Case Study of Customers at Rasamala Traditional Market

A Thesis Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement to Obtain the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Letters Study Programme

By: J. Marina Sindy V. Student Number: 10.80.0036

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2014

i

A THESIS ON

A Study of The Differences of Request Strategies Applied by Male and Female Speakers: A Case Study of Customers at Rasamala Traditional Market

By: J. Marina Sindy V. Student Number: 10.80.0036

Approved by,

Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP., M.Hum Major Sponsor

July 16, 2014

Cecilia Titiek Murniati, Ph.D Co-Sponsor

July 16, 2014

ii

A thesis defended in front of the Board of Examiners on July 16, 2014 and declared acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Chairperson

: Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP., M.Hum

_______________

Secretary

: Cecilia Titiek Murniati, Ph.D

_______________

Member

: Antonius Suratno, Ph.D

_______________

Semarang, July 16, 2014 Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University Dean,

Angelika Riyandari, Ph.D NPP.058.1.1996.201

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Above all, I want to express my gratitude to Jesus Christ who always gives me strength, His blessing and guidance. I would also like to express my sincerest gratitude for those who helped me in accomplishing this thesis: 1. Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP., M.Hum as my major sponsor also who I deem as my own mother and Cecilia Titiek Murniati, Ph.D as my co-sponsor. It would be impossible for me to finish this thesis without their helps and also their patience and generous assistance. In addition, I would also like to say thank you to all the teachers in the Faculty of Letters and Arts for their support, knowledge and guidance. 2. My father and mother who always support me. Thank you for your love, prayer and attention. I always proud having both of you to be my parents and I wish I could make you proud of me someday. Thank you for being my parents and also my best friends. 3. To my big family, thank you for your loves, prayers and supports. I feel lucky to be one of members of this family. I would not able to finish this thesis without your prayers. 4. I am also indebted to Ch. Narotama Adhitio who allowed me to borrow his computer to do this thesis until finished. Thank you for your support, kindness, and attention. Thank you for being my best friend. This thesis would never accomplish without your helps. 5. To all my friends who in the class of 2010 and 2009. Thank you for joy and fun that we had. Thank you for your support during I did this thesis.

Finally, I hope that this thesis would be useful for the readers.

J. Marina Sindy V. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF TITLE ................................................................................................................... i A THESIS APPROVAL ....................................................................................................... ii BOARD OF EXAMINERS .................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... v LISTS OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ xi ABSTRAK.......................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of The Study .................................................................................... 2 1.2 Field of The Study ............................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope of The Study.............................................................................................. 2 1.4 Research Question ............................................................................................... 2 1.5 The Objective of The Study ................................................................................. 3 1.6 Significance of The Study .................................................................................... 3 1.7 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 3 1.7.1

Speech Act ............................................................................................... 3

1.7.2

Request .................................................................................................... 4

1.7.3

Traditional Market ................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................................... 5 2.1 Previous Study..................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Pragmatics ........................................................................................................... 5 v

2.3 Speech Act........................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Three related acts ................................................................................................. 6 2.4.1

Locutionary act ........................................................................................ 7

2.4.2

Illocutionary act ....................................................................................... 7

2.4.3

Perlocutionary act..................................................................................... 8

2.5 Five Types of Speech Acts ................................................................................... 8 2.5.1

Representatives ........................................................................................ 8 2.5.1.1 Statement of act ............................................................................ 9 2.5.1.2 Assertions ..................................................................................... 9 2.5.1.3 Conclusions .................................................................................. 9 2.5.1.4 Description ................................................................................. 10

2.5.2

Directives ............................................................................................... 10 2.5.2.1 Command ................................................................................... 10 2.5.2.2 Order .......................................................................................... 11 2.5.2.3 Request....................................................................................... 11 2.5.2.4 Suggestion .................................................................................. 11

2.5.3

Commissives .......................................................................................... 11 2.5.3.1 Promises ..................................................................................... 12 2.5.3.2 Threats........................................................................................ 12 2.5.3.3 Refusals ...................................................................................... 12 2.5.3.4 Pledges ....................................................................................... 12

2.5.4

Declarations ........................................................................................... 13

2.5.5

Expressive .............................................................................................. 13 2.5.5.1 Statement of pleasure.................................................................. 13 2.5.5.2 Statement of pain ........................................................................ 14

vi

2.5.5.3 Statement of like ......................................................................... 14 2.5.5.4 Statement of dislike .................................................................... 14 2.5.5.5 Statement of joy.......................................................................... 14 2.5.5.6 Statement of sorrow .................................................................... 15 2.6 Request .............................................................................................................. 15 2.7 Blum-Kulka Theory of Request Strategy............................................................ 16 2.7.1

Imperative .............................................................................................. 16

2.7.2

Performative........................................................................................... 16

2.7.3

Hedge Performative................................................................................ 16

2.7.4

Obligation Statement .............................................................................. 17

2.7.5

Want Statement ...................................................................................... 17

2.7.6

Suggestory Formula ............................................................................... 17

2.7.7

Preparatory............................................................................................. 17

2.7.8

Hints ...................................................................................................... 18

2.8 Blum-kulka and Olshtain’ Request Strategy Type .............................................. 18 2.8.1

Mood derivable ...................................................................................... 18

2.8.2

Explicit performatives ............................................................................ 18

2.8.3

Hedge performative ................................................................................ 19

2.8.4

Locution derivable ................................................................................. 19

2.8.5

Scope stating .......................................................................................... 19

