VERBA “MEMOTONG” DALAM BAHASA BALI KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMI ABSTRAK Penelitian yang berjudul Verba “Memotong” dalam Bahasa Bali: Kajian Metabahasa Semantik Alami ini mengangkat tiga masalah pokok yang berkenaan dengan aspek semantik, yakni realisasi leksikal dan klasifikasi verba “memotong” dalam bahasa Bali (VMBB), struktur VMBB beserta kandungan makna asalinya, dan peran semantik argumen VMBB. Penentuan klasifikasi dan struktur VMBB dilakukan dengan teori Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA), sedangkan penentuan peran-peran argumen VMBB dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori Peran Umum (Macroroles). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode abservasi, wawancara, perekaman, dan pencatatan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode distribusional dengan teknik penggantian (substitusi) sebagai teknik lanjutannya untuk mendeskripsikan struktur VMBB, yang kemudian dibantu dengan teknik eksplikasi. Penyajian hasil analisis data dilakukan dengan metode deskripsi, formal, dan informal. Adapun leksikon VMBB yang ditemukan sebanyak 89 butir yakni ngetep, motong, ngodot, nortor, monggol, nganyi, ngampad, ngorok, nyamblēh, nyepeg, mancung, munggal, nyempal, nyulēn, meles, mukang, ngrecah, murak, ngruak, ningkag, nomēs, nudēg, nektek, nyahcah, ngrajang, ngulis, ngelasin, melut, nēmos, nyegut, ngakes, makpak, nyekah, nglēslēs, nganggēt, nyluhsuh, nebih, nugel, nyibak, ngabil, ngiis, ngiris, nuēs, ngaet, ngeet, ngaeb, ngeeb, nyirsir, nērēs, nyigar, niding, ngerot, nyukur, ngabas, nabas, neptep, ngepuk, ngēmpos, mukpuk, ngelung, ngepik, mikpik, ngēmpok, nguēk, ngesēt, nyētsēt, ngebēs, mēsbēs, ngompēs, ngambis, ngambēs, nyigit, mlesit, nyitsit, nyebit, ngampigang, ngampegang, ngarit, ngandik, ngrinda, ngregaji, ngikir, nyelip, ngikih, nguris, ngukur, ngunting, nyerut, dan ngirutin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa leksikon-leksikon VMBB dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan kedekatan makna inheren verba, yakni berdasarkan (1) ciri kemiripan entitas, (2) ciri kemiripan cara, (3) ciri kemiripan hasil, dan (4) ciri kemiripan instrumentalis. Pada analisis struktur dideskripsikan mengenai kolokasi entitas, keterangan alat, cara, hasil, eksplikasi / parafrase, tabel komponen makna, dan fitur semantik. Penggunaan Teori Peran Umum dilakukan untuk mengkaji peran semantik VMBB. Secara umum, ACTOR di dalam VMBB bertindak sebagai agen, UNDERGOER bertindak sebagai pasien. Selain itu, peran mengkhusus juga ditemukan meliputi lokatif, tema, pengalam, dan benefaktif. Analisis peran dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara berlapis untuk menentukan sebuah peran semantik pada argumen tertentu.
Kata Kunci: verba “memotong”, MSA, makna asali, dan eksplikasi.
