TRÜBNER'S COLLECTIOB OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR C. ARTHUR & ILONA GINEVER
HUN GARIAN
GRAM MAR ARTHUR AND
ILONA
GINEVER
HUNGARIAN
G R A MM A R
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HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
BY
C. A R T H U R
an d
IL O N A G IN E V E R
LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO. LT D DRYDEN
HOUSE,
GERRARD
1909
STREET,
W.
The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved
Printed by Ballantyne , Hanson
Co.
A t the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh
PREFACE Many
people are under the wrong impression that Hun
garian is a difficult language to learn.
It is true that it
is quite unrelated to any other European language, save the Finnish, being of oriental origin, and brought with them by the invading Hungarians into the country now known as Hungary, towards the end of the ninth cen tury
A .D .
Though the vocabulary, accordingly, may at first wear an air of strangeness, this strangeness does not mean difficulty, and we venture to say that Hungarian is easier for an English student than French or German.
The
most striking characteristics of the language are its use of suffixes, where in English pronouns and prepositions are employed, and the law of harmony prevailing between the vowel-sounds of a word and those of its suffixes. When once these rules, and a few relating to the verb, are grasped, Hungarian will be found to present no great difficulty, and the impression that it is a hard language to learn must be regarded as due to the bad and compli cated exposition usually met with in grammars designed to teach Hungarian.
VI
PREFACE A student who thoroughly masters this short and simple
grammar will be well on the way to speaking and read ing Hungarian, and to unlocking for himself the golden stores of Hungarian prose and poetry. In the hope that this book may prove serviceable to any one visiting Hungary, we have added a vocabulary and a number of phrases in common use. C. A R T H U R GIN E V ER . ILON A G IN EVER (née de GYŐRY, of Budapest).
St . Ladislas, Castle Avenue, Dover.
CONTENTS CHAP.
I. II.
PAGE
T he Al p h a b e t ...................................................................... 1 T he A r
...................................................................... 4
t ic l e
III. T he N o u n ..................................................................................7 IV. Personal Su f f i x e s .............................................................18 V.
Suffixes
for
Place, D irection, &c.
.
.
.2 2
VI.
Po s t p o s it io n s ................................................................... 26
VII.
T he A d j e c t iv e ................................................................... 30
VIII.
T he Pr o n o u n ....................................................................37
IX.
T he V e r b .............................................................................43
X.
T he A d
v e r b
................................................................... 62
XI.
Co n j u n c t io n s ................................................................... 66
X II.
I n t e r j e c t io n s ................................................................... 68
X III. Ge
n d e r
............................................................................... 70
X IV . E tymology ............................................................................... 72 XV. XV I. X V II. X V III.
Sy
n t a x
.............................................................................75
D ays, M onths,
and
Se a s o n s ........................................77
M oney, W eights,and M easures Ph
r ases
.
.
.
.7 8
............................................................................. 79
H ungarian-E nglish V ocabulary ................................................... 88 E nglish-H ungarian V ocabulary ................................................... 91 vii
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR CHAPTER
I
THE A L P H A B E T V ow els.
T here
are in Hungarian fourteen distinct vowel char
acters :— a, á ; e, é ; i, í ; o, ó, ö, 6 ; u, ú, ü, ű. They are pronounced :— a á *e é i Í o Ó Ö
6 u Ú Ü Ű
in rod, e.g. far ,, ,, a ft man „ a 19 pale ,, 99 piqué ,, * „ m ee 99 bee „ ,, 0 99 fort 99 roll „ O ,, ,, French eu „ neuf ^ „ u 55 fur or French oeu „ soeur / ” „ u 55 bull ,, pool ,, ,, 00 ,, une ,, ,, French u ue „ morue ,, M 55
as
o
» ,, ,,
a
ló, föld,
a wall a castle round money red an arch wine a horse earth
bőr,
skin
futni, rút, fül, tűz,
to run
fal, vár, kerek, pénz, piros, ív, bor,
“ giy ear fire
a, e, i, o, ö, u, ii are short vowels. á, é, í, ó, ő, ú, ű are long vowels. * This e is sometimes pronounced like c in men, especially in the case of words in which it occurs several tim e s ; e.g. engedelmes (pro nounced angedalmash).
2
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR There are no Diphthongs. Vowels are also divided into :— (a) F la ts: a , á , o , <$, u , ú ; (b) Sharps: e, ö , ő , ü , ű ; and (c) Mediates : é, i, i. Flats and Sharps never occur in the same word, and
according as the vowels are of one or the other class the words are said to be sharp or flat, and only take suffixes of their respective class. kalap (hat), pl. kalapok, kert (garden) ,, kertek. Note.— This rule does not prevent the formation of compound sub stantives of heterogeneous words, and applies only to etymological derivatives. For example, selyemruha is a compound of selyem (silk), and ruha (a dress).
The Mediates may be found in the same word along with either flat or sharp vowels. Such words are called mixed, and take suffixes of either class. piros (red), pl. pirosak, hideg (cold), ,, hidegek,
Co n s o n a n t s.
The simple consonants a re : b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z. c (or c z ) is pronounced like ts
in go j (soft) ,, „ „ y „ you „ s ,, „ ,, sh „ shoe,, h is always aspirated „ r is harder than in English, and is ) ,, always vibrated, whether preceded f „ or followed by a vowel
g (hard)
„
„
,,
g
„
„
its, e.g. citrom, galamb, a dove, jó, good sas, an eagle három, three róka, ár,
The others are pronounced as in English,
a fox price
a lemon
THE ALPHABET
3
The compound consonants are: cs, ds, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs. They are pronounced as follows :— cs as ch ds »» j gy „ d iy .. y ny „ n sz M s ty » t zs tt z
in church, e.g. csirke, „ joke n findsa, „ dew „ gyöngy, » you »» ilyen, „ new »> nyúl, „ so »» szabó, „ tune »» tyúk, azure zsir, or French j in je } ”
a chicken a cup a pearl such a hare a tailor a hen lard
These compound consonants must be looked upon as single letters, each representing a single and distinct sound or articulation, and cannot be divided in spelling or pro nunciation. If in a word the sound of a compound consonant is heard with greater stress, that is, where these letters are to be written doubly, they are thus abbreviated :— For cscs, ccs ; for gygy, g g y ; &c.
But if these consonants meet only through the use of suffixes or the formation of compound words, they must be written out in full.
Also, when a word is broken off
at the end of a line, the missing letter is to be replaced, asszony (woman) is divided th u s: asz-szony.
The Hungarian language has no mute letters.
Every
character is to be pronounced distinctly and in full, always retaining the same sound, and each word has as many syllables as it contains vowels. fiaim has three syllables, and is pronounced fi-a-im. leányaié ,, five „ „ ,, le-ány-a-i-é.
The emphasis always rests on the first syllable.
CHAPTER THE
II
A R T IC L E
T h e Definite Article is a or a z .
a is used before words beginning with a consonant, a z is used before words beginning with a vowel. Whenever any definite object is referred to the definite article is used. a fiú, the b o y ;
az alma, the apple.
The definite article is used in many cases where it would not be used in English; for example, even after a demonstrative adjective, or where a pronoun precedes the noun. ez a z a lm a ; (this apple;)
a z én fiam. ( m y son.)
jobban szeretem a selymet mint a vásznat. (better do I like silk than linen.)
In such cases the article must not be translated into English. N .B . — The definite article az must not be confused with the demonstrative adjective az, that. The article, when accompanying the demonstrative adjective, follows i t : e.g. az az ember, that man ; az a madár, that bird.
4
THE ARTICLE
5
The names of persons, towns, countries, months, and days do not take the article. Károly, Charles Magyarország, Hungary Európa, Europe
Berlin, Berlin * január, January *hétfő, Monday
The names of mountains, rivers, and lakes take the article. a Duna, the Danube a Balaton, Lake Balaton
a Kárpátok, the Carpathians a Gellérthegy, Gellert hill
* The names of months and days all begin with small letters. do the names of towns and countries when used as adjectives. magyarországi, Hungarian angol, English Similarly,
So
berlini, belonging to Berlin német, German
egy angol, an Englishman egy német, a German
The Indefinite Article is egy, which is also the numeral, one. The indefinite article is much less frequently used in Hungarian than in English.
It is not necessary to use
egy before a noun if spoken of in general terms only. embert láttam, I saw (or have seen) a man. almát ettem, I have eaten an apple.
egy must never be used before an adjective or noun used as a predicate.
Thus—
Szent István király volt, St. Stephen was a king. A sas madár, the eagle (is) a bird. József jó fiú, Joseph (is) a good boy.
egy should be used in cases where its meaning is that of “ a certain” volt egyszer egy ember aki, stb., there was once a man who, &c.
6
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR e g y is used when stress is laid on the singleness of the
object. csak egy embert láttam, I saw only one man. egy almát ettem, I have eaten one apple.
The article is not inflected for number, gender, or case. az ember, (the man)
az emberek, (the men)
az embernek, (to the man)
E x e r c is e
A piros virág. Ez a nagy ház. egy kutyát láttam.
az embereknek. (to the men).
I.
Az atya ir. A szép asszony. Ez a fiú. A jó emberek. Kutyát láttam. Csak Az az alma.
The swift horse. That brave man. I have eaten only one plum. I saw a beautiful garden. The mother is gentle.
Roses are beautiful flowers. virág, flower atya, father ir, writes szép, beautiful nagy, great ház, house gyors, swift bátor, brave
csak, kutya, láttam, anya, rózsa, magas, szelid, szilva,
only dog I saw (or have seen) mother rose high gentle plum
CHAPTER
III
THE NOUN Number, Case, and Person are expressed by means of Suffixes. There are also suffixes to express place and direction. These suffixes are joined to the root, which sometimes undergoes orthographical changes. Place and direction are also indicated by means of postpositions, which, like the suffixes mentioned above, are equivalent to the prepositions of English grammar, but which, as their name indicates, follow the noun instead of preceding it. Postpositions only differ from the suffixes which also indicate place and direction by being separate from the noun. N um ber.
Rule.— The plural is formed by adding - k to nouns ending with a vowel, or -a k , -o k , -e k , or - ö k to nouns ending with a consonant. rigó (thrush), plural rigók ház (house), ,, házak kert (garden), ,, kertek
a and e at the end of a noun become lengthened in the plural. fa (tree), pl. fák
eke (plough), pl. ekék
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
8
Nouns ending with a consonant 'preceded by á or é shorten these vowels in the plural, except those ending in -s á g , -s é g , -á s , or -é s , and a few monosyllabic nouns.
But,
madár kerék ritkaság szépség vágás vetés
(bird), plural (wheel) ,, (rarity) ,, (beauty) „ (a stroke) „ (a crop) ,,
madarak kerekek ritkaságok szépségek vágások vetések
If the final consonants of the last two syllables in polysyllabic nouns would admit of an easy pronunciation without the intervention of a vowel, the vowel of the last syllable is generally dropped in the plural.
This contraction
mostly takes place when the consonants m-r, k-r, k-1, or reversed, r-m, r-k, and 1-k meet. lélek (soul), plural lelkek ökör (bull) ,, ökrök járom (yoke) „ jármok
The following monosyllabic nouns ending with a vowel take Y in the plural; some of them at the same time shorten their Vowel:— kő
(stone),
lé (juice) ló (horse) fű (grass) cső (tube)
tó (lake) t6 (stem) hó (snow) mű (work of art) szó (word)
kövek levek lovak füvek csövek tavak tövek havak művek f szavak (consecutive words) ” \ szók (disconnected words)
plural
„ „ „ „ ,, „ „ ,,
Note.— Nouns are always used in the singular ivhen preceded by a numeral or any other word expressing quantity and take the verb in the singular.
,
THE NOUN
9
két ember (two m en ); sok fa (many trees). három ember van a kertben, three men are in the garden.
Note.— Many nouns in Hungarian are used in the singular which are in English used in the plural; for example, the names of the various parts of the human body, and of articles of clothing, which occur in pairs— eyes, hands, gloves, boots, &c. Szép szeme van, she has pretty eyes (literally, a pretty eye). Fázik a kezem, my hands are cold (literally, my hand is cold). Keztyűt, czipőt, vettem, I have bought gloves, shoes (literally, glove, shoe). If one desires to say exactly the quantity bought, one may say, egy pár keztyűt, két pár keztyűt, &c., but if the quantity is not mentioned, it is sufficient to use the singular accusative, as in the above example. If the plural were used it would mean many pairs, and it would then be better to say how many. It may be well here to point out how such a notion as “ a pair of,” “ a cup of,” “ a pound o f,” is expressed in Hungarian. The English “ o f ” has no equivalent in Hungarian. A A A A
pair of shoes = egy pár czipő (lit. a pair shoe). cup of coffee - egy csésze kávé (lit. a cup coffee). bottle of wine = egy üveg bor. kilogram of apples = egy kilogramm alma (lit. a kilogram apple).
In such cases, if the accusative case has to be used, it is only the second of the two nouns that takes the accusative ending -t (see below). I have bought a bottle of wine= vettem egy üveg bor-t.
Collective nouns are used in the plural when several lots or quantities of the same genus are referred to, but in all other cases they are used in the singular.
In Hungarian
all generic names are collective nouns, as, for instance, the names of fruits, corn, vegetables, minerals, &c., and stand in the singular. alma, apple or apples, buza, wheat, borsó, a pea or peas.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
10
egy font alma, a pound of apples; szeretem az almát, I like apples, két itcze borsó, two quarts of peas; borsót vettem, I have bought some peas. But, a magyar buzá-k jobbak mint az oroszok. Hungarian wheats (are) better than Russian.
E x e r c is e
A
házak
madarak. kékek.
magasak
II.
és a kertek
A vetések zöldek.
A hó fehér és hideg.
nagyok.
Az ökrök erősek.
A rigók A tavak
A ló és a kutya házi állatok.
A kertben sok szép virág van.
Az emberek a kertben
vannak. Apples and pears are pleasant fruits. cat are domestic animals. stable.
The dog and the
Many strong horses are in the
Three beautiful trees are in the garden.
Dogs
are faithful friends. zöld, erős, kék, fehér, házi, állat, -ben, -ban, körte,
van, vannak, kellemes, gyümölcs, macska, istálló, hü, barát,
green strong blue white domestic animal in pear
Ca s e s o f t h e
is are pleasant fruit cat stable faithful friend
N oun.
There are four cases :— Nominative, Genitive or Possessive, Dative and Accusative. The Nominative is the subject of the verb and is the simple word. T he
G e n it iv e .
Two different suffixes are used to indicate the genitive or possessive case.
THE NOUN
11
(1) When the names of the possessor and the thing possessed are both mentioned the name of the possessor takes the suffix -nak for flat-sounding words and -nek for sharp sounding words to indicate the possessive case. A t the same time the name of the thing possessed takes the personal suffix -a ,- e or - j a , - j e (see Chapter IV.). Péter-nek kert-je, Peter’s garden. Péter-nek a kert-je szép, Peter’s garden is beautiful.
The genitive with -nak, -nek, stands in an adjectival relation to the
thing possessed.
In
Péternek kertje,
Péternek is the attribute to kertje. This construction, while grammatically correct, is some what cumbersome, and as a rule, when the possessive stands only as attribute to its object, it is not inflected, as the object is already inflected with the personal suffix, which expresses amply the relation between possessor and thing possessed. Thus, Péter k ert-je is more usual than
P éter-nek
k e r t-je ; in fact, this construction is almost invariably employed. az ember k abát-ja, the man’s coat.
Note.— When several substantives occur in succession, and all except the first and last are both possessors and things possessed, while all the things possessed take the personal suffix, only the last possessor takes the genitive suffix, which must never be omitted. A fa lomb-ja szin-é-nek szépség-e. the foliage of the tree.
VAN.
The beauty of the colour of
VANNAK.
The Hungarian has no word
corresponding
to
the
English verb “ to have,” but expresses possession by the
12
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
possessive case with the verb v a n , “ is,” or other parts of the verb lenni, “ to be.” Péter-nek van ház-a, Peter has a house (literally, there is a house of Peter’s). Péter-nek v a n n a k ház-ai, Peter has houses (literally, there are houses of Peter’s).
