TOPICS OF THE DAY. - Basic Microscopic Anatomy. - Basic Growth & development

TOPICS OF THE DAY

- Basic Microscopic Anatomy - Basic Growth & development

Berdasarkan ukuran dari bagian yang dipelajari, anatomi dibagi menjadi : • Anatomi makroskopik  • Anatomi mikroskopik

( Histologi)  • (nano)  [electron microscope]

Levels of Structural Organization (Organisasi struktural) • Atom • Sel • Jaringan • Organ • System Organ • Organisme

UMUM • •

•

Sel  unit struktural dan fungsional dr kehidupan KOMPONEN (Eukaryotik) : 1. Membran sel 2. Sitoplasma 3. Nucleus FUNGSI UTAMA : - pemeliharaan - pertumbuhan dan perkembangan - reproduksi 1. Diferensiasi Sel 2. Komunikasi intercelluler : - langsung - tidak langsung 3. Adhesi sel

• !!! Each cell is unique • !!! Each tissue is unique • !!! Each organ is unique

Gambaran &

4 Jaringan dasar : - Epithel  menutupi - Jaringan ikat  “mengikat”, menghubungan, mengisi - Otot  menggerakkan

fungsi khusus

- Otot polos - Otot skeletal - Otot jantung

- Saraf  meneruskan impuls (“pesan”)

Body organs and structures contain two types

of tissues: • The

parenchymal

tissues

contain

the

functioning cells of an organ or body part

(e.g., hepatocytes, renal tubular cells). • The

stromal

tissues

consist

of

the

supporting connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerve fibers

Gambaran & fungsi khusus

- Epithel  saling melekat erat - Jaringan ikat  sel dan serabut/matriks - Otot  dapat berkontraksi, mengandung filamen penggerak - Otot polos - Otot skeletal - Otot jantung

- Saraf  meneruskan impuls (“pesan”)

√ Epithel   Jaringan ikat

 Otot  Syaraf

CIRI UMUM EPITHEL : • dipisahkan dg jaringan di bawahnya oleh Lamina basalis /basement membrane

• Avaskular • melapisi pemukaan luar dan atau dalam • selnya saling melekat satu sama lain

 dg

perangkat khusus (Intercellular Junction) • ruang interseluler sedikit • terdapat polarisasi • Dapat terjadi differendiasi pada permukaan sel

 ex : microvilli, kinocilia, stereocilia.

Topografi  polarity • Permukaan lateral (samping) • Permukaan basal (“bawah”) • Permukaan apikal (“atas”)

FUNGSI : Umum : Membatasi permukaan/dalam cavitas - TRANSPORT transeluler  difusi, karier, vesikel - Permeabilitas selektif  tight junction (*) - Absorbsi  endocytosis. ex : intestin - Sekresi  exocytosis. ex : kelenjar saliva - Proteksi. ex : epidermis

Klasifikasi EPITHEL • Selapis:

• Berlapis:

Epithelia Selapis

Epithel Berlapis • Squamous – E.g. epidermis

Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

• Transitional epithelium – E.g. urinary structures-bladder – Stretches from 6 cells to 3 cells thick as bladder fills and expands

Kelenjar – Modifikasi dr epithel

Epithel

Cavity Ep

A portion of an epithelium grows into the underlying supporting connective tissue. The downgrowth develops into a secretory portion and a duct. This is an exocrine gland. If the duct disappears, an extensive capillary network collects the secretions in an ‘endocrine’ Gland (4). 1

3

2

Klj. exocrine

Klj. endokrin 4

 Epithel

√ Jaringan ikat   Otot  Syaraf

FUNGSI :  Mengikat  Membentuk kompartemen  Penunjang  Pelindung  Penyimpanan  Repair  Transpor

• Tidak terpapar lingkungan luar secara langsung • Komponen dasar: (1) specialized cells

[SELULAR]