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“CUT” VERB IN BALINESE THE STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGES ABSTRACT The study entitled “Cut” Verb in Balinese: Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) analyzed three principal issues related to semantic aspect namely the lexical realization and classification of “Cut” Verb in Balinese (VMBB), the structure of VMBB with it’s semantic primitives, and the semantic roles of VMBB’s argument. The Classification and determination of VMBB’s structure are analysed with The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Theory (NSM) and determination of the argument’s semantic roles are analysed by using the Macroroles Theory. This study used a qualitative research design. The data was collected through observation, interviews, recording, and notelyzing. The data analysis was conducted using the technique of distributional replacement, with substitution technique as it’s continued to describe the structure of VMBB, which then assisted with technical explication. Presentation of the result of data analysis performed by description method, formal and unformal. There were 89 lexicons found here such as ngetep, motong, ngodot, nortor, monggol, nganyi, ngampad, ngorok, nyamblēh, nyepeg, mancung, munggal, nyempal, nyulēn, meles, mukang, ngrecah, murak, ngruak, ningkag, nomēs, nudēg, nektek, nyahcah, ngrajang, ngulis, ngelasin, melut, nēmos, nyegut, ngakes, makpak, nyekah, nglēslēs, nganggēt, nyluhsuh, nebih, nugel, nyibak, ngiis, ngiris, nuēs, ngaet, ngeet, ngaeb, ngeeb, nyirsir,nērēs, nyigar, ngerot, niding, nyukur, ngabas, nabas, neptep, ngepuk, ngēmpos, mukpuk, ngelung, ngepik, mikpik, ngēmpok, nguēk, ngesēt, nyētsēt, ngebēs, mēsbēs, ngompēs, ngambis, ngambēs, nyigit, mlesit, nyitsit, nyebit, ngampigang, ngampegang, ngarit, ngandik, ngrinda, ngregaji, ngikir, nyelip, ngikih, nguris, ngukur, ngunting, nyerut, and ngirutin. The research result showed that the lexicon of VMBB can be classified based on the proximity of the inherent meaninng verbs, such as (1) the similarity characterictic of the entity, (2) the similarity characteristic manner, (3) the similarity characteristic of the result, (4) the similarity characteristic of the instrument. In the analysis of the structure described about the colocation of the entity, the description of the “cut” instrument, the manner and the result of “cut” activity, paraphrase for understanding meaning component table, and semantic features. The use of Macroroles theory is to assess the semantic roles of VMBB. In general, the actor in VMBB as an agent, and the undergoer as a patient. In addition, more specific subordinate roles also found such as locative, theme, experiencer, and benefactive. Analysis of the role in the study padded conducted to determine the semantic roles of particular argument
Keywords : “cut” verb, NSM, semantic primitives, and paraphrase.
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
SAMPUL DALAM ............................................................................................... i PRASYARAT GELAR ......................................................................................... ii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... iii LEMBAR PENETAPAN PANITIA PENGUJI ..................................................... iv SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ....................................................... v UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................................................. vi ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ x DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN LAMBANG ......................................................... xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................... 8 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Tujuan Umum .............................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ............................................................................................. 9 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Manfaat Teoretis .......................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ............................................................................................ 10
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA, KONSEP, LANDASAN TEORI, DAN MODEL PENELITIAN ............................................................................ 11 2.1 Kajian Pustaka ................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Konsep ............................................................................................................ 15
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2.2.1 Verba ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Valensi dan Pilihan Valensi .......................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Verba “Memotong” ....................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Makna .......................................................................................................... 23 2.2.5 Peran Semantik ............................................................................................ 26 2.3 Landasan Teori ............................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Teori MSA ................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Teori Peran Umum (Macroroles) ................................................................. 33 2.4 Model Penelitian ............................................................................................. 36