The form of the possessive with the verb van is called its subjective form, and is always to be translated into English by the nominative and the verb “ to have.” With this construction, -nek or
-nak must never be
omitted if the name of the possessor is mentioned, while the thing possessed must always take the personal ending. Note.— The name of the possessor is not always mentioned, the personal ending, or the context, being sufficient to show who the possessor is. Tavasszal sok v irág -u n k lesz. W e shall have many flowers in the spring. Atyám örült, mert az ősszel sok gyümölcs-e volt. My father was glad, because he had abundant fruit in the autumn. In this latter sentence neki is understood, but need not be ex pressed.
The other form, where it governs its object directly, that is, without van, is called its attributive form, and is to be rendered in English by the possessive case. (2) When the name of the thing possessed is suppressed, the possessive case is indicated by the suffix -é or - é i ; -é, if the thing possessed is a single object, -éi, when two or more objects are possessed. Kinek a háza az ? Az atyám-é. Whose house is that ? My father’ s. Kinek a házai azok ? Az atyám -éi. Whose houses are those ? My father’s.
THE NOUN Az a ház az atyám-é.
13
That house is my father’ s.
This sentence in full would be :v Az a ház az atyám háza, but háza is suppressed and the suffix -é is substituted for it. This suffix -é or -éi is added to the plural if there are more than one possessor. Kinek a szobája ez ? A gyermek-ek-é. Whose is this room ? The children’s. Kinek a szobái ezek ? A gyermek-ek-éi. Whose are these rooms ? The children’s.
Note .— This form of the genitive, being a contraction of both pos sessor and object possessed, may be used as subject or predicate, and can be inflected like an ordinary noun, except that it cannot take the genitive ending again. Házamat eladtam és Péter-é-t megvettem, I sold my house and bought Peter’s. Here Péter is in the genitive, and has taken also the accusative end ing -t, which would be joined to the object were it expressed ; thus, Házamat eladtam és Péternek ház-á-t megvettem.
E x e r c is e
A madarak dala szép. és kertje nagy. járma erős. illata van.
III.
A fák lombja zöld.
A háznak sok ablaka van.
Jánosnak négy lova van. Kinek a kertje ez ?
They belong to the king.
roses of that garden is lovely. Peter.
Az ökrök
A rózsáknak édes
A szomszédé.
The scent, of the flowers is pleasant. fine horses ?
Péter háza
Whose are those The colour of the
That tall house belongs to
The neighbour has a large garden. dal, lomb, ablak, négy, édes,
song foliage window four sweet
illat, scent szomszéd, neighbour szép, fine, beautiful szín, colour gyönyörű, lovely
14
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR T he
D a t iv e .
The dative suffix is also -nak or -nek, which corre sponds to the English “ to ” or “ for.” Ezt P éter-n ek adom, I give this to Peter. Szénát viszek a lo v a k -n a k , I carry hay to the horses.
N .B . — This dative suffix, unlike the genitive -nak, -nek, must never be omitted. The
A c c u s a t iv e .
The distinctive mark of the accusative, both in the singular and in the plural, is the ending -t. Rule 1.— This -t is added directly to (a) all substantives ending in a vowel. férfi rózsa kefe erdő
(man), (rose) (brush) (wood)
acc. ,, ,, „
férfit rózsát kefét erdőt
Note.— Final -a and -e become lengthened in the accusative.
(b)
Substantives ending in
1, if they are not mono
j,
syllables, ny, s (if preceded by a long vowel), dissyllables ending in sz and z, and monosyllables ending in r (except vár, a castle). zörej asztal leány kár hús vadász vitéz
(noise), (table) (girl) (damage) (meat) (huntsman) (warrior)
acc.
,, „ „ ,, „ ,,
zörejt asztalt leányt kárt húst vadászt vitézt
Rule 2. -t is preceded by a vowel in the case of words ending with a consonant. (a) By a (for flat words).
THE NOUN
15
In monosyllabic substantives containing a long or short a (excepting those covered by the preceding rule). száj váz vaj
(mouth), acc. szájat (skeleton) „ vázat (butter) „ vajat
In most monosyllables containing i. díj hid
(salary), (bridge)
acc. díjat
„ hidat
i Also, in many nouns which shorten the long á of their last syllable. madár (bird), acc. madarat
(b) By o (for flat words). narancs (orange), acc. narancsot kalap (hat) „ kalapot
(c) By e (for sharp words). In all substantives whose roots have t, e, or e, for their radical vowels. gyermek (child), acc. gyermeket vitézség (bravery) „ vitézséget
In monosyllables with a final 1, or with another final consonant preceded by 1 or r. fül (ear), acc. fület föld (earth) „ földet völgy (valley) ,, völgyet
(d) By ö (for sharp words). In substantives having as their radical vowels ö, 6, ü, or ü, and not covered by the preceding rules. ezüst (silver), acc. ezüstöt füst (smoke) ,, füstöt köd (fog) „ ködöt
16
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Co n t r a c t io n .
The rule for contraction is the same in the case of the addition of the accusative ending as in that of the addition of the plural ending (see page 8). lélek (soul), plural, lelkek, acc. lelket dolog (task) ,, dolgok, „ dolgot
A substantive is declined in the plural in the same way as in the singular. Norn, Gen. B at . Acc.
a a a a
házak házak-é házak-nak házak-at
E x e r c ise IV.
Búzát adok a madaraknak. mekeknek. ökröknek.
Az ember vizet
visz a lovaknak
A hó takarót ad a földnek.
csöt hoz a gazdának. vize tiszta.
Képeket mutatok a gyer
A tónak a partja virágos és a
A kert füve zöld és fái magasak.
gazdaságot, két házat és három lovat. nagy.
és az
A kert gyümöl Látok egy
A munka díja
A madarat a kertben látom.
The men have a beautiful garden. an imposing building.
The king’s palace is
I do not much admire the houses.
Whose books are those ?
They belong to the student.
I shall give this gun to the hunter.
I like beautiful
flowers. kép, picture mutatok, I show viz, water visz, carries ad, gives
munka, látok, látom, palota, tekintélyes, épület,
work I see palace imposing building
THE NOUN takaró, a covering nem, hoz, brings nagyon, gazda, farmer bámulom, gazdaság, farm tanuló, fogom adni, part, shore virágos, flowery puska, tiszta, clean, pure
17 no, not much I admire student I shall give gun
B
CH APTER IV PERSONAL SUFFIXES As already mentioned, the name of the object possessed is always inflected. Péternek kalap-ja (Peter’s hat).
In Hungarian, the function of the English possessive pronouns (my, thy, &c.) is performed by suffixes. atyá-m (my fath er); atya-d (thy father).
These suffixes are as follows :— (A.) Where the Object possessed is Singular. Sharp Words.
Flat Words. S in g .: 1st person 2nd „ 3rd ,, P lural: 1st ,, 2nd ,, 3rd „
-m -d -ja -nk -tok -jok, juk
-m -d
-je -nk -tek, tök -jök, jük
my thy his, hers, its our your their
When a word ends in a vowel these suffixes are added directly to the wrord, the vowels a and e being lengthened, as in the case of the formation of the plural. Examples. atya (father) atyá-m, my father atyá-nk, our father atyá-d, thy father atyá-tok, your father *aty(á)-ja, his or her father *aty(á)-juk, their father * anya (mother), atya (father), and bátya (elder brother), drop the á in the third person singular and plural. 18
PERSONAL SUFFIXES
19
eke (plough) eké-m, my plough eké-d, thy plough eké-je, his or her plough
eké-nk, our plough eké-tek, your plough eké-jük, their plough
A large number of words drop the j in the third person singular and plural. láb bér szív toll orr
lába bére szive tolla orra
(foot) (wages) (heart) (feather) (nose)
lábuk bérük szivük tollúk orruk
In general, when a word ends with a consonant the j is omitted, but words ending in two different consonants usually retain the j. föld kert domb rojt
földjük kertjük dombjuk rojtjuk
földje kertje dombja rojtja
(ground) (garden) (hill) (fringe)
There are exceptions, however. gyümölcs (fruit) érez (metal) kilincs (door handle)
gyümölcse ércze kilincse
gyümölcsük érezük kilincsük
(B.) Where the Objects 'possessed are more than one. The mark of plurality is the vowel i in the suffixes. Flat and Sharp Words. S in g .: 1st perfcon 2nd „ 3rd „ Plural: 1st „ 2nd „
-im -id -i -ink -itok, itek
my thy his, hers, its our your
(flat) (sharp) 3rd
-ik
their
20
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Examples. hajó (ship) szoba (room) eke (plough) S in g .: 1st person hajó-im szobá-im eké-im 2nd ,, hajó-id szobá-id eké-id 3rd „ hajó-i szobá-i eké-i Plural: 1st ,, hajó-ink szobá-ink eké-ink 2nd „ hajó-itok szobá-itok eké-itek 3rd ,, hajó-ik szobá-ik eké-ik
Nouns ending in a consonant link these endings by means of a vowel. Examples. könyv (book);
1.
ház (house).
The Object in the Singular.
1. könyv-em, 2. könyv-ed, 3. könyv-e, 1. könyv-ünk, 2. könyv-etek, 3. könyv-ük,
2. 1. könyv-eim, 2. könyv-eid, 3. könyv-ei, 1. könyv-eink, könyv-eitek, könyv-eik,
my book, thy book, his book, our book, your book, their book.
1. ház-am, my house, thy house, 2. ház-ad, his house, 3. ház-a, 1. ház-unk, our house, 2. ház-atok, your house, 3. ház-ok, their house.
The Object in the Plural. my books, thy books, his books, our books, your books, their books.
1. ház-aim, 2. ház-aid, 3. ház-ai, 1. ház-aink, 2. ház-aitok, 3. ház-aik,
my houses, thy houses, his houses, our houses, your houses, their houses.
W ords which contract before adding the plural endings, also contract when adding these personal suffixes. ökör (ox), plural ökrök malom (mill) ,, malmok lélek (soul) ,, lelkek
ökröm (my ox), &c. malmom (my mill), &c. lelkem (my soul), &c.
Note .— If the possessor is the first or the second person, the pro noun must not be put before it ordinarily, as the suffix already indi cates to whom the object belongs. The personal pronoun is only to
21
PERSONAL SUFFIXES
be used when it is desired to lay stress on this ownership, as, az é n könyvem, my book (not yours); a t e könyved, thy book (not another’s).
A noun to which has been added a personal suffix can take further suffixes. ezt atyá-m-nak adom, I am giving this to my father, a hajó-m-at szeretem, I like my boat, a hajó-m-ban, in my boat.
E x e r c is e V.
A házak ablakai fényesek és ajtói magasak. hat lova, nyolcz ökre és tíz tehene van. az ásó ?
A gazdáé.
A hű és szorgalmas szolga bére nagy.
Kertem gyümölcsei érettek. barátomé.
A gazdának
Kié az eke és
Az én kertem kisebb mint a
A körte íze kellemesebb mint az almáé.
mi atyánk idősebb mint a te atyád.
A
A rózsa szine piros,
a búzavirágé kék. My father’s books are very interesting. the roses is pleasant.
The scent of
The colour of the rose is red.
farmer has many valuable horses. father’ s garden are beautiful.
Whose is that book ?
belongs to my friend’s little boy. fényes, bright ajtó, door hat six tíz, ten tehén, cow szorgalmas, industrious szolga, servant bér, wages
The
The flowers of my
érett, kis, kisebb, barát, íz, idős, búzavirág, érdekes, értékes,
ripe small, smaller friend flavour old cornflower interesting valuable
It
CH A PTER V SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, ETC. W here
in English a preposition would
be
used, in
Hungarian either a suffix, or a postposition (see next chapter) is employed. In the house, a h á z -b a n .
(a) Suffixes indicating Place where. Flat.
Sharp.
1. -ban, -ben = m. a ház-ban, a könyv-ben.
2. -n (after vowels) = on, at, in. az ajtó-n, on the door.
Note . — a and e become lengthened when adding -n : as, eke, eké-n.
-on, -en, -ön (after a consonant) = on, at, in . az asztal-on, on the table, a föld-ön, on the ground. Budapest-en, in Budapest.
3. -nál, -nél = with, at the house of, at, among. o atyám-nál van, he is with my father, or at my father’ s house. a francia udvar-nál, at the French Court, a görögök-nél, among the Greeks. 22
SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, ETC.
23
(&) Suffixes answering the Question whither. Flat. Sharp.
4. - b a , - b e = into. a ház-ba megyek, I am going into the house, tedd a terem-be, put it into the hall.
5. -r a , - r e = towards, on, upon. észak-ra, towards the north. tedd az asztal-ra, put it on the table. tíz-re jár az óra, it is getting towards ten o’clock.
6. -h o z , -h e z , - h ö z = to, towards. a barátom-hoz megyek, I am going to my friend, menj az épület-hez, go to the building.
• (c) Suffixes answering the Question whence. 7. -b ő i, - b ő i =-out of. kimentem a ház-ból, I went out of the house, a halat kifogták a víz-bői, they have drawn a fish out of the water.
8. - r ó l, - r ő l = from (downwards from). a kémény leesett a ház-ról (the chimney fell from the house).
9. - t ó i, - t ő i = from. a levél az atyám-tói jön, the letter comes from my father.
Other Suffixes. answers the question How long ? or H ow far ? a ház-ig, as far as the house, két évig, for two years.
- é r t = on account of, because of, for. barátság-ért, for friendship, pénz-ért, for money.
24
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Flat.
Sharp.
-val, -Y e l = with, by means of. ásó-val, with a spade.
Note.----- val, -vel, if joined to a noun ending in a conso nant, drops the v, and doubles the final conso nant of the noun. kéz (hand), kéz-zel (by hand), kezem-mel with my hand).
-vá, -Yé is used to indicate the change of an object into something else. katoná-vá lenni, to become a soldier. Lót neje só-vá változott, Lot’s wife was turned into salt.
Note.— The above rule relating to -val, -vel, applies also to -vá, vé.
-ú l, -ű l tells for what purpose a thing has been done. példá-úl, for example ; mintá-úl, as a pattern.
-ként = like, as. nagybátyját atyja-ként szereti, he loves his uncle like a father.
-stul, stül = together with. levettem a rózsát szárastul, I plucked the rose with its stalk.
All these suffixes can be used after plural or personal suffixes have already been added to a noun. ház, ház-ak-ért, ház-am-ért.
They can also themselves take the personal endings mentioned in the previous chapter. Thus, instead of joining -ben (in) to the pronoun én (I), to express the notion “ in me,” the personal suffix m (with the proper connecting vowel) is added to the pre-
SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, ETC.
25
positional affix -ben: thus, “ in m e ” becomes bennem, “ in thee,” benned, &c. ben (in)
gives bennem, benned, benne, bennünk, benne tek, bennök. „ rajtam, rajtad, rajta, rajtunk, rajtatok, n (on) rajtok. „ nálam, nálad, nála, nálunk, nálatok, nál (with) nálok. ,, belém, beléd, belé (beléje), belénk, belétek, be (into) beléjök. ,, reám (rám), reád (rád), reá (rá), reánk ra, re (on to) (ránk), rátok, rájok. hoz (towards) „ hozzám, hozzád, hozzá (hozzája), hozzánk, hozzátok, hozzájok. bői (out of) ,, belőlem, belőled, belőle, belőlünk, belőle tek, belőlök. ról (down from) ,, rólam, rólad, róla, rólunk, rólatok, róluk. tői (from) ,, tőlem, tőled, tőle, tőlünk, tőletek, tőlük. ért (on account of) „ értem, érted, érte, értünk, értetek, értök. vel (with) ,, velem, veled, vele, velünk, veletek, velők.
CHAPTER
VI
POSTPOSITIONS T h es e resemble the suffixes just enumerated, except in the circumstance that they are not joined to the noun, but stand after it as separate words. az egér fut a macska
elől, the mouse runs from the cat.
Many have three forms, according as they answer the question Where? Whither? Whence? alatt, under (stationary): a macska az asztal alatt van, the cat is under the table. alá, under (towards): menj a fa alá, go under the tree, alól, under (from under): a növény kikel a föld alól, the plant comes from under the ground.
Such postpositions may be tabulated as follows :— Where ? under before above around between or among behind beside on towards away from
alatt előtt fölött körött között mögött mellett hegyett
Whither ?