(2) extracellular protein fibers, and (3) a fluid known as the ground substance

KOMPONEN

( klasifikasi) * KOMPONEN SELULER  Sel :  fibroblast  Fibrocyte

 Makrofag  Mast cell  Plasma cell  Adipocyte  Sel2 derivat darah

• Fibroblast : berfungsi produksi, sekresi, dan mempertahankan komponen matrix extrasel. Bila inaktif  Fibrocyte • Mast cell : berperan dlm respon inflamasi • Sel Lemak : untuk penyimpanan lemak • Makrofag : Fagositosis • Sel Plasma : pembentukan Antibodi • Sel lain derivat darah  p.u Lekosit. (Eosinofil, Limfosit). P.u berperan dalam sistem imun

KOMPONEN

* KOMPONEN INTERSELULER (= matrix): Ground substace Fungsi : Penunjang, pengikat, penyimpanan, media, dan mencegah invasi substansi asing, dan menahan tekanan. Terdiri dari : Glikoprotein, dan proteoglikan.

glikosaminoglikan,

Secara kasat mata substansi dasar ini tidak berwarna, transparan, dan nampak seperti gel. Di dalamnya terdispersi serabut dan sel jaringan ikat.

KOMPONEN

* KOMPONEN INTERSELULER (= matrix): Serabut : • Kolagen : dominan, meliputi puluhan tipe. memberikan kekuatan/ketahanan terhadap tarikan, membantu kekuatan & fleksibilitas. • Elastik : tersusun atas elastin dan fibrilin. kemampuan untuk melenting & meregang • Reticular : lebih tipis dan membentuk jala-jala halus, kaya akan karbohidrat membentuk arsitektur beberapa organ & kelenjar.

KLASIFIKASI • Embryonal

• Adult

Adult

J.I padat teratur

J.I longgar

Jaringan ikat sejati ( connective tissue proper)

J.I padat TIDK teratur

Adipose tissue

Ji Elastik

Cartilago

Supporting connective tissue

osteon


Cartilago -

Hyalin Elastic Fibrocartilage

Fungsi : kekuatan, elastisitas, dan ketahanan terhadap tekanan. Komponen seluler cartilago terdiri dari: Chondroblast, Chondrocyte, chondroclast Komponen ekstraseluler berupa serabut kolagen (terutama Type II ) dan substansi dasar (ground substance). Tdd : hylaluronic acid, proteoglycan, chondronectin dan Chondroitin sulfat. !!! avascular dan tidak memiliki innervasi saraf. *** diliputi oleh jaringan ikat padat dengan vaskular  perichondrium.

1. Cartilago Hyalin  paling banyak ditemui dalam tubuh manusia  Ex : permukaan sendi pada sendi gerak, dinding saluran nafas (trachea dan bronchus), ujung depan iga yang menempel sternum, dsb  dibungkus oleh perichondrium

2. Cartilago Elastis • memiliki sebaran lokasi yang lebih terbatas, yaitu di auricula telinga, dinding liang telinga luar, sebagian dinding Tuba Eustachii, dan Epiglottis • lebih banyak serabut elastis yang membentuk anyaman sehingga secara fungsional lebih mampu untuk meregang (distensible).

3. Fibro Cartilago  gambaran antara Jaringan ikat colagen padat dan Kartilago Hyalin.  Lokasinya sangat terbatas, yaitu di intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus) dan simfisis pubis.  tidak memiliki perichondrium


osteon

Fungsi : membentuk kerangka  menegakkan tubuh, melindungi jaringan lunak, serta tempat perlekatan otot / tendon Matrix Tulang • bahan inorganik : 65% dari berat kering tulang, yang terdiri dari calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Kebanyakan tersusun berupa kristal hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4).6(OH)2). • bahan organic kurang lebih 35% dari berat bkering, yang terutama tersusun atas kolagen tipe I (95%). Termasuk di dalamnya ground substance yang mengandung chondroitin sulfate dan keratan sulfate.