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ........................................................................ 38 3.1 Pendekatan Penelitian ..................................................................................... 38 3.2 Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................................. 39 3.3 Jenis dan Sumber Data .................................................................................... 41 3.4 Instrumen Penelitian ........................................................................................ 43 3.5 Metode dan Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................... 44 3.5.1 Metode Simak .............................................................................................. 46 3.5.2 Metode Cakap .............................................................................................. 47 3.6 Metode dan Teknik Analisis Data .................................................................... 48 3.6.1 Metode Distribusional .................................................................................. 48 3.6.2 Metode Parafrase / Eksplikasi ....................................................................... 51 3.7 Metode dan Teknik Penyajian Hasil Analisis Data .......................................... 51
BAB IV STRUKTUR DAN PERAN SEMANTIK VMBB ................................... 52 4.1 Struktur VMBB ............................................................................................... 52 4.1.1 Ciri Kemiripan Entitas .................................................................................. 58 4.1.1.1 Entitas Tumbuhan ..................................................................................... 58 4.1.1.2 Entitas Berupa Leher Manusia dan Hewan ................................................ 61 4.1.1.3 Entitas Berupa Bagian Tubuh Manusia dan Hewan .................................... 69 4.1.2 Ciri Kemiripan Cara ..................................................................................... 83 4.1.2.1 VMBB dengan Tipe Gerakan Berulang ..................................................... 84
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4.1.2.2 VMBB dengan Tipe Cara Mengupas ......................................................... 92 4.1.2.3 VMBB dengan Tipe Menggigit ................................................................. 98 4.1.2.4 VMBB dengan Pola Cara, Pola Gerakan, dan Pola Potongan Unik ............ 103 4.1.3 Ciri Kemiripan Hasil .................................................................................... 115 4.1.3.1 VMBB dengan Tipe Membagi Dua ........................................................... 115 4.1.3.2 VMBB dengan Tipe Mengiris ................................................................... 124 4.1.3.3 VMBB dengan Tipe Menghaluskan / Meratakan ....................................... 130 4.1.3.4 VMBB dengan Tipe Memperpendek ......................................................... 135 4.1.4 VMBB dengan Ciri Kesamaan Instrumentalis .............................................. 140 4.1.4.1 VMBB Tanpa Instrumen Pemotong ........................................................... 141 A. Tipe Memetik / Mematahkan............................................................................. 141 B. Tipe Merobek ................................................................................................... 149 C. Tipe Menghentakkan ........................................................................................ 160 4.1.4.2 VMBB Turunan dari Verbalisasi Instumen yang Digunakan ...................... 165 4. 2 Peran Semantik Argumen VMBB ................................................................... 187 4.2.1 Peran Umum Argumen VMBB .................................................................... 187 4.2.2 Peran Khusus Argumen VMBB .................................................................... 189 4.2.2.1 Peran Berlapis “Lokatif” pada Entitas Bernyawa ...................................... 189 4.2.2.2 Peran Berlapis “Lokatif” pada Entitas tak Bernyawa ................................. 197 4.2.2.3 Peran Berlapis “Benefaktif” ....................................................................... 201
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..................................................................... 206 5.1 Simpulan ......................................................................................................... 206 5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................... 209 Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................................................... GAMBAR DIAGRAM POHON KLASIFIKASI VMBB ...................................... LAMPIRAN .........................................................................................................
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN LAMBANG BB
= Bahasa Bali
VBB
= Verba Bahasa Bali
VMBB
= Verba “Memotong” dalam Bahasa Bali
MSA
= Metabahasa Semantik Alami
NSM
= Natural Semantic Metalaguages
/........../
= Tanda untuk mengapit kata secara fonetis
‘.........’
= Tanda untuk mengapit padanan kata, frasa, atau klausa dalam bahasa Indonesia
“ .......”
= Tanda untuk mengapit dan menekankan sebuah kata
*........
= Tanda untuk menyatakan bentuk yang tidak gramatikal dan lain-lain.
ART
= Artikula (kata sandang)
PREF
= Prefiks
SUF
= Sufiks
DEF
= Definit
POSS
= Possesive
A
= actor
U
= undergoer
GNNA
= Gita Ning Nusa Alit
SSM
= Suryak Suung Mangmung
SR
= Sembalun Rinjani
TLASK
= Tresnane Lebur Ajur Satonden Kembang
Loc
= Locative / lokatif
Exp
= Experiencer / pengalam
Ben
= Benefactive / benefaktif
Intf
= Intuitif
X
= Entitas 1
Y
= Entitas 2
Z
= Entitas 3
ē
= Penulisan vokal /e/ pada kata “sate”
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“satē” ‘satai’
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