Whence ?
alá elé fölé köré közé mögé mellé hegyé felé
alól elől fölől körül közül mögül mellől
felől
26
POSTPOSITIONS
27
Other Postpositions. ellen gyanánt iránt miatt múlva nélkül óta szerint után végett helyett
against as, for towards because of after, at the end of without since i according to after for the purpose of instead of
The above postpositions do not necessitate any ortho graphical modification of the preceding substantive, a Duna mellett, beside the Danube.
The following postpositions do necessitate some change, közel, near. k é p e s t , in comparison with, in proportion to.
Before these the substantive takes -hoz, -hez, or -höz. a tem plom -hoz k ö z e l, near the church. öccsé-hez k é p e s t magas, he is tall compared with his younger brother.
fogva, since, by, from. The substantive takes the suffix -nál, -nél, or -tói,
-tői. k ezé-nél f o g v a , by his hand. ta va sz-tói f o g v a épitik ezt a házat, they have been building this house since the spring.
nézve, in regard to. The substantive takes the suffix -ra, -re. a dolog barátom -ra n é z v e kellemetlen, the business is dis agreeable as regards my friend. a külsejó-re n é z v e megnyerő, he is pleasing as regards his appearance.
28
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR együtt, together with. The substantive takes the suffix -val, -vel. Sándor M a ri-v a l e g y ü t t together with Mary.
érkezett, Alexander has arrived
Note . — e g y ü t t can also be used as an adverb, meaning together. a három ember e g y ü t t érkezett, the three men arrived to gether.
The following postpositions necessitate the addition to the substantives of the ending -n, -on, -en, or -ön.
alul, below, under. a becsáron a l u l adták el mindenét, all his belongings were sold under their value.
át, által, across, over. a katonák a hídon over the bridge.
á t mentek el, the soldiers went away
belül, within, inside. az ajtón b e lü l, inside the door.
fölül, above. a felhőkön f ö l ü l , above the clouds. \
innen, this side of. a folyón i n n e n , this side of the river
keresztül, through, across. az erdőn k e r e s z t ü l, through the wood,
kívül, outside. a városon k í v ü l , outside the town.
túl, beyond, the other side of. az erdőn t ú l vadásznak, they are hunting the other side of the wood.
The above postpositions (with the exception of gyanánt,
29
POSTPOSITIONS
múlva, óta, közel, képest, fogva, nézve, együtt, át, belül, innen, keresztül, and túl) may, like the suffixes in the preceding chapter, take the personal endings. alattam, under me nélkülem, without me kívülem, besides me
alattad, under thee, &c. nélküled, without thee, &c. kívüled, besides thee, &c.
alúl, belül, fölül, kívül, közel, and túl can take the suffix for direction -ról, ről (from), and they then mean from under, from within, &c. alúl-ról, from under belül-ről, from within fölül-ről, from above
kívül-ről, from without közel-r8l, from near túl-ról, from beyond
E x e r c is e
V I.
A tehenek és lovak istállói tágasak és tiszták a gaz daságban.
Magyarország hegyeiben sok érez van.
uj könyvei a könyvtárban vannak. megyek el. a tető fölől.
Atyánk
Hétfő helyett szerdán
A három közül ez a legszebb.
A füst elszállt
A hirlap szerint a király megérkezett.
My father is in his garden, but will soon go into the house.
The horses are in their stalls.
The boys are
coming out of school. The chimney fell down from the roof. Do not go to the shop without money. Flour is made into bread. spacious hirlap, newspaper tágas, hamar, soon hill begy, metal jönnek, are coming érez, school könyvtár, library iskola, kémény, chimney Monday hétfő, shop Wednesday bolt, szerda, ne menj, do not go legszebb, finest flour has flown liszt, elszállt, kenyér, bread roof tető, csinálják, they make (the passive is not used)
CHAPTER
VII
THE ADJECTIVE The
adjective when used attributively is indeclinable. A s z é p rózsa, the beautiful rose. A s z é p rózsák, the beautiful roses. Látom a s z é p rózsákat, I see the beautiful roses.
But when used predicatively, the adjective is declinable. A rózsák s z é p -e k , the roses are beautiful.
Also, when the adjective is used by itself as a sub stantive, it is declinable. Add nekem a könyvet. Give me the book. Add nekem a könyveket. Give me the books.
Melyiket ? W hich one ? Melyikeket ? W hich ones ?
A nagy-ot. The big (one). A n a g y -o k a t. The big (ones).
An adjective when declined is inflected in the same manner as a substantive. In forming the plural, however, the following exceptions occur. Adjectives ending in ü take the plural ending -ek. Adjectives ending in i take the plural ending -ek or -ak. gyönyörű (lovely), régi (old) párisi (Parisian)
plural gyönyörü-ek „ régi-ek ,, p árisi-ak
In all other cases adjectives follow the same rules as substantives. Among adjectives are reckoned the participles of the 30
THE ADJECTIVE
31
verb, which, when used as adjectives, are inflected like them. Com parison
of
A d j e c t iv e s .
The comparative is formed by adding -bb to adjectives ending in a vowel, or -abb, -ebb, or -obb, to those ending in a consonant. gyönyörű (lovely), comp, gyönyörü-bb nagy (great) „ nagy-obb
After sibilants, which would admit the sound b to be heard without an intermediate vowel, often only -b is added to form the comparative, but it is preferable to use a connecting vowel, unless it is not desired to lengthen the word by a syllable, as, for instance, in poetry. It is correct, for example, to write magasb (higher), though magasabb is more usual. Final a and e are lengthened wThen the comparative suffix -bb is added. drága (dear), drágá-bb; fekete (black), feketé-bb.
Final 6 shortens its sound only in jó (good), jobb. The following are somewhat irregular :— szép könnyű ifjú hosszú sok
(beautiful), comp, szebb (easy) „ könnyebb (young) „ ifjabb (long) „ hosszabb (much) „ több
Comparisons are made with the aid of the conjunction mint, as, than. Ez nagyobb mint az, this is greater than that. A méter hosszabb mint a rőf, the metre is longer than the yard.
32
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR as . . .
as . . . is expressed by olyan . . . mint. . . .
Az én házam olyan nagy mint a tied, my house is as large as yours. Egy font nem olyan nehéz mint egy kilogramm, a pound is not so heavy as a kilogram.
When the comparative is used by itself as a substan tive, it takes the affix -ik. szebb, a szebbik; nagyobb, a nagyobbik. A két folyó közül ez a mélyebbik, of the two rivers, this is the deeper.
This rule applies also to the superlative. The superlative is invariably formed by prefixing leg- to the comparative. drága, comp, drágább nagy „ nagyobb erős ,, erősebb sok ,, több
sup. „ „ „
leg-drágább leg-nagyobb leg-erősebb leg-több
Cardinals.— These are declinable like other adjectives when the substantives which they qualify are not ex pressed. They also form derivatives which answer the question: hányán (how many) ? For instance : H ow many ran away? Hárman ( = három-an, the o being dropped).
The termina
tions of these derivatives are -an and -en, as, négy-en, öt-en. egy = egyedül (alone), and kettő = ketten, form their de rivatives irregularly; három and ezer become con tracted: hárman, ezren. Száz (100), ezer (1000), and millió may be used as substantives and form plurals if the number of hundreds, &c., is indefinite; as, százak (hundreds), ezrek (thousands), milliók (millions).
If, however, the number is stated, the
Numerals
1 2* 3 4
5 6
7
két, kettő három négy öt hat hét nyolc kilenc tíz tizenegy tizenkét (kettő) húsz huszonegy huszonkét (kettő) harminc harmincegy negyven ötven hatvan hetven nyolcvan kilencven száz ezer tízezer százezer millié
első második harmadik negyedik ötödik hatodik hetedik nvolcadik kilencedik tizedik tizenegyedik tizenkettedik huszadik huszonegyedik huszonkettedik harmincadik harmincegyedik negyvenedik ötvenedik hatvanadik hetvenedik nyolcvanadik kilencvenedik századik ezredik tízezredik százezredik milliomodik
egy
Fractional.
fél, * harmad, I negyed, I ötöd, 1 hatod, £ 1 heted, r nyolcad, § kilenced, 15tized, Á tizenegyed, A tizenketted, A huszad, A huszonegyed, * huszonketted* A harmincad, A harmincegyed, A negyvened, A ötvened, A hatvanad, íny hetvened, A nyolcvanad, A kilencvened, A század, rA ezred, t A tt tízezred, riréiny százezred, rtrAmr milliomod, nnmnnr
Multiplicatives.
egyszer (once) kétszer (twice) háromszor négyszer ötször hatszor hétszer nyolcszor kilencszer tízszer tizenegyszer tizenkétszer húszszor huszanegyszer huszankétszer harmincszor harmincegyszer negyvenszer ötvenszer hatvanszor hetvenszer nyolcvanszor kilencvenszer százszor ezerszer tízezerszer százezerszer milliomszor
* k é t , i f fo llo w e d b y a s u b sta n tiv e , a n d k e tt ő , if s ta n d in g b y i t s e l f : k é t em b e r, tw o m e n ; on th e q u e stio n , H o w m a n y ? k e ttő .
33
Ordinals.
THE ADJECTIVE
8 9
10 11 12* 20 21 22* 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Cardinals.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
34
singular must be used; as három száz (three hundred), tíz ezer (ten thousand). Ordinals.— These, like cardinals, are adjectives, and are declinable.
They sometimes drop the ending -ik if another
word is joined to them.
This is not usually done, however,
and occurs chiefly in words expressing in the second year ; (“ two years old ” Ordinals form adverbs by dropping taking - s z o r or - s z e r instead. Első rest are regular. első, m ásodik, harm adik, n egyedik,
first second third fourth
age, as, másod-éves, would be kétéves). the ending -ik, and is irregular, but the
először, m ásodszor, harm adszor, negyedszer,
firstly secondly thirdly fourthly, &c.
Fractionals are also adjectives and declinable, but they do not form adverbs. They may be used in the plural, as, negyedek (quarters); e.g. a negyedek nagyobbak mint a nyolcadok (quarters are larger than eighths). If how ever, these fractionals are preceded by another numeral, they must be used in the singular; as, három negyed (three-fourths). Multijjlicatives arc adverbs and therefore indeclinable. H árom szor n é g y : tizen k ettő, three times four are twelve. H árom szor Írtam levelet, I have written a letter three times.
These multiplicatives form adjectives by adding -e s or -o s . Kétszer-es, d ou b le; háromszor-os, triple, &c. Other multiples, almost identical in meaning with kétszeres, háromszoros, &c., are:— egyes, kettős, hármas, négyes,
simple dou ble triple quadruple
ötös, quintuple hatos, sextuple hetes, septuple nyolczas, octuple, &c,
THE ADJECTIVE
35
B y adding -rétü to the cardinal numbers another kind of multiplicative is formed. egyrétü, s in g le ; kétrétű, t w o - f o l d ; hatrétü, six-fold , &c. háromrétű vászon, th re e -fo ld linen.
Indefinite Numerals:— sok,
m u ch , m any
kevesen, few néhányan ,, annyi, so m uch
kevés, fe w
néhány, a fe w
I o n ly o f persons, and w hen not fo llo w ed b y a substantive. számtalan, innum erable
The Time. The hours are expressed by the respective cardinal numbers, followed by the word óra (hour). egy óra (one o ’c l o c k ) ; tizenegy óra (eleven o ’clo ck ).
The half-hours and quarters are expressed by the suit able fraction, followed by the number of the next hour, which number may take the affix -ra, -re. A quarter-past t w o = negyed háromra (lit. a quarter tow ard s three). H alf-past tw o = fél háromra (lit. a h alf tow ards three). A quarter to three = három negyed háromra (lit. three-quarters tow ards three). N .B .— T h e affix is freq u en tly om itted.
The minutes are indicated as follows :— 2.5 2.10 2.20 2.25 2.35 2.40 2.50 2.55
öt percczel mult kettő (lit. 5 m inutes past tw o). tíz percczel mult kettő' (lit. 10 m inutes past tw o). tíz perez múlva fél három (lit. 10 m inutes before h alf three). öt perez múlva fél három (lit. 5 m inutes b e fo re h alf three). tíz perez múlva három negyed három (lit. 10 m inutes b efore three-quarters of three). öt perez múlva három negyed három (lit. 5 m inutes before three-quarters o f three). tíz perez múlva három (lit. 10 m inutes b e fo re three). öt perez múlva három (lit. 5 m inutes b efore three).
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
36
To ask the time, one s a y s: Hány óra van ? or, Hány az óra. (Hány = how much ? how many ?).
E
x e r c is e
V II.
A liszt fehér, a czukor fehérebb és a hó a legfehérebb. A gazdag országok hatalmasak. mint a villám. atyádé.
A kemény drágakövek a bányában vannak.
drágakövek nagyon kemények. ház van.
A gondolat gyorsabb
Atyám birtoka sokkal régibb mint a te A
Az utczában ötvenkét
Negyedik * Henrik német császár és Hetedik *
Gergely római pápa kortársak voltak.
A gyümölcs egy
harmada az enyém, két harmada bátyámé.
Négy óra
múlt nyolcz percczel. The richest men are not always the happiest. many lovely roses in your father’s garden. house is much larger than this.
I see
My friend’ s
There are seventeen
houses in the street, and mine is the eleventh.
I shall
be at home at twenty-five minutes past six. palace is the largest building in Budapest.
The king’ s
kemény, drágakő, bánya, utcza, Henrik, német, császár, Gergely, római,
pope contem porary mine elder broth er always h appy a th om e(h ere) I shall be
czukor, gazdag, ország, hatalmas, gondolat, villám, birtok, sokkal, régi,
sugar rich country p ow erfu l th ou gh t lig h tn in g estate (by ) m u ch old
hard precious stone mine street H enry Germ an em peror G regory R om an
pápa, kortárs, enyém, bátya, mindig, boldog, itthon, leszek,
* W h en ordinals form part o f a title, th ey precede th e name.
CHAPTER
VIII
THE PRONOUN 1. Personal Pronouns. Nominative.
m i, we ti, you 6k, they
én, I te, thou o,
he or she Dative.
nekem , to or for me neked, „ thee neki, „ him or her
nekünk, to or for us n ektek, „ you n ek ik , „ them
Accusative.
engem, m e téged, thee őt, him or her
m inket or bennünket, us titeket or benneteket, you őket, them
The Possessive Pronoun. (a) Where the object possessed is a single object. enyém , m ine tied, thine ÖYé, his or hers
m ienk, ours tietek , yours övék , theirs
(b) Where more objects than one are possessed. en yéim , m ine tieid , thine öv éi, his or hers 37
m iein k , ours tie ite k , yours öv éik , theirs
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
38
This pronoun is not used attributively, like the English my, thy, &c.5 but predicatively, like mine, thine, &c. Ez a könyv az enyém, a másik a tied, this b o o k is mine, the other is yours. Ezek a könyvek az enyéim , these books are mine.
The force of the English my, thy, &c., is usually given by the personal endings, as explained in Chapter I V . : as, for instance, a kalap-om , m y h a t; az atyá-d, thy father. But if stress is laid on the fact that an object is mine, thine, &c., then the simple pronoun én, te, &c., is placed before the substantive, which takes in addition the personal endings. Ez az én k alap -o m , this is my hat. A magasabbik az én ház-am, a kisebbik az övé, the taller is my house, the smaller is his.
As there is no verb “ to h a v e” in Hungarian, the word v a n (vannak, &c.) is often used with nekem, neked, &c., to express possession (see page 11), the object possessed taking the personal endings. Nekem van toll-am, I have a pen. Neked van kert-ed, th ou hast a garden.
2. Reflexive Pronouns. m agam , m y self m agad, th yself m aga, h im self or
m agunk, ourselves m agatok, yourselves m aguk, them selves
h erself
These pronouns are inflected like substantives.
They
are sometimes used as equivalent to my own, thy own, &c., as, magam könyve, my own b ook ; magad könyve, thy own book, &c. The object possessed, in such cases, always takes the third person singular personal ending, because
THE PRONOUN
39
magam könyve, magad könyve, &c., strictly means my self's book, thy self's book, &c. The reflexive pronouns may take the possessive suffix - é ; as, a magam-é, mine. Sometimes these pronouns are used to express solitude; as, magam vagyok, I am alone. E g y m á s is a Reciprocal Pronoun = one another, each other. Szeretik egymást, they like one another. Levelet Írtak egymásnak, th ey w rote a letter to one another.