Sel-sel tulang  Sel Osteoprogenitor  Osteoblasts  Osteocyte  Osteoclast

 Epithel

 Jaringan ikat

√ Otot   Syaraf

KARAKTERISTIK Sel = berbentuk serabut Dalam sarcoplasma terdapat contractile filament (myofibril) Komponen extrasel relatif sedikit (terminologi) * sitoplasma  sarcoplasma * membran plasma  sarcolemma * endoplasmic reticulum  sarcoplasmic reticulum * mitochondria 

sarcosome

………Characteristics of Muscle • Contractility - ability to contract (develop tension) • Excitability (Irritability) - ability to respond to a stimulus • Extensibility - ability to be stretched • Elasticity - ability to recoil to normal length

Tipe otot : • Otot bergaris (skeletal muscle) • Otot polos (smooth muscle) • Otot jantung (cardiac muscle)

STRUKTUR SEL •

Ukuran sel : P : s/d 30 mm Ф : 10 – 100 µ

•

Serabut : Silindris, panjang, tidak bercabang

•

Unique SR

•

Inti :

Lonjong,pipih, multinucleated tepi (di bawah sarcolemma)

Actin Myosin

SEL : • P : 85-100 µ,Ф : 15 µ •

Serabut : Silindris,

panjang, bercabang •

Inti : 1-2, ovoid, pucat, central

• Sarcoplasma :  >> mitokhondria & granul2 glikogen &

pigmen lipofuscin

STRUKTUR: Sel : - bentuk spindle, dibungkus basal lamina & serabut retikuler

- susunan : bag.sempit menempel di bagian terlebar sel sebelah Inti : tengah, dpt multinuclear, bulat lonjong (ovoid)

- Sitoplasma :terdapat organella & bundel2 myofilamen Sarcoplasmic reticulum rudimenter

MYOFILAMEN • Filamen TIPIS - actin & tropomyosin - stabil, berkaitan dg dense body di membran plasma oleh

α-actinin • Filamen TEBAL - myosin,kurang stabil

- responsif thd stimulus • Ratio filamen tipis : tebal = 12:1

 Epithel  Jaringan ikat  Otot

√ Syaraf 

KLASIFIKASI Secara STRUKTURAL : - neuron - neuroglia Secara ANATOMIS :- CNS (otak dan medula spinalis) - PNS ( serabut saraf & ganglia)

Secara FUNGSIONAL : - ANS : * Parasimpatis * Simpatis - Somatis

FUNGSI  penunjang struktur  membantu nutrisi neuron  insulasi elektrik  memperceepat konduksi impuls sepanjang axon  pembentukan dan transmisi impuls (pasif)  mempertahankan kompartemen  memonitor material yg melintas

Antara pembuluh darah

Type : • Macroglia :

* astrocyte * oligodendroglia Utk • microglia

CNS

• sel ependym # sel Schwann

Utk

# sel Satelit

PNS

Contoh :

System GIT

System CVS

terdiri dari organ2 :

terdiri dari organ2 :

 Esophagus

 Jantung

 Gaster

 Arteri

 Duodenum

 Vena

 Jejunum

 Kapiler

 Ileum  Caecum

Contoh :

Pembuluh darah (Arteri dan vena)  Dilapisi jaringan epithel selapis pipih di bagian dalam

 Di lapisan tengah dilapisi jaringan otot polos  Di sisi luar terdapat

jaringan ikat longgar  Dipersarafi oleh jaringan saraf

Any question ???

dr.Indriati Dwi R, M.Kes Lab. Anatomi-Histologi FKUB

• • • • •

Fertilization Development Before Birth Development of Male and Female Sex Birth Development After Birth

Fertilization 1st : Production of egg and sperm = gametogenesis  Transport gametes

sperma vs ovum

VIABILITY OF GAMETES • the oocyte cannot be fertilized after 24 hours and that it degenerates shortly thereafter . • Most human sperms probably do not survive for more than 48 hours in the female genital tract

(1) Sperm penetration of corona radiata (2) Sperm binding and penetration of the zona pellucida (3) one sperm enters the egg 

Fuse  zygote Acrosome reaction : • Occurs after binding zona pellucida(zp) • Release of enzymes (acrosin & trypsin like substance ) needed to penetrate zp.

Clinical Correlates • Contraceptive methods : – Barrier technique, ex : condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, contraceptive sponges.

– Hormonal contraceptive :pills, Depo-provera, cyclofem, morningafter – The intra uterine device(IUD). – Vasectomy and tubal ligation • Infertility : = problem for 15%-30% couples : – Males : insufficient number of sperm and/or poor motility – Females : occluded oviduct, hostile cervical mucus,immunity spermatozoa, absence of ovulation.