2.8.6

Language specific suggestory formula .................................................... 19

2.8.7

Reference to preparatory conditions ....................................................... 19

2.8.8

Strong hints ............................................................................................ 19

2.8.9

Mid hints ................................................................................................ 20

2.9 Social Factors .................................................................................................... 20

vii

2.9.1

Contextual Style of Speech..................................................................... 20

2.9.2

Sex of Speaker ....................................................................................... 21

2.9.3

Age of Speaker ....................................................................................... 21

2.9.4

Ethnic Group of Speaker ........................................................................ 21

2.9.5

Socio-economic Status of Speaker .......................................................... 22

2.10

Javanese Language ....................................................................................... 22

2.10.1 Ngoko..................................................................................................... 23 2.10.2 Krama .................................................................................................... 23 2.10.3 KramaInggil ........................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER III. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ........................... 25 3.1 Method of Data Collection ................................................................................. 25 3.2 Participants ........................................................................................................ 25 3.3 Instrument ......................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Procedure........................................................................................................... 25 3.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 28 4.1 Request Strategies Applied by Customers at Traditional Market ....................... 28 4.1.1

Male ....................................................................................................... 28 4.1.1.1 Imperative .................................................................................. 29 4.1.1.2 Performative ............................................................................... 32 4.1.1.3 Hints ........................................................................................... 33 4.1.1.4 Other Statements ........................................................................ 34

4.1.2

Female ................................................................................................... 38 4.1.2.1 Imperative .................................................................................. 38 4.1.2.2 Performative ............................................................................... 42 viii

4.1.2.3 Other Statements ........................................................................ 43 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ......................................................... 47 5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 47 5.2 Suggestions........................................................................................................ 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX 1.......................................................................................................................... APPENDIX 2..........................................................................................................................

ix

LISTS OF TABLES Table 3 The Example of Data Analysis ............................................................................... 27 Table 4.1.1 Frequency of Male Customers Using Request Strategies ................................... 28 Table 4.1.2 Frequency of Female Customers Using Request Strategies ............................... 38

x

ABSTRACT

In communication, if someone wants something from others, he or she will use the functional aspects of a language to express it. It means he or she should make an utterance. An utterance that can express various functions is called speech act. One of the functions of speech acts is making a request. A request can be defined as to ask for, politely or formally, or to beg someone to do something, to express the need or desire for, and to inquire for information. By requesting, someone can achieve his or her goal that he or she wanted from others. In making a request, people should use appropriate language according to five social factors. One of those factors is the sex of the speaker. By adopting qualitative approach, this study aims to find out the differences of request strategies used male and female customers. To address the questions, the writer recorded conversations between the sellers and the customers at Rasamala traditional market in Semarang. She analyzed them based on the speech act theories. Because the customers in traditional market used Indonesian and Javanese language when they applied a request which has different structure with English, the writer was interested in analyzing whether different language structures and sex of the speakers influenced the way they made requests. The writer used Blum-Kulka’s theory to analyze the data. In this study, the writer found that male and female customers preferred the imperative form in their requests. She also found that Javanese and Indonesian request strategies had distinctive structure compared to the English structure. In Javanese and Indonesian requests, verbs are often deleted or omitted, especially in want statement. More female customers than male customers in traditional market did not use a verb in their requests.

xi

ABSTRAK

Dalam komunikasi, jika seseorang menginginkan sesuatu dari orang lain, dia akan mengungkapkannya dengan memperhatikan aspek fungsional bahasa. Itu berarti orang tersebut harus membuat ucapan. Ucapan yang mempunyai berbagai fungsi disebut tindak tutur. Salah satu fungsi tindak tutur adalah mengajukan permintaan. Permintaan dapat didefinisikan sebagai meminta dengan sopan atau formal, atau mengemis kepada seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu, untuk menyatakan kebutuhan atau keinginan, dan untuk menanyakan informasi. Dengan meminta, seseorang mendapatkan sesuatu yang inginkan dari orang lain. Dalam mengajukan permintaan, orang harus menggunakan bahasa yang tepat sesuai dengan lima factor sosial. Salah satu factor tersebuta dalah jenis kelamin. Dengan menggunakan sistem kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan strategi yang digunakan oleh pelanggan laki-laki dan perempuan untuk mengajukan permintaan. Penulis mencatat percakapan antara penjual dan pelanggan di pasar tradisional Rasamala di Semarang. Penulis menganalisa percakapan mereka berdasarkan teori tindak tutur. Karena pelanggan di pasar tradisional menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jawa yang memiliki struktur yang berbeda dengan bahasa Inggris ketika mereka mengajukan permintaan, penulis tertarik untuk menganalisa pengaruh struktur bahasa yang berbeda dan jenis kelamin pembicara dalam cara mereka mengajukan permintaan. Penulis menggunakan teori Blum-Kulka untuk menganalisa data. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwa pelanggan pria dan wanita lebih sering menggunakan bentuk imperative dalam mengajukan permintaan. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa strategi permintaan dalam bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Indonesia memiliki struktur khas dibandingkan dengan struktur bahasa Inggris. Ketika pelanggan mengajukan permintaan dalam bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Indonesia, mereka sering menghilangkan kata kerja, terutama ketika mereka mengungkapkan apa yang mereka inginkan. Pelanggan perempuan lebih sering menghilangkan kata kerja dalam mengajukan permintaan dibandingkan dengan pelanggan laki-laki di pasar tradisional.

xii