The Use of the Second Person. In Hungarian, when speaking to one or more persons, the second person is only used among members of the same family or by intimate friends, or else in poetry. In addressing strangers, instead of te, neked, &c., one must use ö n or m a g a , maga being rather less formal than ön. Nominative.
Dative.
Accusative.
Sing. : P lu r a l:
ön önök
önnek önöknek
önt önöket
S in g .: P lu r a l:
m aga m aguk
m agán ak m aguknak
m agát m agukat
These are all in the third person, and take the verb in the third person, e.g. ön elmegy, you are going away. Similarly the words nagyságod, sir or m adam ; nagysád, madam ; méltóságod, nagyméltóságod, your excellency, while formally in the second person, always takes the verb in the third person, e.g. nagyméltóságod tudja, your excellency knows. k e g y e d (kegyetek, &c.) resembles ön, but is becoming old-fashioned.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
40
3. R elative P r o n o u n s . ki, aki, w ho (on ly for persons), m ely, am ely, w h ich (for th in gs determ inate), m i, am i, w hich (fo r th in gs indeterm inate, and when the p r o noun relates to an abstract idea or a p reced in g phrase).
These pronouns are inflected like substantives. 4. Interrogative P ro n o u n s. ki ? kicsoda ? w h o ? m i ? m icsoda ? w hat ? (fo r th in gs), m elyik ? w h ich ? (fo r persons or things), m ilyen ? minő ? m ilyféle ? w hat k in d ? •
5. D em onstrative P ron ou n s. ez, emez, ugyanez, ezen, ugyanezen, ily, ilyen, em ily, em ilyen,
this this this same this this same such as this »>
»j
*az, that that am az, that same ugyanaz, that azon, that same ugyanazon, such as that oly, olyan, am oly, am olyan, »» »>
* Az, dem onstrative, m ust be distinguish ed from az, the article. The dem onstrative alw ays stands b e fo re the article, and it is capable o f in flection, w hile the article is not.
emez, amaz, ezen, azon, ugyanezen and ugyanazon, are rarely used. ezen, azon, stand before the substantive without the article, while ez and az are always followed by the article.
Also, while ez and az are inflected like substan
tives, ezen and azon are incapable of inflection. Before suffixes beginning with a consonant, ez and az change their final z into the first letter of such suffix ; thus— instead o f
„ „
az-n ak az-ba a z-ra
we
„ ,,
abba. arra, &c.
have
annak.
THE PRONOUN
41
The suffixes -val, -vei, -vá, -vé, usually change their v into a letter like the final consonant of the word to which they are joined.
When, however, they are combined with
ez, az, either the v may change to z, or the z of the demonstrative to v. It is equally correct to wHte ezzel or evvel, azzal or avval. These demonstratives may be used both as pronouns and as adjectives. 6. Definite Pronouns. m indenki, every bod y senki, n obod y kiki, each one m indenik, all (o f persons) m indnyájan, all „
egyik, m ásik, sem m i, m ind, m inden,
one (o f m ore) the other n oth in g all (o f persons or things) all „ „
7. Indefinite Pronouns. vala k i, som ebod y vala m i, som ething akárki, anyone
E
akárm i, an y th in g ném elyik, som e v alam elyik, one (o f them )
x e r c is e
V III.
Ti már egészségesek vagytok, de Csak neked mondom
meg
ők
a titkot.
még betegek.
Holnap délután
várlak.
Téged is kértelek, Ferenczet is.
kocsi ?
Nem a mienk, hanem barátunké.
A tietek ez a A réten sok
tehén van, az enyéim mind fehérek, az övéik mind feketék. Árpád, aki Magyarországot elfoglalta, nagy hős volt. könyvtár amelyben dolgozom, csendes. ismerik egymást.
A
Géza és Béla
Szerencsét kivánok önnek.
This book is not mine but yours. so pretty as theirs.
My garden is not
I have a pretty garden.
Ilona and
42
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
her mother often write letters to each other. likes Ilona. mar, még, beteg, mondani, titok, holnap, délután, várlak, kértelek, is,
Everybody
Tell me what (ami) is true. already kocsi, h ealth y , w ell hanem, still rét, ill fekete, to tell Magyarország, a secret elfoglalni, to-m orrow hős, afternoon dolgozni, I w ait fo r thee csendes, I asked thee ismerni, also szerencse, kívánni, to wish
coa ch but m eadow black H ungary to o ccu p y , to take hero to w ork quiet, still to know g o o d lu ck
CHAPTER
IX
THE VERB T
here
are two Conjugations.
They are called in Hun
garian the ik e s (pronounced ik-ash), having ik , and the i k t e l e n , without ik , conjugations, because verbs belonging to the ikes conjugation have the termination ik in the third person singular present indicative, while those be longing to the iktelen conjugation have not. E very H ungarian diction ary puts (ik) after ikes verbs, to show that th ey b elon g to th e ikes c o n ju g a tio n ; thus, dolgozni (ik). V erbs not so disting uish ed b elon g to th e iktelen con ju ga tion .
The Hungarian verb has only one difficulty, and when the student has mastered that he will have very little trouble. Every transitive verb has two forms, culled the definite and the indefinite forms, according to whether the object is determinate, or more or less indefinite. I am w ritin g this letter, ezt a levelet irom.
I am w riting letters, leveleket irok.
Irom is the definite form, because the object is a clearly marked-out one. Irok is the indefinite form, because the object is not so dearly marked out. The definite form is used when the object governed by 43
44
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
the transitive verb is a certain determinate object.
For
exam ple:— 1. When the substantive is a proper noun. Pétert várom , I am e x p e ctin g P eter.
2. When the article a z or a precedes the substantive. A levelet írom , I am w ritin g the letter.
3. When the substantive is used with a personal suffix. Házamat eladom, I am sellin g m y house.
4. When the object of the sentence is a demonstrative pronoun, the third personal pronoun, or the reflexive pro noun, magam, &c. Azt látom , I see that. Őt hívom, I am ca llin g h im . Nem hallom magamat, I d o not hear m yself.
The indefinite form is used when the object is less determinate. Sok levelet Írok, I am w ritin g several letters. Embert látok, I see a man.
It is used even wrhen the substantive is preceded by a cardinal numeral. Nyolcz embert látok, I see eigh t m en.
But if, by a demonstrative, or by the article alone, we point to some particular man or men, we must use the definite form. Ezt az embert látom , I see this man. A nyolcz embert látom , I see the eig h t men.
The indefinite is used when the object is an infinitive verb (such verb itself having no further object), or a relative pronoun.
THE VERB
45
Szeretek dolgozni, I like to w ork. A levelek, amelyeket irok, th e letters w h ich I write. Az emberek, akiket látok, th e m en w hom I see.
Note.— Intransitive verbs naturally have but one form , the indefinite— e.g. járok, I walk.
IKTELEN
VERBS.
Example.— V ág n i, to cut.
Indicative. Present. Indefinite Form. vág-ok, vág-sz, vág, vág-u nk , vág-tok, vág-nak. ,
Definite Form. I cu t (it) vág-om , th ou cuttest (it) vág-od, he cuts (it) vág -ja, vág-juk, w e cu t (it) Yág-játok, you cu t (it) vág-ják , th ey cu t (it)
I cu t thou cuttest he cuts w e cut y o u cu t th ey cut
Imperfect. vág-ék, vág-ál, vág-a, vág-ánk, vág-átok, vág-ának,
I was cu ttin g th ou wast cu ttin g he was cu ttin g w e w ere cu ttin g y o u were cu ttin g th e y were cu ttin g
vág-ám, vág-ád, vág-á, vág-ók, vág-átok, vág-ák,
I was cu ttin g (it) th ou w ast cu ttin g (it) he was cu ttin g (it) w e w ere cu ttin g (it) you w ere cu ttin g (it) they were cu ttin g (it)
N.B.— This tense is o b s o le t e ; see page 46.
Past. v ág -tam , v á g -tá l, *vág-(o)t(t), v ág-tun k, v ág -tato k , v ág -tak , *
I have cu t thou hast cu t he has cu t we have cu t you have cu t th ey have cu t
v ág -tam , vág-tad, v ág -ta, vág-tuk, vág-tátok, v ág-ták ,
I have cut (it) thou hast cu t (it) he has cu t (it) we have cu t (it) you have cu t (it) th ey have cu t (it)
* The regular ending is - t ; e.g. várni (to w ait for), w h ich makes v á r-t; but a co n n e ctin g vow el o ften has to be used, and th e -t is th en d ou bled ; e.g. ad-ni (to give) m akes ad-ott.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
46
Pluperfect. This is the same as the past tense, followed by Yolt. v á g -tam Yolt, I had cut. Y ág-tál YOlt, th ou hadst cu t, &c.
Future. Indefinite Form.
fogok vágni, fogsz „ fog fogunk „ fogtok „ fognak „
Definite Form.
I shall cu t thou w ilt cu t he w ill cut w e shall cu t you w ill cu t th e y w ill cu t
fogom vágni, fogod fogja fogjuk fogjátok ,, fogják
I shall cu t (it) th ou w ilt cu t (it) he w ill cu t (it) we shall cu t (it) you w ill cu t (it) th ey w ill cu t (it)
Imperative. vág-j, vág-jon, vág-j unk, vág-j átok, Yág-janak,
vág-d, vág-j a, vág-j uk, vág-j átok, vág-j ák,
do thou cu t let him cu t le t us cu t cu t y ou let them cut
cu t th ou (it) let him cu t (it) let us cu t (it) cu t y o u (it) let them cu t (it)
Subjunctive. (hogy-)
v ág -jak ,
Yág-jj
(hogy-)
(that) I m ay or m igh t cu t thou m ay est or m igh test cut, &c.
vág-jon vág-j unk vág-j átok vág-j anak
(that)
vág-j am , I m ay or m igh t cu t (it), &c. vág-d vág-j a vág-j uk vág-j átok vág-j ák
Conditional. Present. vág-nék, vág -n ál, vág -n a, vág-n án k , v ág-n átok, vág-n án ak,
I should cu t thou shouldst cu t he shou ld cu t w e shou ld cu t you sh ou ld cu t th ey should cu t
vág-n ám , I should cu t (it) vág-nád, thou shou ldst cu t (it) Yág-ná, he shou ld cu t (it) vág-nók, w e shou ld cu t (it) vág-n átok, you shou ld cu t (it) vág-n ák, th ey should cu t (it)
THE VERB
47
Past. This is formed from the past indicative, with volna. v á g -ta m voln a, I should have cut. v á g -tá l volna, thou shouldst have cu t, &c.
Infinitive, vág-n i, to cu t.
W ith the personal suffixes (see pages 59 and 60):— S in g .: vág-nom , vág-nod, vág-n ia. P lu ra l: vág-nunk, vág-notok, vág-niok.
Participles. P r e se n t: vág-ó, cu ttin g. P a s t : v ág -ott, cu t. F u tu r e : vág-andó, to be cut. A dverbial P a rticip le s : v á ^ -v a, v á g -vá n .
Notes on above example. All regular iktelen verbs whose vowels are flats (see page 2) are conjugated like vágni. Imperfect Indicative.— This tense is never used now in prose, though it was so used formerly. to be met with in poetry.
It is occasionally
Past Indicative.— This is equivalent to both the perfect and the preterite in English. “ I have cut,” and “ I cut.”
Thus, vágtam means both
Future Indicative.— Instead of fogok (I will), with the infinitive, it is customary to use the present indicative with some adverb indicating futurity.
Thus instead of
holnap fogom vágni a tüzelő fát, it would be better to say holnap vágom a tüzelő fát, to-morrow I (shall) cut the firewood. Hamar elmegyek, I (shall) go soon. There is no form of future perfect now in use.
Its
place is taken by either the present or the past tense, together with some adverb indicating futurity.
48
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR I shall have finished soon = nemsokára bevégzem (literally, soon I finish). I shall soon have w ritten th e le tte r= hamar megirtam a levelet (literally, soon I have w ritten the letter).
Note.— The particle m e g , in th is instance prefixed to irtam, stron gly em phasises the com p letion o f an a ct. It occu rs along w ith very m any verbs, and alw ays has this force. S om etim es it is prefixed to the verb, and som etim es it follow s separately. Sokat irtam a feladatból de még nem irtam meg, I have w ritten m u ch o f the task, b u t I have not y e t finished w riting. This meg (w hich m ust not be con fu sed w ith th e adverb még = as y e t) has no equivalent in E nglish.
Subjunctive Mood.— A past tense of the subjunctive was formerly in use, formed from the past indicative followed by legyen, e.g. hogy vágtam legyen.
This is never used
now, its place being taken by the present subjunctive. Conditional Mood.— The present tense is identical with the Imperative. Infinitive.— The use of the infinitive with personal suffixes will be explained in the paragraph relating to the verb kelleni (page 59). Participles.— Examples :— P r e se n t: P a st: F u tu r e : A d v e r b ia l: -va or -ve.
-van or -vén.
A z iró ember, the w ritin g man. A z Írott könyv, the w ritten book. A z írandó levél, the letter to be w ritten. A hegyen állva, beszélt, stan din g on th e hill, he spoke. A ház fel van építve, the house is built. A munkát elvégezvén, haza ment, h aving finished th e w ork, he w ent hom e. A lármát hallván, az udvarra sietett, h earing the n oise, he hastened to th e cou rtyard.
-ván, -vén, is used more frequently than -va, -ve, but only in cases similar to the above examples, where one clause is dependent on another,
THE VERB
V
erbs
w it h
Sh a r p
49
V
ow els.
The rules of euphony which regulate nouns and their suffixes (see page 2), apply also to verbs endings.
and
their
Hence, while vágni, a “ fled ” word, gives vágok, vágom , &c., “ sharp” words like vemi (to beat), törni (to break), give verek, verem , &c., török, töröm , &c. Present Indicative. Indefinite.
Definite.
Indefinite.
Definite.
v e r -e k Y er-sz yer v e r -iin k v e r -t e k v e r -n e k
v e r -e m v e r -e d v e r-i * v e r -jü k v e r -it e k v e r - ik *
tö r -ö k t ö r -s z tö r t ö r -ü n k tö r -tö k t ö r -n e k
t ö r -ö m t ö r -ö d tö r -i * t ö r -jü k t ö r -it e k t ö r - ik *
* N ote that th e th ird person, present in dicative, singular and plural, o f sharp-sounding verbs takes -i, -ik , instead o f -ja , -já k . In oth er tenses, how ever, sharp verbs resem ble flat verbs.
Past Indicative. Indefinite.
v er-tem ver-tél v er-t
Y er-tü n k v e r-te te k Y er-tek
Definite.
v er-tem Y er-ted Y er-te v e r-tü k v e r-té te k v e r-té k
Indefinite.
tö r-te m tö r -té l tö r -t tö r -tü n k tö r -te te k tö r-te k
Definite.
tö r-te m tö r-te d tö r -te tö r -tü k tö r-té te k tö r-té k
In this tense, as in the other tenses and moods, these verbs resemble vágni, except that as the vowel of the stem is a “ sharp,” the vowel of the ending must also be a sharp. D
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
50
IK E S
VERBS
Many ikes verbs are transitive, and such verbs, like those of the iktelen conjugation, have both the definite and indefinite forms. The definite form of the i k e s verbs is exactly the same as that of the i k t e l e n verbs. lak-om , lak-od, la k -ja , lak -ju k , lak -já tok , la k -já k ,
I in habit thou in habitest h e inhabits w e in habit y o u in habit th ey inhabit
It is in the indefinite form that ik e s verbs differ from i k t e l e n verbs. Examples. lakni, to dw ell
vétkezn i, to sin
ütközni, to encoun ter
Indicative. Present. lak-om lak-ol lak -ik lak-unk lak -tok lak -n ak
vétkez-em vétkez-el vétkez-ik vétkez-ü n k vétkez-tek vétkez-nek
ütköz-öm ütköz-öl ü tköz-ik ütköz-ünk ü tköz-tök ütköz-nek
The imperfect indicative is never used. The past5 pluperfect, and future tenses are the same as in the indefinite form of the iktelen verbs. Imperative and Subjunctive. la k -ja m lak -j ál lak -jék lak-ju n k la k -j átok lak -ja n ak
vétkez-zem vétkez-zél vétkez-zék vétkez-zü nk vétkez-zetek vétkez-zenek
ütköz-zem ütköz-zél ütköz-zék ütköz-zünk ütköz-zetek ütköz-zenek
THE VERB
51
Conditional. lak -n ám lak -n á l lak-n ék lak-n án k lak-n átok lak-n án ak
vétkez-n ém Yétkez-nél vétkez-n ék
lak-ni
vétkez-n i
Y é tk e z -n é n k Y é tk e z -n é te k
vétkez-nének
ütköz-ném ütköz-nél ütköz-nék ütköz-nénk ü tköz-nétek ütköz-nének
Infinitive. ütköz-ni
which take personal suffixes like those of
the iktelen
verbs. Participles. lak-ó la k -o tt lak-andó la k -v a la k -v á n
vétkez-ő v étk ez-ett vétkez-endő vétkez-ve v étkez-vén
ütköz-ó ü tköz-ött ütköz-endó ü tk ö z -v e
ütköz-vén
It will be noticed that it is only in the singular number that the indefinite form of the ikes verbs differs from that of the iktelen verbs; the first person always ending in m (thus resembling the definite form), and the second person in 1, while the third person present indicative ends in ik .