• • • • •


Development Before Birth • developmental stages - pre-embryonic : fertilisasi s.d menjelang implantasi - embryonic : mulai implantasi - fetal

pre-embryonic

zygote

embryoblast

Approximately 6 days after fertilization, the cell mass is termed a blastocyst. Human chorionic gonadotropin now is produced in amounts that may be detected by commercial laboratories.

Pre-embyonic developmental stages

Inner cell mass = embryo Outer cell mass = trophoblast

pre-embryonic

Cleavage Cleavage is a series of mitotic division that result in increase in cells, blastomere, which become smaller with each division

• Fertilization zygote  2 cell stage mitotic divisionnumber of cells Blastomeres

pre-embryonic

Blastocyst Formation : • At the time morula enter the uterine cavity, fluids penetrate through zona pellucida into intercellular spaces of inner cell mass(icm). Single cavity (blastocele) • Embryo =blastocyst • Inner cell mass = embryo • Outer cell mass = trophoblast

pre-embryonic Blastocyst Formation :

• Early pregnancy factor, an immunosuppressant protein, is secreted by the trophoblastic cells and appears in the maternal serum within 24 to 48 hours after fertilization

Heading to Implantation • Zona pellucida is covering the embryo until its reach uterus preparation for implantation • Four to 5 days after fertilization, the zona pellucida is shed and the trophoblast adjacent to the embryoblast attaches to the endometrial epithelium.

embryoblast

Approximately 6 days after fertilization, the cell mass is termed a blastocyst. Human chorionic gonadotropin now is produced in amounts that may be detected by commercial laboratories.

embryonic

Implantation • = kontak fisik & fisiologis pertama; antara blastocyst vs mucosa uterus (6th -8th day), • 3 phase : – Preparation of the uterus for adhesion and implantation – Trophoblast-uterus adhesion – Blastocyst movement into the uterus (mid portion of the posterior/anterior)

Implantation

embryonic

zona pellucide disappear → polar trophoblast touch the endometrium→ secrete proteolytase → dissolve the endometrium → embedded into endometrium→ coagulation plug

embryonic

HLA-G

Tcell

Th1Th2 Apoptosis

Bcell

Ab anti HLA-G

NKcell

Inhibisi toksisitas

Inhibisi cytitoxic

Supresi

Eliminasi -

Resistensi trophoblast

APC

Sekresi : PgE2, IL-10, TGF

Supresi

embryonic

Implantation

Clinical corellation 3

Abnormal implantation : •Immunorejection •Placenta praevia •Ectopic pregnancy

Embyonic developmental stages Organogenesis 2 to 2

What happened?

embryonic

embryonic

4 to 8 week of development (organogenesis) • Differentiation of ectoderm:  CNS • Differentiation of mesoderm:  dermis, bone, cartilage, CT, muscles, pleura, peritoneum and pericardium, cardiovascular and lymph system • Differentiation of endoderm: digestive, respiratory and urinary system

Fetal developmental stages

Fetal Development During fetal development, the fetus has a human appearance, but refinements are still taking place.

Extraembryonic Membranes 1. Chorion. The chorion develops into the fetal half of the placenta, 2. Yolk sac. The yolk sac has little yolk and is the first site of blood cell formation. 3. Allantois. The allantois blood vessels become the umbilical blood vessels. 4. Amnion. The amnion contains fluid to cushion and protect the embryo.



embryonic period lasts from approximately 2 weeks after fertilization until 8 weeks after fertilization, THEN  FETUS !!! Most body structures are formed during the embryonic period



Continue to grow and mature during the fetal period.

Path of Fetal Blood

embryonic

PLACENTA : - Mulai akhir mgg I - 100 % : akhir embryo, awal fetal

The placental membrane • separates maternal blood from fetal blood. • Some substances that cross can be either beneficial or harmful. Some substances do not cross the placental membrane. • The composition of the placental membrane changes during pregnancy. A. In early pregnancy, the placental membrane has four layers: syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast (Langhans cells), connective tissue, and endothelium of fetal capillaries. Hofbauer cells (large, sometimes pigmented, elliptical cells found in the connective tissue), are most numerous in early pregnancy and have characteristics similar to those of macrophages. B. In late pregnancy, the placental membrane has two layers: the syncytiotrophoblast and the endothelium of fetal capillaries.