N otes
on t h e
V er b
in
General.
The Passive Voice.— There is in Hungarian no passive voice, although certain grammarians attempted to introduce one.
The only parts of the verb which have a passive
significance are the past and future participles.
Where,
in English, we should say, “ I am loved,” in Hungarian it is necessary to say “ szeretnek engem” (they love me), or “ valaki szeret engem ” (one loves me).
52
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Construction of First Person.— If the first person acts on
the second person, the distinguishing termination of the verb will be, in all moods and tenses, - la k (for flat words), or - le k (for sharp words).
Whereas “ I see the
dog ” would be lá t-o m a kutyát, “ I see thee ” is lá t-la k ; “ I saw thee,” látta-lak ; “ I love thee,” szeret-lek. Verbs ending with s, sz, or z, double their final letter instead of taking a j in the imperative and subjunctive m ood s; also in the present indicative, definite form. -
h oz-zak, not h oz-ja k h oz-za „ hoz-ja, &c.
Verbs ending in t, preceded by i or a liquid consonant, take, in the imperative and subjunctive moods, an s instead of a j ; as gyűjteni, to collect:— g y ű jtsé k , not g y ü jtje k g y ü jts „ g y ü jtj g y ű jtsön „ g y ű jt jö n
But in the present indicative these verbs retain the j . Verbs ending in t preceded by a vowel other than i, and all causal verbs, change their final t into s in the im perative and subjunctive present tense, e.g. látni, to see. láss, not látj.
In verbs ending in t, preceded by sz, the final t is dropped in the imperative and subjunctive, and sz is doubled, e.g. veszt-eni, to lose. vessz, not vesztj.
The Infinitive Ending.— If a verb ends in a double consonant, or a single hard consonant, that would not admit an easy pronunciation of the usual infinitive ending
THE VERB
53
-ni, this ending is joined to the stem by means of the vowel a or e. h all-a-ni (to hear), instead of h all-n i. ta n it-a -n i (to teach) „ tan it-n i.
In the case of such verbs, all inflections beginning with a consonant are joined to the verb by means of a vow el; e.g. hall-o-tt, not hall-t. always doubled.
The ending t in such cases is
Compound Verbs.— Hungarian abounds with compound verbs, as well as with compound words in general.
They
are made by prefixing to the verb abverbs, postpositions, or affixes for place and direction, which modify the action expressed by the verb accordingly; as, venni, to ta k e; el-venni, to take a w a y; föl-venni, to take u p ; le-venni, to take down. The verb is inflected in the same manner as when it stands by itself. Note .— These particles or adverbs can also be as, el ak arta venni, he wished to take it away. always used when the verb containing the affix some other verb. Also, if the verb is modified by some adverb in stress is on the adverb rather than on the verb, separately.
written separately; This construction is is dependent upon such a way that the the affix is written
N em sokára elm egyek, I shall go out soon; but m a m eg yek el, to-day I shall go out. ♦
Formation of New Verbal Roots.— The Hungarian lan guage forms new verbal roots by means of the addition of one or more syllables. 1. Factitive— at, et, tat, tet, to cause to do some thing. ir-ni, to write ; ir -a t -n i, to cause to write, olvas-ni, to read ; o lv a s -ta t-n i, to cause to read.
54
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
The object influenced usually takes the suffix -val or -vel. A ta n ító a f i u - v a l i r - a t - ja a levelek et, the teacher makes the boy write the letters.
Sometimes, however, it is put in the accusative. V á r -a t-o m az in a s -t, I make the footman wait.
2. Frequentative.— o g a t ; indicates a repetition of the action. ir-ok, I w rite; ir-ogat-ok, I keep on taking up my pen.
3. Diminutive.— kál, or gál, gél. ir, he w rites; ir kál, he is scribbling. n evet, he laughs; n e v e t-g é l, he giggles.
4. Potential.— h a t ; indicates permission or power to do something. ir-hat-ok, I may write. Note.— “ I can write,” in the sense of “ I have the ability to write,” would be tu d ok irni.
More than one of these syllables may be added to the original root. ir-at-hat-ok, I am able to make (some one) write.
IR R E G U L A R VERBS The most important is lenni, to be. Indicative. Present.
vagyok, Y a fíy>
I am
thou art v an , he is vagyunk, we are vagytok, you are van n ak, they are
Past.
voltam , v oltál, volt, voltunk, v oltatok, voltak,
I was thou wast he was we were you were they were
Note .— The imperfect, valók, valál, vala, valánk, valótok, valónak, is never used now, and is only met with in old books, particularly in the Bible.
THE VERB Future.
Pluperfect.
v olta m v ala , v oltá l „ v o lt ,, voltu nk „ v olta to k ,, v o lta k ,,
55
leszek, I shall be léssz, thou wilt be lesz, he will be leszünk, we shall be lesztek, you will be lesznek, they will be
I had been thou hadst been he had been we had been you had been they had been
Imperative. legyünk, let us be legyetek, be you legyenek, let them be
légy, be thou legyen, let him be
Subjunctive. Present.
Past. (hogy)
(bog y)
legyek, légy, legyen, legyünk, legyetek, legyenek,
that I shall be that thou shalt be that he shall be that we shall be that you shall be that they shall be
v olta m legyén, that v o ltá l ,, that v olt ,, that voltu nk „ that v olta to k „ that v o lta k „ that
I have been thou hast been he has been we have been you have been they have been
Conditional. Present.
volnék, voln ál, voln a, voln án k, volnátok, voln án ak,
Past.
v olta m volna, thou wouldstbe v o ltá l he would be v olt we should be voltu nk you would be v olta to k they would be v olta k
I should be
I should have been thou wouldst have been he would have been we should have been you would have been they would have been
Infinitive.
lenni,
to be.
With the personal suffixes. lennem , lenned, lennie
lennünk, lennetek, lenniük
56
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Participles. Present.
Past.
Future.
való, levő, lévő
volt
leendő
Adverbial Participles. lévén, being, having been.
h in n i , to believe. Indicative. Present. Indefinite.
hiszek, hiszesz, hisz, hiszünk, hisztek, hisznek,
I believe thou believest he believes we believe you believe they believe
Definite.
hiszem, I believe (it) hiszed, thou believest (it) he believes (it) hiszi, hisszük, we believe (it) hiszitek, you believe (it) hiszik, they believe (it)
Past. h ittem , I believed, &c. h ittél h itt h ittü n k h ittetek hittek
hittem , I believed (it), &c. hitted h itte h ittü k hittétek hitték
Future. fogok hinni, &c.
fogom hinni, &c.
Imperative and Subjunctive. Present. Indefinite.
higyjek higyj higyjen
higyjünk higyjetek
higyjenek
Definite.
higyjem higyied higyje higyjük bigyjétek higyjek
THE VERB
57
Past. Indefinite. h ittem légyen h ittél ,, &c.
Definite. hittem légyen hitted „ &c.
Conditional. Present. hinnék, &c.
hinném , &c.
Past. h ittem voln a h ittél ,, &c.
h ittem voln a hitted „ &c.
Infinitive. h in n i. With personal suffixes. hinnem hinnünk
hinnie hinniük
hinned hinnetek
Participles. Present. hivő
Future. hiendő
Past. h itt
Adverbial Participles, hive
hivén
e n n i, to eat. Indicative. Present. Indefinite. eszem eszel eszik, &c.
Definite. eszem eszed eszi, &c.
Past. Indefinite. ettem ettél evett ettünk, &c.
Definite. ettem etted ette, &c.
58
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
Imperative and Subjunctive. Indefinite. egyem egyél eg y ék , &c.
Definite. egyem edd eg y e, &c.
Conditional. Indefinite. en n ém en n él e n n é k , &c.
Definite. en n ém ennéd e n n é , &c.
Participles. Present. evő
Past. e v e tt
Future. e v e n d ő or een d ő
inni, to drink, resembles enni. I n d ic a tiv e . P r esen t.
aludni ( í’A;), to sleep
feküdni {ih), to
alszom alszol alszik, &c. fekszem, &c.
I n d ic a tiv e . P a st.
aludtam aludtál aludt, &c. feküdtem, &c.
I m p e r a tiv e and S u b ju n ctiv e.
aludjam aludjál aludjék,
C o n d itio n a l.
P a r tic ip le s.
aludnám alvó aludnál • aludnék, &c. feküdném, &c. fekvő
lie down
haragudni (ik), haragszom, to be angry jönni, to come
menni, to go
tenni, to do venni, to buy vinni, to carry
&c.
haragudtam, &c.
jövök jösz jön jövünk jöttök jönnek
jöttem jöttél, &c.
megyek mész megy megyünk mentek mennek teszek or teszem
mentem mentél, &c.
tettem
j- like tenni throughout
haragudjam, haragudnám, haragvó &c.
&c.
jöjjek jöjj jöjjön jöjjünk or j erünk jöjjetek or j érték jöjjenek menjek menj menjen, &c.
jönnék, &c.
jövő jött jövendő
mennék, &c.
menő
tegyek or tegyem
tennék or tenném
tevő tett teendő
THE VERB
59
IM PERSONAL VERBS esik, it rains. villámlik, it lightens. dörög, it thunders. havazik, it snows. Some impersonal verbs require to be constructed with either a dative or an accusative. illik nekem , it is becoming for me. engem illet, it concerns me.
Among impersonal verbs may be reckoned the verb k e l le n i, to be necessary. This verb need not be used impersonally.
Thus, a
person may say kellek, I am needed, but its most frequent use is an impersonal one. kell. it is necessary; (or, kellett, it was necessary, fog kelleni, kellene, &c.) is constructed either with the simple infinitive, or with the infinitive with personal endings. Thus, one may say— nekem k ell im i or kell Írnom , I must write. neked k ell Írni „ k ell Írnod, thou must write, &c.
If the speaker is merely thinking of the necessity of some action, without referring it to any particular person, the infinitive with kell is alone used. V igy ázni kell, one must be careful. L evelet kell irni, a letter must be written.
If the action is referred to some person, it is better to use the infinitive with personal endings, than such a con struction as nekem kell irni.
60
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Examples. Tanulnia fog kellen i, he will have to learn. D olgozniok kellene, they would have to work. O lvasnotok kellett, you had to read.
Szabad (it is permitted), and lehet (it is possible), take a similar construction. Szabad dohányozni, smoking is allowed. Szabad dohányoznom , I may smoke. Nem lehet k ét urnák szolgálni, one cannot serve two masters. Nem lehet Írnom , I cannot write.
D E FECTIVE VERBS (1) Nines or nincsen, is not. Plural: nincsenek, are not. A ty á m nincs itt, my father is not here. N incsenek itt a fiuk, the boys are not here.
Nines must be translated by “ h a v e” or “ h as” when used with a noun or pronoun in the genitive case. Az a t y á m -n a k nincs lova, my father has not a horse. N ekem nincs, I have not. Neked nincs, thou hast not, &c.
Nines is a contraction of nem (not), and van (is). (2) Sincs, sincsen ; plural: sincsenek, are contrac tions of sem (neither), and nincs, nincsen, or nincsenek. A bátyám nincs itth on, my elder brother is not at home. Az atyám sincs, neither is my father.
(3) Jer (come thou along), j erünk (let us go), jertek (come you along), are the only forms of this verb.
THE VERB
61
E x e r c is e IX .
Mindennap két órát sétálok. Másold le a költeményt a könyvből. Ha tudnám, hogy találkozom vele, várnék. A két művész zongorázni és hegedülni fog. Álljatok fel, gyermekeim.
Kérlek, ülj le.
Köszönjünk a vendégeknek.
Anyám virágot hozat és koszorút köttet belőle.
Tavaly
két lovunk volt, a nyáron négy lesz. I have written a long letter to my father. what (amit) you said to me.
I hope soon to conciliate him. Sit here and drink a cup of tea. if you would like it.
I told him
He will be very angry, but Come into the garden. I would read to you
D o not go out of the house.
I
am going for a walk until four o’ clock. every day hour to walk to copy poem to know that h ogy, találkozni, to meet to wait for várni, artist m űvész, zongorázni, to play the piano hegedülni, to play the violin to ask kérni, to sit down leülni, to stand állni,
m indennap, óra, sétálni, lem ásolni, költem ény, tudni,
child gyerm ek, to thank, to greet köszönni, vendég, guest to bring hozni, wreath koszorú, to bind kötn i, last year ta v aly , summer nyár, long hosszú, to hope rem élni, m egbékíteni, to conciliate cup (a cup of tea, csésze, acc. csésze teá t) szeretni, to love, to like
CHAPTER THE
1. Adverbs of Manner.
X
ADVERB
These are mostly derived from
adjectives, with the aid of the suffix -n, -an, -on, -en, -Ú1 or -ü l. tiszta szabad rövid rossz
(clean, clear), adverb, tisztá-n (free) ,, szabad-on (short) „ rövid-en (bad ) ,, rossz-úl
The primitive adverbs of manner are :— így, thus, in this w ay (for th in gs near), úgy, thus, in that w ay (for th in gs farther). 2.
Adverbs of Time. ma, holnap, tegnap, most, akkor, máskor, mindig, soha, a múltban, a jövőben,
3.
későn, late to -d a y to-m orrow korán, early már, already yesterday reggel, in the m ornin g n ow then nappal, in the daytim e another tim e este, in the even ing alw ays éjszaka, in the n ig h t never gyakran, often ritkán, seldom in the past időnként, from tim e to tim e in the future addig, u ntil then
Adverbs of Place. (a) Rest at— itt, o tt, ben,
h ere th ere in
62
b e lő l, inside k ö z e l, near m e s s z e , far
63
THE ADVERB távol, far kint, or künn, or kivü l, outside valahol, somewhere
m áshol, mindenhol, lent, fent,
elsewhere everywhere down there up there
be, ki, m áshova, m indenhova, eddig,
into out of elsewhere everywhere as far as here
(£>) Motion towards or from.
ide, hither oda, thither föl or fe l, up le, down addig, as far as there
4. Adverbs of Degree. kevéssé or kissé, little, inkább or jobban, more, rather, leginkább, most. egészen or teljesen, wholly, entirely, nagyon, very, very much.
5. Adverbs of Interrogation. hogy ? how ? m ikor ? when ? hoi ? where 1 meddig ? how
h ova ? whither ? honnan ? whence ? m iért ? why ? far ? or, how long ?
In connection with these adverbs must be mentioned the interrogative suffix -e, which is joined to words to mark a question; as, szép-e, esik-e. This construction is only used, however, in dependent sentences (except in the case of ugy-e ?
Isn’ t it so ?).
Mondd m eg, szép-e a könyv ? Tell me, is the book pretty ? or, Tell me whether the book is pretty. Nézd m eg, esik-e ?
See if it is raining.
6. Adverbs of Affirmation. igen, yes aligha nem, probably bizony, verily
igazán, truly ta lá n , perhaps
64
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
7. Adverbs of Negation. nem, no, not sem, neither ne, not (in commands) sem m i esetre, in no case aligha, hardly. Note .— Ne is only used with the imperative and subjunctive moods ; as, ne m ondd, do not s a y ; h ogy ne irja k , that I may not write. In all other cases nem is used.
The suffix - ig is used for both time and place, and has the force of until or as far as. tíz ó r á -ig , until ten o’ clock, tíz p e r c z -ig , for ten minutes, a k a p u -ig , as far as the gate, a h a t á r -ig , as far as the frontier.
C o m p a r is o n
of
A d verbs.
All adverbs derived from adjectives form their com parative and superlative by adding the adverbial ending to the comparative
and
superlative of
the adjective
from which they are derived : as— Adjective: szép, Adverb : s z é p -e n ,
szebb, s z e b b -e n ,
legszebb. le g sz e b b -e n .
A djective: rossz, rosszabb, legrosszabb. Adverb: r o s s z -ú l, ro s s z a b b -ú l, le g ro ssz a b b -ú l.
Of primitive adverbs, some take both a comparative and a superlative, while some are lacking in either one or the other. tá v ol, erre, arra, elől, belül,
fa r ; this w ay; that w ay; in fro n t; w ith in;
tá v olab b , legtávolabb errébb (has no superlative) arrább „ „ legelői, foremost (has no comparative) legbelül, innermost „ ,,
Inkább has no positive, but is used only in the compara tive and superlative, in both cases expressing preference, inkább, sooner, rather ; legin kább, soonest, especially.
THE ADVERB
65
X.
E x e r c is e
Ha magyarul beszélsz, tisztán mondj ki minden hangot. Imre király nemesen győzte le öccsét, mikor ez álnokul támadta meg. “ Jobb ma egy veréb, mint holnap egy túzok.” Nagyon sajnálom, hogy önök nem jöhetnek el. A dinnye belül piros, kivül zöld. óráig tartott. eljösz-e ?
A hangverseny tizenegy
Elkisérlek a sarokig.
Szeretném tudni,
Ne lárm ázzatok!
A katonák között a hu
szárok lovagolnak legszebben.
Szent László mindig legelöl
küzdött a csatában. I like reading very much.
Y ou have come very late.
I saw him yesterday, and hope to speak with him again to-morrow. Are you going far ? As far as the bridge. When did you buy that horse ? Tell me if he is a good one. You walk much more quickly than your elder brother.
I would rather eat a pear.
m agyarul, beszélni, bang, Im re, nem esen, legyőzni, öcs, álnokul, m egtám adni, túzok, sajnálni,
in Hungarian dinnye, to speak hangverseny, sound ta rta n i, Emmeric elkisérn i, nobly sarok, to overcome lárm ázni, younger brother huszár, treacherously lovagoln i, to attack szent, bustard L ászló, to regret kü zden i, csata, battle
melon concert to last to accompany corner to make a noise hussar to ride on horseback saint Ladislas to fight
E
CHAPTER
XI
CONJUNCTIONS ( A .) C o - o r d i n a t i n g .
1. Copulative. *és, meg, is, ism ét, azaz, vagyis,
and and also again that is that is to say
azonkívül, besides both— and m in d—mind, both— and is— is, nem csak— hanem is, not only— but also a ztá n or azután., besides
* és is frequently abbreviated to s.
2. Adversative (contrasting). de or hanem , but ámde, but, yet egyébiránt, yet, still
on the contrary sőt, sőt még is, what is more m in dam ellett, nevertheless
3. Alternative. vagy, or v a g y —vagy, either— or
a k á r—akár, sem —sem,
whether— or neither— nor
(B .) S u b o r d i n a t i n g .
1. Final (purpose). hogy,
that
különben or m áskép, lest
2. Conditional. ha, if hogyha, if
h a csak nem, unless, if not provided that, sup föltéve ha,
hacsak, if only
m ásként,
posing if not, otherwise
CONJUNCTIONS
67
3. Concessive. bár, habár, bárha, ám bár, noha, though, although.
4. Causal. m ert, m ivel, m ivelhogy, because, hát, tehát, azért, consequently, therefore, m inthogy, as, since.
CHAPTER
XII
INTERJECTIONS hurrah ! é lje n ! I say ! bother ! e jn y e ! lám ! or nini ! there ! lo o k ! oh ! (pleased or ja j!
r a jta ! b ezzeg ! c sitt! no !
forward ! indeed! quiet ! w e ll! come !
pained)
E x e r c is e
X I.
Az egri ütközetben nem a törökök győztek, hanem a magyarok. Nemcsak láttam a királyt, hanem beszélni is hallottam. Mátyás király soha sem haragudott az őszinte szóért, sőt még szerette is. A magyarok sem a latin sem a germán népekkel nem rokonok. Azért jöttem, hogy láthassalak. Habár késő ősz van, a napok derültek. A gazda örül mert kertjének fái sok gyümölcsöt hoztak. Jaj de hideg van ! (Petőfi).
“ Oh, ha látná, mily nyomorban élek”
Ejnye de szép lovak !
He is neither handsome nor clever. they not angry, but they were grateful.
N ot only were If they were
rich they would buy a house, but since they are poor they must be content as they are. wise there will be trouble.
Pay at once, other
Though you tell me this,
yet there is still some uncertainty. of Eger (a town in Hungary) ü tközet, battle török , Turk egri,
68
derült,
bright
örü lni, to rejoice nyom or, misery
INTERJECTIONS győzni, hallani, M átyás, őszinte, nép, rokon, késő, ősz, nap,
to be victorious to hear Matthias sincere people relative late autumn day
élni, okos, hálás, m egelégedni, fizetni, azonnal, b a j, némi, bizon ytalan ság,
69 to live clever grateful to be content to pay at once trouble some uncertainty
C H A PTE R X I I I GENDER
Hungarian language has no grammatical gender. Names of males are masculine, and those of females are feminine. To the name or title of a man the suffix -né is added
T he
to denote the wife of that person : as, Deákné, the wife of Deák; szinészné, the wife of an actor.
If the lady
were herself an actress, she might be called színész (actor or actress); but usually the word nő (woman) is joined to it, and to similar words, to denote that the person spoken of is a w om an ; as, színésznő, actress. If a Christian name is mentioned as well as the surname, the ending -né is added, not to the surname, but to the Christian name. Thus, but
Mrs. Déri would be D éri-né. Mrs. Charles Déri would be Déri K á roly -n é.*
* N .B .— In Hungarian, Christian names always follow the surname instead of preceding it, as in English.
It would not be correct form to address Mrs. Déri as Dériné simply, though one might speak of her so in the third person. In addressing an envelope to her some such word as nagyságos, or úrnő (madam), must be used. Thus, N agyságos Dériné úrnő, Dériné úrnő, or Dériné ő nagysága. 70
GENDER
"
71
It is better, if possible, to add the Christian name of the husband in addressing a married woman. Thus, N agyságos D éri K árolyné.
In speaking to a lady the name is never mentioned. Instead of saying Mrs. or Miss So-and-so, some such word as asszonyom or nagysád (madam) must be used. Asszonyom can only be used in addressing married w om en ; nagysád can be used for either married or single. In addressing a gentleman, it is customary to use his title or office, if he has one, e.g. titkár, secretary; tanár, professor; tanácsos, councillor; kapitány, captain, &c. On an envelope: Nagyságos Győry Loránd miniszteri osztály tanácsos urnák (urnák is composed of ur, sir, and the suffix -nak, to). In speaking to Győry Loránd one would say tanácsos ur. The chief titles of courtesy employed are :— ő F elsége, his or her Majesty. ő Fensége, his or her Highness. K egyelm es, or N agym éltóságu, his Excellency (for ministers, privy councillors, &c.). M éltóságos (for such members of the House of Lords as are not styled kegyelm es, secretaries of State, and ministerial counsellors). N agyságos (for most persons who in England would be addressed as esquire). T ekin tetes (used for country gentlemen, but it is going out of use and giving place to nagyságos).
The sex of animals is expressed by placing him (male), or nőstény (female), before the respective nam e; as— hím farkas, he-wolf. n őstény farkas, she-wolf.
CHAPTER
X IV
ETYMOLOGY N ew words are formed in two ways :— (a) By means of suffixes called formatives. (b) B y putting two or more words together. Those of the first class are called derivatives, and those of the second class compounds. A derivative may take a further formative, in which case the derivative is called the primitive of the new word.
In the following example each preceding word
is the primitive or stem of the following derivative:— hare (substantive), battle. h arc-i (adjective), pertaining to battle. h arci-as (adjective), brave, warlike. h arcia s-k od (ni) (verb), to act in a warlike way. h a r c ia sk o d a s (abstract noun), the state of being at war. h arciaskod ás-i (adjective), pertaining to warlike behaviour.
This example shows how rich the Hungarian language is in its capacity for forming words and expressing the finer shades of meaning. The principal formatives only are here given : — I. Substantives are formed— (a) By adding -ság, -ség to adjectives. j ó - s á g , goodness; s z é p -s é g , beauty.
(b) By adding -ás, -és to verbs. v á g -á s , the act of cutting ; fest-és, the act of painting. 72
ETYMOLOGY
73
(c) By adding -as, -es, -os, -ár, -ér to substantives. asztal, table ; asztal-os, joiner, kés, knife; k es-es, cutler, kád, tub ; k á d -á r, cooper.
(d) All present participles may be used as substantives. olvasó, reader; arató, reaper.
(e) Diminutives of substantives are formed by adding
-ka, -ke, ócska, ecske, &c. le á n y -k a , a little g ir l; a b l a k - o c s k a , a small window.
II. Adjectives are formed by adding— (ia ) -as, -os, -es, -ös to substantives. máz, enam el; m á z -a s , enamelled, arany, gold ; a r a n y -o s , golden, hely, place ; h e ly -e s , proper, köd, fog ; k ö d - ö s , foggy.
(b) -talan or -telen to substantives, creating negatives. h e ly -te le n , improper, v ir á g -ta la n , without flowers.
(c) -i, especially to names of places. b u d a p e st-i, of or pertaining to Budapest, h á z -i, domestic.
(d) Diminutives are formed by adding -s to adjectives ending with a vowel, or -es, -ás, -os to those ending with a consonant. sárga, yellow ; sárgá-s, yellowish, öreg, old ; öreg-es, elderly.
74 III.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Verbs are formed by adding—
-al, -ol, -el, -oz, -ez to substantives. ház, house; h á z -a l (n i),* to peddle. dal, song ; d a l - o l (ni), to sing. tél, winter ; t e l -e l (ni), to pass the winter. szalag, ribbon; s z a la g -o z (ni), to adorn with ribbons. * ni is merely the infinitive ending.
CHAPTER
XV
SYNTAX As nouns and verbs have significant endings there is much greater freedom in the construction of sentences in Hungarian than in English.
Thus we may say, Margit
szereti Etelkát, or Etelkát szereti Margit, without altering or obscuring the sense of the words, which mean, Margit loves Etelka.
The accusative ending -t clearly shows
who is loved. Again, Ilonát szeretik, or szeretik Ilonát, equally states that “ they love Ilona,” for the plural ending of the verb shows that Ilonát is not its subject, while the accusative -t in Ilonát proves that Ilona is the object of the people’ s affection. Emphasis tis expressed by the order in which words occur. Thus the above instance might be written, Szereti Etelkát Margit, if it is desired to lay stress on the fact of loving. The general rule is that the word on which emphasis is laid immediately precedes the predicate, whether that predicate is a verb, or (as it may be in Hungarian) a substantive or an adjective. The following examples illustrate this rule :— E gernél a m ag yar n ők hősiesen küzdöttek a török ök ellen. Bravely fought the Hungarian women against the Turks at Eger. 75
76
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR A m agyar n ők E gernél küzdöttek hősiesen a török ök ellen. At Eger the Hungarian women fought bravely against the Turks. A m agyar n ők a törökök ellen küzdöttek hősiesen E g e r nél. Against the Turks the Hungarian women fought bravely at Eger. A z angol nem zet m ost h ata lm a s a tengeren. Noio the English nation is powerful on the sea. M ost az angol nem zet a tengeren h ata lm a s. On the sea the English nation is now powerful. M ost az angol nem zet h ata lm a s a tengeren. The English nation is now powerful on the sea.
If, in a sentence constructed in the present tense, the predicate is an adjective or a substantive, it follows the subject without any copula. Ilona szép, Ilona is beautiful. Az épü let szálló, the building is an hotel.
If, however, any such statement has reference to a past or future time, then the appropriate tense of the verb “ to b e ” must be placed after the predicate. Az épü let szálló volt, the building was an hotel.
The verb van (is), with its various parts, when used as a copula between subject and predicate, always stands immediately after the predicate.
Thus, if in the above
sentence the order of subject and predicate were changed, the sentence would run: szálló volt az épület.
CH APTER X Y I DAYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, h étfő, kedd, szerda, csü törtök , péntek, szom bat, vasárnap. On Monday, h étfőn „ Tuesday, kedden ,, Wednesday, szerdán
On Thursday, csütörtökön ,, Friday, pénteken „ Saturday, szom baton
vasárnap alone takes no suffix. simply.
Next Monday, jö v ő h étfő On Monday next, jö v ő h étfőn
Last Monday, m u lt h étfő On Monday last, m ult hétfőn January, February, March, April, May, June,
On Sunday = vasárnap
July, August, September, October, November, December,
ja n u á r február m árczius április m ájus ju n iu s
ju liu s augusztus szeptem ber o k tó b e r n ovem ber decem ber
In September, szeptem berben Next January, jö v ő ja n u á r
In January, ja n u á rb a n Last January, m u lt ja n u á r
Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, tavasz, n y á r, ősz, tél. In Spring, tavasszal,
in Summer, nyáron,
in Autumn, ősszel,
77
in Winter, télen.
CH A PTER X V I I MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES The monetary unit is the korona =10d., which is divided into 100 fillér. Gold coins .
.
.
Silver coins
.
Nickel coins
.
Bronze coins
.
s.
d.
0
*
20 korona _ 16 8 = 8 4 10 „ = 4 2 5 „ = 1 8 2 „ = 0 10 1 „ 20 fillér = 0 2 = 0 1 10 „ = 0 i 2 „ 1
„
=
Paper money comprises notes for 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1000 korona. N .B .— Many shopkeepers still reckon in the old florins and k rajczárs. The purchaser should take care to ascertain whether the price marked is in florins or in korona. 1 florin = 2 k oron a.
1 k ra jczá r = 2 fillér.
The decimal system of weights and measures is used in Hungary. 1 k ilogram m = about 2 pounds. 1 k ilo m é te r = about 1100 yards. 1 liter = about I f pints.
78
CHAPTER XVIII PHRASES Sundry Phrases. Yes. Please. No. Thank you. Sir. Madam. Good morning. Good evening. Good-night. Good-bye. How are you ? Do you speak English ? I only know Hungarian a little. Do you understand me ? I do not understand. I beg your pardon. Please speak more slowly. May one smoke here ? May I come in ? I wish to go to a doctor. I am ill. Send for a doctor. Open the door. Shut the door. No admittance. Do not touch the objects. Keep off the grass. Take care. Entrance. Exit.
Igen. Kérem, or tessék. Nem. Köszönöm. Uram. Nagysád. Jó reggelt. Jó estét. Jó éjszakát. Ajánlom magamat, or Isten önnel. Hogy érzi magát ? Beszél ön angolul ? Csak keveset tudok magyarul. Megért ön engem ? Nem értem. Bocsánatot kérek. Kérem, beszéljen lassabban. Szabad itt dohányozni ? Bejöhetek ? Orvoshoz szeretnék menni. Beteg vagyok, o r rosszul érzem magamat. Küldjön orvosért. Nyissa ki az ajtót. Csukja be az ajtót. Tilos a belépés. Ne tessék a tárgyakhoz nyúlni. A fűre lépni tilos. Vigyázzon, o r tessék vigyázni. Bejárat, o r bemenet. Kijárat, or kimenet.
80
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR Travelling.
Where is the railway station ? Where is the booking-office ? First-class single to Budapest. Second return to Budapest. How much is it ? I wish to have my luggage regis tered. Where is the waiting-room ? At what time does the train start ? Does this train go t o ------ ? Is there room in this carriage ? Is there a restaurant car on the train ? Sleeping-car. Smoking-carriage. Non-smoking carriage. Smoking forbidden. Ladies’ compartment. Shall I open the window ? Please shut the window. It is very warm. It is very cold. Do I have to change ? W hat station is this ? Fetch me a cab. W hat is your fare ? Drive me to t h e ------ hotel.