TRANSPLACENTAL DRUG TRANSFER • Most drugs move from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by diffusion. • Drugs with molecular weights less than 500 Da readily cross the placenta, whereas larger molecules (600–1,000 Da) cross more slowly. • Drugs with molecular weights greater than 1,000 Da, such as insulin and heparin, do not cross the placenta in significant amounts.

TRANSPLACENTAL DRUG TRANSFER • Lipophilic drugs, such as opiates and antibiotics, cross the placenta more easily than do water-soluble drugs. • Maternal plasma albumin progressively decreases while fetal albumin increases during the course of pregnancy, higher concentrations of certain protein-bound drugs in the fetus. • Fetal pH is slightly more acidic than maternal pH,  permitting weak bases to more easily cross the placenta.

• • • • •


• Development of Male and Female Sex • During weeks 1–6, the embryo remains in a sexually indifferent or undifferentiated stage.  genetically female embryos and male embryos are phenotypically indistinguishable. • During week 7, the indifferent embryo begins phenotypic sexual differentiation. • By week 12, female or male characteristics of the external genitalia can be recognized.

Development of Sex organs Phenotypic sexual differentiation is determined by the SRY gene (di kromosom Y) The SRY gene encodes testesdetermining factor [TDF] In the presence of TDF, testosterone, and MIF 

• • • • •


Birth Time of birth • The length of pregnancy is considered to be 280 days or 40 weeks after the onset of last normal menstrual period or more accurately 266 days or 38 weeks after fertilization • The age of embryo determined by combining data of the onset last menstrual period with fetal length, weight, and morphological characteristic

• • • • •


Development After Birth life stages in humans • Neonatus : s.d 30 hari (*) • Bayi 1 • Batita • Balita

• Anak • Pubertas

• Adolescence : puberty to reproduction • Elderly

Terminology • Abortion: Interruption of pregnancy before pregnancy 28 weeks with the death of her fetus • Perinatal period: The period since pregnancy 28 -7 mgg days after birth. • Neonatal period: The period from birth until the age of 4 weeks (28 days) after birth. • Preterm: Babies born with a gestation <37 weeks (<259 days) • Term: Babies are born with a gestational age between 37-42 weeks (259293 days) • Post-term: Babies born with gestational age> 42 weeks (294 days) • Low birth weight: Babies born weighing <2500 grams. Small for gestational age (SGA)

• BBLR dapat disebabkan obat2an, a.l : Antikonvulsan, warfarin, antagonis asam folat, anti neoplasma

TERATOGEN

A teratogen is any infectious agent, drug, chemical, or irradiation that alters fetal morphology or fetal function if the fetus is exposed during a critical stage of development. 1. The resistant period (week 1 of development)  the “all-ornone” phenomenon (i.e., the conceptus will either die as a result of the teratogen or survive unaffected). 2. The maximum susceptibility period (weeks 3–8; 18 to 60 days postconception = embryonic period). All organ morphogenesis occurs at this time. Teratogenic exposures may result in structural anomalies. 3. The lowered susceptibility period (weeks 9–38; fetal period) All organs systems have already formed; Teratogen exposure at this period generally results in a functional derangement of an organ system. may result in structural anomalies.

X-drugs : absolut c.i • Thalidomide • Antagonis as.folat : ex:aminopterin, MTX • Alkylating agent : ex : busulfan • Fenitoin • Warfarin • Clomiphene • Nicotine • Alcohol • etc

D-drugs : risky (by evidence)  Diazepam  Hct  Tetra  Fenobarbital  As.valproat  etc

MATERNAL PHARMACOKINETIC CHANGES • maternal plasma volume, cardiac output, and glomerular filtration increase by 30% to 50%, potentially lowering the concentration of renally cleared drugs • body fat increases during pregnancy, the volume of distribution of fat-soluble drugs may increase • Plasma albumin concentration decreases, which increases the volume of distribution of drugs that are highly protein bound. However, these unbound drugs are more rapidly cleared by the liver and kidney during pregnancy, resulting in little change in concentration

DILARANG MENGHITUNG JUMLAH SLIDE !

Gratias.....

TOPICS OF THE DAY. - Basic Microscopic Anatomy. - Basic Growth & development

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