Hoi van a vasúti állomás ? Hol van a jegypénztár ? Első osztályú m enetjegyet Buda pestre. Másod osztályú menet-térti jegyet Budapestre. Mi az ára ? Szeretném a podgyászt ajánlva adni fel. Hol a váróterem ? Mikor indul a vonat ? --------be megy ez a vonat ? Van ebben a kocsiban hely ? Van a vonaton étkező kocsi ? Hálókocsi. Dohányzó szakasz. Nem dohányzó szakasz. Tilos a dohányzás. Női szakasz. Kinyissam az ablakot ? Kérem, csukja be az ablakot. Nagyon meleg van. Nagyon hideg van. Á t kell szállni ? Milyen állomás ez ? Hozzon kocsit. Mi a viteldij ? Vigyen a -------szállóba.
A t a Hotel. I want a room. How much do you charge ? That is too dear. I shall only stay one night. I shall stay several days. This room will do. W hat is the number of my room ? Give me the key.
Szobát szeretnék. Mi az ára ? Az nagyon drága. Csak egy éjjelen át maradok itt. Több napig itt maradok. Ez a szoba jó lesz. Mi a szobám száma ? Adja ide a kulcsot.
PHRASES Please have my luggage sent up. I should like some hot water. Bring me some more cold water. Please bring me some soap. Bring me a towel. I want a hot bath. I want a cold bath. Please light a fire in my room. Please bring a clothes brush. Please clean these boots. Please brush these clothes. Bring me some matches. Bring me a candle. Knock at my door at 8 o’clock. I shall want breakfast at 7 o’ clock. Bring me my hot water at 7.30. Can I have something to eat now ? W hat is ready ? W hat do you charge for dinner ? I will take all meals at the hotel. W hat do you charge per day for meals ? Have any letters arrived for me ? Where can I get money changed ? I want these garments washed. When will they be ready ? Bring me the bill. Bring me a time-table. I want this luggage taken to the railway station.
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Kérem, küldjék fel a podgyászomat. Meleg vizet kérek. Hozzon még hideg vizet. Kérem, hozzon szappant. Hozzon egy törülközőt. Meleg fürdőt szeretnék. Hideg fürdőt szeretnék. Kérem, fűtsön be a szobámba. Kérem, hozzon egy ruhakefét. Kérem, tisztítsa ki a czipőmet. Kérem, kefélje ki a ruhámat. Hozzon gyufát. Hozzon egy gyertyát. Kopogjon az ajtómon reggel nyolcz órakor. Hét órára szeretném a reggelit. Félnyolczkor hozza be a meleg vizet. Kaphatok most valamit enni ? Mi van készen ? Mi az ára az ebédnek ? A szállóban fogok étkezni. Mi a teljes ellátás ára egész napra ? Érkezett számomra levél ? Hol váltathatok pénzt ? Szeretném ezt a fehérneműt kimosatni. Mikor lesz készen ? Hozza el a számlát. Adjon egy menetrendet. Szeretném ezt a podgyászt az állomásra küldeni.
A t Meals. Good morning. Have you slept well ? Yes, thank you. I hope that you have slept well. I was very tired last night.
J ó reggelt kivánok. Jól aludt ? Köszönöm, jól. Remélem, jól aludt. Tegnap este nagyon fáradt vol-
82
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
Waiter. Bring me some coffee. A roll. This bread is too new. Have you some stale bread ? Some butter. Milk and sugar, please. Another cup of coffee. Bring me a cup of tea. At what time is dinner ? Dinner á la carte. Bring me some soup. W hat fish have you ? W ill you have some chicken ? Give me a wing. Some mashed potatoes. Potato salad. Bring me a slice of mutton. I like it well done. It is too much done. It is quite underdone. Bring me the wine list. I will have a bottle of claret. A syphon of soda water, please. Bring me a glass of beer. Prepare me an omelette. W ill you have some more wine ? No more, thank you. Bring me the dessert. Give me some cheese. A cup of black coffee, please. I would like some milk. Waiter, the bill, please.
Pinczér. Kávét kérek. Zsemle. Ez a kenyér nagyon friss. Van szikkadt kenyerük ? Vaj. Tejet és czukrot kérek. Még egy csésze kávét. Hozzon egy csésze teát. Hány órakor van az ebéd ? Ebéd étlap szerint. Hozzon levest. Miféle hal van ? Tetszik csirke ? Adjon egy szárnyát. Tört burgonya. Burgonya saláta. Hozzon egy szelet ürühúst. Jól átsülve szeretem. Ez nagyon meg van sütve. Ez egészen sületlen. Adja ide az italjegyzéket. Egy üveg vörösbort kérek. Egy üveg szódavizet. Hozzon egy pohár sört. Csináltasson egy omelettet (tojás lepényt). Tetszik még bor ? Köszönöm, nem kérek. Hozza ide a csemegét. Adja ide a sajtot. Egy csésze fekete kávét kérek. Tejet szeretnék. Pinczér, a számlát kérem.
At the Post-Office. Where is the post-office ? I n -------street. I want three penny stamps. What is the postage on letter ?
this
Hoi van a postahivatal ? A ------ utczában. Kérek három tíz filléres bélyeget. Mennyi a póstadij ezért a lévé ért ?
PHRASES This is to go by book post. This is to go by parcel post. A postal order for ten korona. Give me a telegram form. A registered letter. I want this letter to be registered.
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Ezt mint könyvcsomagot akarom küldeni. Ezt csomagpóstával akarom kül deni. Postautalvány tíz koronára. Kérek egy sürgöny lapot. Ajánlott levél. Szeretném ezt a levelet ajánlva feladni.
Shopping. Where do they sell clothing ? That is a good shop. I want a new hat. I want a pair of boots. I want a shirt. I want some handkerchiefs. I want some hollars. I want some ties. I want a stick. I want an umbrella. I want some socks, stockings. I want some gloves. W hat is the price ? I want better ones. I want cheaper ones. This will do. Can you change this money ? Where is there a watchmaker ? My watch has stopped. My watch wants cleaning. The spring is broken. I want to go to the barber. Please cut my hair. Not too short. A shave, please. I want some tobacco, cigars. I want some cigarettes, matches.
Hol árulnak itt ruhanémüt ? Az jó bolt. Uj kalapot szeretnék venni. Egy pár czipőt szeretnék venni. Inget szeretnék venni. Néhány zsebkendőt szeretnék venni. Néhány gallért szeretnék venni. Néhány nyakkendőt szeretnék venni. Sétabotot szeretnék venni. Esernyőt szeretnék venni. Kapczát, harisnyát szeretnék venni. Kéz tyűt szeretnék venni. Mi az ára ? Jobb minőségűt szeretnék. Olcsóbbat szeretnék. Ez jó lesz. Fel tudná ezt a pénzt váltani ? Hol van itt órás ? Megállt az órám. Ki kell az órámat tisztítani. A rúgó el van törve. Szeretnék a borbélyhoz menni. Kérem, nyírjon meg. Ne nagyon rövidre. Kérem, borotváljon meg. Dohányt, szivart, szeretnék venni. Cigarettát, gyufát, szeretnék venni.
84
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
I want a cigar-case. I want a tobacco-pouch. Nothing more, thank you. W ill you please send these to my hotel. This is my address. Send them at once.
Szivartartót szeretnék venni. Dohánytartót szeretnék venni. Köszönöm, mást nem kérek. Kérem, küldje el ezt a szállóba. Ez a czimem. Kérem, küldje azonnal.
Sightseeing. Where is t h e -------theatre ? W hat is being played ? I do not know. A t what time does the perfor mance begin ? W hat price are the seats ? Is there a concert to-night ? I should like to go to a music halL Whereabouts is the museum ? Can you direct me to the picture gallery ? I wish to go to the cathedral. Where is the town park ? Can I go there by tram ? Does the tram go t o -------? W hat is the fare ? I will go for a walk. W hich are the best streets ? Where i s ------ street ? Turn to the right. Turn to the left. Straight on. The zoological garden. The fortress garden. The Danube embankment.
Hoi van a -------szinház ? Mit adnak ? Nem tudom. Mikor kezdődik az előadás ? Mi az ára a jegyeknek ? Van ma este valami hangverseny? Szeretnék valami orfeumba menni. Merre van a muzeum ? Meg tudná mondani az utat a képtárba ? A székesegyházba szeretnék menni. Hol van a Városliget ? Visz oda villamos vasút ? -------be megy ez a villamos ? Mit kell fizetni ? Sétálni megyek. Melyek a legszebb utczák ? Hol van a -------utcza ? Tessék jobbra fordulni. Tessék balra fordulni. Egyenesen előre. Az állatkert. A várkert. A Dunapart.
Paying a Call. Where does Mr. X . live ? No. 2 -------Street. He has a flat on the second floor. Ring the bell.
Hol lakik X . ur ? -------utcza második szám alatt. A második emeleten van a lakása. Csöngessen.
PHRASES Knock at the door. Is Mr. Kovács at home ? He is not at home. I will call again. I will call at 3 p .m . to-morrow. Yes, he is in. I wish to see him. Please take in my name. Please take in my card. Good afternoon. Good evening, madam. Pray be seated. How are you ? I am quite well, thank you. I am very pleased to see you. W hen did you arrive in Hungary ? W ill you stay long ? Do you like your stay in Buda pest ? Yes, it is a fine city. I must go now. Good-bye.
A u revoir.
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Kopogtasson. Itthon van Kovács ur ? Nincs itthon. Majd eljövök újra. Holnap délután három órakor jövök el. Igen, itthon van. Szeretnék vele beszélni. Kérem, jelentsen be. Vigye be a névjegyemet. Jó napot kívánok Jó estét kívánok, nagysád. Kérem, foglaljon helyet. Hogy érzi magát ? Köszönöm, jól. Nagyon örülök hogy láthatom. Mikor érkezett Magyarországba ? Sokáig szándékszik itt maradni ? Szeret Budapesten lenni ? Igen, nagyon szép város. Most már mennem kell. Ajánlom magamat. A viszontlátásig.
Books and Stationery. Have you a guide-book ? Is it in English ? I want a map. Can I see a directory ? I wish to buy a dictionary. I want some notepaper. A packet of envelopes. A box of pens. A fountain pen. Some pencils, please. A bottle of ink. Some blotting-paper. A stick of sealing-wax. I want some postcards. Some picture postcards. A newspaper.
Kaphatok úti kézikönyvet ? Angolul van ? Térképet szeretnék. Megnézhetem a lakjegyzéket ? Szótárt szeretnék venni. Levélpapirost szeretnék venni. Egy csomag levélboríték. Egy doboz irótoll. Töltő toll. Néhány irónt (czeruzát) kérek. Egy üveg tinta. Itatós papiros. Egy rúd pecsétviasz. Levelező lapokat kérek. Képes levelező lapokat. Hirlap, újság.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
86
A morning paper, please. An evening paper. An illustrated paper. Which is the best newspaper ?
Kérem a reggeli lapot. Kérem az esti lapot. Képes lap. Melyik a legjobb hirlap ?
Specimen Letter engaging a Room. Tisztelt Uram, Honoured Sir, Folyó hó 15. én Budapestre érkezem a The current month on the 15th to Budapest I arrive by the délután 4 órai vonattal a nyugati pályudvaron. Kérem, afternoon 4 o’clock train at the west railway station. Please gondoskodjék számomra bérkocsiról, és tartson fenn egy take thought on my behalf regarding a cab, and reserve a jó de nem nagyon költséges hálószobát. Két hétig (nehány good but not very expensive bedroom. Two weeks (a few napig) szándékozom Budapesten maradni, és étkezésre mindig days) I intend in Budapest to remain, and for meals always a szállóban leszek, in the hotel will be. Tisztelettel, W ith respect, A. B.
The envelope would be addressed th u s:— A ---------- Szálló Hotel Tekintetes igazgatójának To the manager ----------- Utcza Street Budapest.
Uram 15 én Budapestre órai
= = = =
ur (sir) + am (my). 15 + affix -én (on). Budapest + -re (to), óra + adjectival suffix i.
PH RASES
87
vonattal - : vonat 4- -al (by or with), the t being duplicated. pályudvaron == pályudvar 4- -on (at). számomra == szám (account) 4- -om (my) 4- -ra (on). bérkocsiról == bérkocsi + -ról (as regards). Budapesten = Budapest 4- -en (in). = étkezés 4- -re (for). étkezésre szállóban = szálló 4- -ban (in). = tisztelet 4- -(t)el (with). tisztelettel = a courteous expression. tekintetes igazgatójának = igazgató (manager or director) 4- -ja (its) 4- nak (to). a ------- szálló tekintetes igazgatójának = (literally) to the hotel’ s honoured manager.
HUNG A lii A N - E NG L I S H VOCABULARY ablak, window adni, to give ajtó, door állat, animal állni, to stand álnokul, treacherously anya, mother atya, father azonnal, at once baj, trouble bámulni, to admire bánya, mine barát, friend bátor, brave bátya, elder brother bér, wages beszélni, to speak beteg, ill birtok, estate bizonytalanság, uncertainty boldog, happy bolt, shop búzavirág, cornflower csak, only császár, emperor csata, battle csendes, quiet, still csésze, cup csinálni, to make, to do czukor, sugar
dal, song délután, afternoon derült, bright dinnye, melon dolgozni, to work drága, dear drágakő, precious stone édes, sweet egészséges, healthy, well elfoglalni, to occupy, to take elkísérni, to accompany élni, to live elszállni, to fly away épület, building érez, metal érdekes, interesting érett, ripe erős, strong értékes, valuable fehér, white fekete, black fényes, bright fizetni, to pay gazda, farmer gazdag, rich gazdaság, farm gondolat, thought gyermek, child gyönyörű, lovely
HUNGARIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY gyors, swift győzni, to be victorious gyümölcs, fruit hálás, grateful hallani, to hear hamar, soon hanem, but hang, sound hangverseny, concert hat, six hatalmas, powerful ház, house házi, domestic hegedülni, to play the violin hegy, hill, mountain hétfő, Monday hirlap, newspaper hogy, that holnap, to-morrow hős, hero hosszú, long hozni, to bring hű, faithful huszár, hussar idős, old illat, scent irni, to write is, also iskola, school ismerni, to know (a person) istálló, stable itthon, at home íz, flavour kék, blue kellemes, pleasant kemény, hard kémény, chimney kenyér, bread kép, picture kérdezni, to ask
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kérni, to ask késő, late kis, little kivánni, to wish kocsi, coach költemény, poem könyv, book könyvtár, library kortárs, contemporary körte, pear köszönni, to thank, to greet koszorú, wreath i kötni, to bind kutya, dog küzdeni, to fight lármázni, to make a noise látni, to see legyőzni, to overcome lemásolni, to copy lenni, to be leülni, to sit down liszt, flour lomb, foliage lovagolni, to ride on horseback macska, cat magas, high, tall magyarul, in Hungarian már, already még, still megbékíteni, to conciliate megelégedni, to be content megtámadni, to attack menni, to go mindennap, every day mindig, always mondani, to tell munka, work mutatni, to show művész, artist nagy, great nagyon, very, much
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HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
nap, day, sun n é g y ,four nem, no, not nemesen, nobly német, German némi, some nép, people nyár, summer nyomor, misery öcs, younger brother okos, clever, wise óra, hour, clock, watch öreg, old (for persons) ország, country örülni, to rejoice ősz, autumn őszinte, sincere palota, palace pápa, pope part, shore puska, gun régi, old (for things) remélni, to hope rét, meadow rokon, relative római, Roman rózsa, rose sajnálni, to regret sarok, corner sétálni, to walk sok, many, much szelid, gentle szent, saint szép, beautiful szerda, Wednesday
szerencse, good luck szeretni, to like, to love szilva, plum szin, colour szolga, servant szomszéd, neighbour szorgalmas, industrious tágas, spacious takaró, covering találkozni, to meet tanuló, student tartani, to last tavaly, last year tehén, cow tekintélyes, imposing tető, roof, summit tiszta, clean, pure titok, secret tíz, ten török, Turk tudni, to know túzok, bustard ülni, to sit utcza, street ütközet, battle van, is várni, to wait for vendég, guest villám, lightning vinni, to carry virág, flower virágos, flowery viz, water zöld, green zongorázni, to play the piano
ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY actor, színész afternoon, délután air, levegő almanac, naptár almond, mandula aluminium, aluminium amusement, mulatság angel, angyal animal, állat another, más, másik apple, alma apricot, sárgabaraczk arm, kar arrival, megérkezés art, művész artist, művészet asparagus, spárga attendance, kiszolgálás axle, tengely baby, kisbaba, csecsemő back, hát backward, hátrafelé back wheel, hátsó kerék bacon, szalonna, oldalas, füstölt hús b a d ,rossz bag, táska, útitáska bake (to), sütni baked, sült baker, pék ball, labda
ball (dance), bál banana, banán b a n d ,zenekar bank, bank, pénzintézet barber, borbély, fodrász barley, árpa basin, medencze bath, fürdő bathe (to), fürödni bathroom, fürdőszoba bay, öböl beans, bab bear, medve beard, szakái beat (to), ütni, megverni bed, ágy bed (to go to), lefeküdni bedroom, hálószoba beef, marhahús beer, sör begin (to), kezdeni bell, csengetyű belt, öv bicycle, kerékpár, bicikli bili, számla bill of fare, étlap bird, madár biscuit, kétszersült bishop, püspök bitter, keserű black, fekete blanket, paplan, gyapjutakaró
92
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
blotting-paper, itatós papiros blue, kék board, ellátás boat, csónak bodice, ruhaderék boil (to), főzni, forralni boiled, főtt book, könyv booking-office, jegypénztár bookseller, könyvkereskedő boot, czipő, csizma bootlaces, czipőkötő bootmaker, czipész, varga bottle, üveg box, doboz box (in the theatre), páholy boy, fiú braces, nadrág tartó brake (cycle), keresztrud brandy, pálinka, konyak brass, sárgaréz bread, kenyér break (to), törni breakfast, reggeli breast, mell bridge, hid bright, fényes bring (to), hozni broom, seprő brother (elder), bátya „ (younger), öcs brown, barna brush (clothes), ruhakefe „ (hair), hajkefe „ (nail), körömkefe „ (tooth), fogkefe buffet, étterem bull, bika butter, vaj button, gomb buy (to), venni cab, bérkocsi
cabbage, káposzta cabman, bérkocsis café, kávéház cake, sütemény calf, borjú calico, perkál call (to), hívni camera, fényképező gép candle, gyertya candlestick, gyertyatartó cap, sapka cape, gallér, gallérköpeny carnation, szegfű carpet, szőnyeg carriage, kocsi, hintó carrot, sárgarépa cat, macska cathedral, székesegyház ceiling, mennyezet chain, láncz chair, szék chambermaid, szobaleány change money (to), pénzt váltani chapel, kápolna, templom cheap, olcsó cheese, sajt chemise, ing chemist, gyógyszerész chestnut, gesztenye child, gyermek chin, áll chocolate, csokolád choir, énekkar Christian, keresztény church, templom cigar, szivar cigar-case, szivartárcza cigarette, cigaretta, szivarka cigarette-case, cigaretta-tárcza city, város clean, tiszta clean (to), tisztítani
ENGLISH HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY clear, világos clergyman, pap, lelkész cloak, köpeny, felöltő cloakroom, ruhatár clock, toronyóra, falióra clothing, ruházat cloudy, felhős coal, szén, kőszén cocoa, kakaó coffee, kávé cold, hideg cold (a), nátha, hurut cold (to be), fázni collar, gallér collar-stud, inggomb college, kollégium come (to), jönni concert, hangverseny confectioner, czukrász continent, kontinens, szárazföld copper, réz, vörösréz correct, helyes cottage, házikó, kunyhó cotton, gyapot, pamut couch, pamlag cough (to), köhögni county, vármegye country, ország, vidék, táj cow, tehén cream, tejszin cuffs, kézelő cup, csésze curtain, függöny custom-house, vámház cutlet, szelet, bordaszelet dance (to), tánczolni danger, veszély, veszedelem dangerous, veszélyes, veszedelmes dark, sötét date (on letters), keltezés daughter, leány day, nap, nappal
93
dear, kedves, drága deer, őz departure, indulás dessert, csemege devil, ördög dictionary, szótár dine (to), ebédelni dinner, ebéd directory, czimjegyzék, lakjegy zék dirty, piszkos, szennyes do (to), tenni doctor, orvos, doktor dog, kutya door, ajtó down, le downhill, hegynek le draper, ruhakereskedő drawers, nadrág dress, ruha (nőiruha) dress (to), öltözni drink, inni drive (a), kocsizás duck, kacsa eagle, sas ear, fül early, korán earth, föld earthquake, földrengés eat (to), enni egg, tojás electric light, villamos lámpa electric tram, villamos vasút electroplated, ezüstözött embankment, folyópart, korzó emperor, császár empress, császárné empty, üres end, vég enough, elég entrance, belépés, bejárat, be menet
94
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
envelope, boríték, levélboríték evening, este exchange (to), kicserélni exhibition, kiállitás exit, kimenet, kijárás expensive, költséges, drága eye, szem eyeglasses, szemüveg face, arcz family, család far, messze, távol fare, fuvar, viteldíj farm, gazda farmer, gazdaság fast, gyorsan father, atya feel (to), érezni felt hat, nemez kalap ferry, átkelés field, mező fig,füge finger, ujj, kézujj fire, tűz firewood, tüzelő fa first-class, első osztályú fish, hal flannel, flanel fiat (a), lakás floor, padló floor (1st, 2nd, &c.), emelet (I., II. stb.) flour, liszt flower, virág fog, köd food, táplálék, étel foot, láb football, rúgólabda forbidden, tilos forest, erdő forget (to), elfelejteni fork, villa fortress, vár, erőd
forward, előre fountain, szökőkút fountain pen, töltő toll fowl, szárnyas, baromfi fox, róka free, szabad friend, barát, barátnő frock-coat, frakk front wheel, elsőkerék, homlok kerék fruit, gyümölcs fruiterer, gyümölcsárus fry (to), kirántani, zsirból, ki sütni full, tele, teljes furnished, bútorozott game (a), játék game (birds, &c.), vad garden, kert gas, légszesz, gáz get up (to), fölkelni gipsy, czigány girl, leány give (to), adni glad (to be), örülni glass, üveg gloves, keztyü go (to), menni goat, kecske God, Isten gold, arany gold-plated, aranyozott goloshes, sárczipő g o o d ,jó grammar, nyelvtan grapes, szőllő grass, fü g re en ,zöld greengrocer, zöldségárus grocer, fűszeres, fűszerkereskedő ground, talaj, föld guide-book, úti kézikönyv
E N O LISH -H U N GARIAN VOC A BU LA R Y hail, jégeső hair, haj half, fél hall, csarnok, előcsarnok ham, sonka hammer, kalapács hand, kéz
| injury, sérülés, sebesülés ink, tinta inn, kocsma, fogadó interesting, érdekes j iron, vas island, sziget
jam, íz, lekvár handkerchief, zsebkendő Jew, zsidó handle, fogó, fogantyú jewel, ékszer happy, boldog jeweller, ékszerész hard, kemény jug, korsó hare, nyúl hat, kalap key, kules hatter, kalapos kidney, vese head, fej king, király headache, fejfájás knife, kés health, egészség heart, szív knock (to), kopogtatni heaven, ég, mennyország heavy, nehéz lace, csipke hell, pokol lager beer, ászok-sör hill, halom, hegy lamb, bárány home, otthon lamp, lámpa land, ország, föld hope (to), remélni horse, ló landlady, háziasszony landlord, háziúr horse-radish, torma language, nyelv hot, forró large, széles, nagy, tágas hotel, szálló, vendéglő i late, késő, későn house, ház laundry, mosó intézet hungry, éhes lavatory, árnyékszék hunt (to), vadászni leather, bőr hurt (to), megsérteni, megbán leg, lábszár tani lemon, czitrom husband, férj lemonade, czitromos viz hymn, szentének letter, levél hymn-book, enekeskönyv level, színvonal lie down (to), lefeküdni ice, jég lift, felvonó gép ice-cream, fagylalt light, világos ill, beteg lily, liliom indiarubber, gummi lily of the valley, gyöngyvirág indigestion, emésztési zavar, gyomorrontás limb, tag
96
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
line, sor linen, vászon liqueur, likőr, édes pálinka little, kis, kicsi live (to), élni liver, máj lodging, lakás long, hosszú looking-glass, tükör luggage, podgyász lungs, tüdő mackintosh, esőköpeny man, ember, férfi map, térkép market, vásár, piacz matches, gyufa meal, étkezés meat, hús medicine, orvosság, gyógyszer melon, dinnye mend (to), javítani messenger, küldött metal, érez, fém milk, tej milk jug, tejeskancsó milliner, divatárusnő mine, bánya mineral, ásvány mineral water, ásvány viz mistake, tévedés, hiba money, pénz money-changer, pénzváltó month, hónap monument, szabor, emlékoszlop moon, hold more, több morning, reggel mother, anya mountain, hegy moustache, bajusz mouth, száj much, sok
muddy, sáros museum, múzeum mushroom, gomba music, zene music hall, zenecsarnok, orfeum mustard, mustár mutton, ürü nail, szeg nail (finger), köröm name, név near, közel neck, nyak necktie, nyakkendő needle, varrótű new, uj newspaper, újság, hírlap night, éjjel, éjszaka nightshirt, hálóing no, not, nem, ne nose, orr note, jegyzet note-book, jegyzőkönyv notepaper, levélpapiros novel, regény number, szám nut, dió oat, zab ocean, óceán, világtenger office, hivatal official, hivatalos oil, olaj old, öreg (person), régi (object) omnibus, társaskocsi, omnibusz open (to), kinyitni opera, opera, dalmű, dalszínház opera-glass, látcső orange, narancs orchestra, zenekar overcoat, felöltő owl, bagoly ox, ökör
ENGL IS H-HUN GARI AN VOCABULARY pair, pár paper, papiros parasol, napernyő parcel, csomag park, park pastry, sütemény pay (to), fizetni peach, őszibaraczk pear, körte peas, borsó pedal, pedál pen, toll, írótoll pencil, iron, czeruza pepper, bors petticoat, alsószoknya permitted, megengedett, megen gedve photograph, fénykép piano, zongora picture, kép, festmény picture-gallery, képtár pie, pástétom piece, darab pig, disznó pin, tű, gombostű pineapple, ananász pink, rózsaszin pipe, pipa place, hely plan, terv planet, bolygv plate, tányér play (a), szindarab play (to), játszani play the piano (to), zongorázni play the violin (to), hegedülni pleasant, kellemes please, kérem, tessék please (to), tetszeni plum, szilva pocket, zseb pocket-book, zsebkönyv pocket-knife, zsebkés, tolikés
97
policeman, rendőr police station, rendőrség polish (to), csiszolni, fényesíteni polite, udvarias poor, szegény pork, disznóhús porter, hordár portmanteau, bőrönd post (to), postára adni postage stamp, levélbélyeg postcard, levelezőlap postman, levélhordó, postás post-office, postahivatal potato, burgonya poultry, szárnyas pray (to), imádkozni prayer-book, imakönyv preach (to), prédikálni preacher, hitszónok price, ár priest, pap programme, szinlap prohibited, tilos queen, királyné quick, gyors quickly, gyorsan railway, vasút railway station, vasúti állomás rain, eső rain (to), esni raisin, malagaszőlő read (to), olvasni ready, kész, készen red, piros, vörös refreshments, frissitők register (to), ajánlani registered, ajánlott remember (to), emlékezni rent, házbér, lakbér repair (to), javitani rest (to), pihenni restaurant, vendéglő
G
98
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
return ticket, térti jegy rice, rizs rich, gazdag ride (to), lovagolni, kocsizni right, helyes, igaz right (to the), jobbra ring, gyűrű ring (to), csengetni river, folyó road, út roast (to), sütni roast beef, marhasült roll (a), zsemle roof, tető room, szoba room (space), hely rose, rózsa rough, durva run (to), szaladni, futni saddle, nyereg sailor, hajós, tengerész salad, saláta salt, só sand, homok sauce, mártás saucer, csészealj saucepan, lábas say (to), mondani scenery, tájék, kilátás scent, illatszer school, iskola science, természettudomány screw, csavar s e a ,tenger sealing-wax, pecsétviasz seat, ülés see (to), látni second-class, másodasztályú sell (to), eladni send (to), küldeni servant, cseléd serviette, asztalkendő
shawl, sál, nagykendő sheep, juh ship, hajó shirt, ing, férfiing shoe, czipő, félczipő shop, bolt, üzlet short, rövid shoulder, váll shut (to), becsukni, bezárni silk, selyem silver, ezüst silver-plated, ezüstözött sing (to), énekelni singer, énekes single ticket, menetjegy sister, nővér sit (to), ülni skate (to), korcsolyázni i sky, ég sleep (to), aludni sleeping-car, hálókocsi sleepy, álmos sleeve, ruhaujj sleeve-links, kézelőgomb slice, szelet slip (to), kicsúszni slipper, papucs slow, lassú slowly, lassan small, kis, kicsi smoke, füst smoke (to), dohányozni, füstöln : smooth, síma snake, kigyó snow, hó soap, szappan socks, kapcza, férfiharisnya soda water, szódavíz, szíkvíz sofa, pamlag, kanapé soft, puha, lágy soldier, katona solid, szilárd son, fiú
ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY song, ének sorry, szomorú so u p ,leves sour, savanyú sparrow, veréb speak, beszélni spectacles, szemüveg spirits, szesz spokes, küllők sponge, szivacs, spongya spoon, kanál spring (of water), forrás springs, rúgok square, négyszögletű, tér stable, istálló stag, szarvas stairs, lépcső stand (to), állni star, csillag station, állomás stationer, papirkereskedő statue, szobor steak, szelet, pecsenye steal, lopni steam, gőz steamboat, gőzhajó steel, aczél steep, meredek stockings, harisnya stone, kő storm, vihar story, elbeszélés, történet strawberry, szamócza, földieper straw hat, szalmakalap street, utcza sugar, czukor sugar-basin, czukortartó sün, nap supper, vacsora sweet, édes sweets, édesség, czukor swim (to), úszni swűmming-bath, uszoda
99
table, asztal tablecloth, asztalterítő, abrosz table-d’hőte, közösasztal take (to), venni, kivenni, elvenni tame, szelíd, szelídített taste (to), Ízlelni tea, tea teapot, teáskanna telegram, sürgöny, távirat telegram form, sürgönylap tell (to), mondani tennis, tenisz theatre, színház think (to), gondolni, gondolkozni third-class, harmadosztályú thirsty, szomjas thought, gondolat throat, torok throw (to), dobni ticket, jegy time, idő time-table, menetrend tired, fáradt toast, pirított kenyér tobacco, dohány tobacco-pouch, dohánytartó to-day, ma toe, lábujj toll, vám, hidvám to-morrow, holnap tongue, nyelv tooth, fog toothache, fogfájás tooth powder, fogpor towel, törülköző town, város train, vonat tram, lóvasut tray, tálcza tree, fa trousers, nadrág true, igaz turnip, fehérrépa
100
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
turkey, pulyka tyre, kerékabroncs umbrella, esernyő underdone, sületlen undervest, gyapjuing understand (to), érteni, megér teni university, egyetem uphill, hegynek föl valet, inas, komornyik valley, völgy veal, borjúhús vegetables, zöldség, főzelék village, falu vinegar, eczet violin, hegedű visit (to), meglátogatni visiting-card, névjegy volcano, tűzhányó hegy waist, derék waistcoat, mellény wait (to), várni waiter, pinczér waiting-room, váróterem walk (to), sétálni walking-stick, sétabot wall, fal walnut, dió wardrobe, ruhaszekrény warm, meleg wash (to), mosni, mosdani washstand, mosdó asztal watch, zsebóra watchmaker, órás water, víz weak, gyönge
r*
weather, időjárás week, hét weight, súly well, jól well done (in cooking), jól átsült wheat, búza wheel, kerék whisky, whisky whistle (to), fütyülni white, fehér whole, egész, teljes wick, lámpabél wide, széles widow, özvegy wife, feleség wild, vad wind, szél window, ablak wine, bor wine-list, borjegyzék wing, szárny wish (to), kivánni wolf, farkas woman, asszony wood, fa wool, gyapjú word, szó world, világ wrong, helytelen, rossz year, év, esztendő yellow, sárga yes, igen yesterday, tegnap young, fiatal youth, fiatalember, ifjú garden, állatkert
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