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The Flowering Response of The Shallot Plant to Photoperiod, GA3, TSS Production
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By :
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Ida Retno Moeljan* *, Kusriningrum**, Arifin**
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*) Lecturer on Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pembangunan
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Nasional “Veteran” East Java , Indonesia
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Tel/fax: +62-318793653, email:
[email protected],
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S3 students of Airlangga University East Java, Indonesia
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**) Lecturer on Animal Husbandry Faculty, of Airlangga University
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East Java , Indonesia
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***) Lecturer on Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya Univrsity, Jalan Veteran Malang 65144, East
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Java, Indonesia Tel: +62-341551665, +62-341 565 845, fax: +62-341 560 011
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ABSTRACT
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In addition to the seed tubers, onions can also be grown from seed (True Shallot Seed / TSS). ability of
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flowering onion is still low due to the long days in Indonesia (<12 hours) and the air temperature is quite
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high (18oC) strongly supports the initiation of flowering. The purpose of this study in an effort to get
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technology onion flower and produce seed TSS fertile especially for Bauji variety in upland. environmental
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engineering is by fotoperiodi (long irradiation (control) = without the addition of lights uncovered, (Lo)
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without the addition of lights will remain after 12 hours of closed plastic (L1)., and the addition of
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14 hours of light of cloose plastic (L2) by GA3 concentration of 50 ppm (C1), concentration 100
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ppm (C2) and 200ppm concentration (C3). The experimental design was a randomized block design
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with three characters .Reseacrh show that radiation is greater than 12 hours and is able to increase
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the interest rate to be able to produce seeds, the best treatment in the long irradiation by
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administering 14 hour concentration of 200 ppm (GA3). Second stages : Seed fertility of TSS with
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viability pollen test and seed germination capacity
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With fertile pollen reached 50%, and 40% still found sterile, Fotoperiod is able to increase the
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interest but was not 100%, still need improvement fotoperiod (irradiation time is longer) with
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concentrations given at the right time
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.Keyword : Allium cepa (L), Fotoperiod, GA3, shallot Bauji variety, flowering and seed result
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INTRODUCTION
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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the leading vegetable crops in Indonesia and has good
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prospects in the development of agribusiness. The development of commodity onions each year has
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fluctuated. success or failure of a horticultural cultivation, lies in the well and whether or not owned
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seed. so the seeding process is absolutely necessary for the success of the farm business. Bauji has
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the prospect to be developed, so far in Indonesia onion cultivated by vegetative means (root).
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Propagation by vegetative means there are still many constraints faced by farmers which needs a lot
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of seeds and the cost is quite expensive which 40% of the production for the provision of seeds,
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because it can not be stored longer, lower quality decreased productivity, but it is less supportive
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environment, high intensity of pests and diseases that seed availability is increasingly scarce.
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(Baswarti, 2000). One new alternative methods to improve the productivity of onion onion breeders
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initiated in an effort to seed supply is generative propagation is by seed (seed shallod TSS)
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TSS fertile is good seed to produce tubers with high productivity and quality reproduction
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uniforms TSS is still not widely practiced. Several advantages compared to the TSS seed seed
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tubers is reducing the cost of seed, producing healthier plants and virus-free seed, does not require
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the storage and tuber yield with better quality and bigger. Seed is one of the main factors that
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determines success in the cultivation of crops (FAO, 2005).
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Basuki (2009) have reported that the use of TSS economically feasible because it can
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improve the results of a two-fold compared with the use of conventional seed tubers causes
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underdeveloped seeds TSS usage in Indonesia, among others, the availability of TSS as a source of
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healthy seed and high yield is still rare (limited ) because not many people produce TSS. Similarly, 2
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production engineering and production engineering TSS TSS good tuber origin and efficient still
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large unknown. TSS seed limitation issues that need to be addressed
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Producing seeds that TSS is not simultaneous flowering and still 30% (Permadi, 2000). To
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be able produce TSS flowering seeds should be 70 -100%. One factor in the increase flowering
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weather environment in Indonesia is less supportive, especially short-day (<12 hours) and the
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avera e ail te
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iati
erat re is
ite i
ile t e onion ro re irin lo
it is not on
ive to a lo erin initiation
te
-
erat res
) and long days (> 12
hours) for the initiation of flowering. (Brewster, 1994)
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Photoperiod is a plant response to the duration of irradiation (short day length) which can
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stimulate flowering. Hormones that play a role in this inflorescence is florigen, which is still the
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hormone hipotesis.Respon of seeds is also affected by temperature (Elisa, 2011)
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Environmental factors are factors that are closely related to plant life, which would affect
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physiological processes in plants. All physiological processes will be affected by temperature, and
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some processes will depend on the light. Irradiating light to the plants is one of the external factors
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outside factors that affect flowering (Natania, 2008).
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Environmental stimulus is most often used by plants to detect the time of the year is the
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photoperiod, ie the relative length of night and day. Physiological response to photoperiod, such as
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flowering, called fotoperiodisme (photoperiodism) (Campbell, et al., 2003).
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Essentially all aspects of plant growth and development are influenced by photoperiod (Salisbury and Ross, 1995). (<10% base saturation) (Bohn et al., 2001 and Korb et al, 2002).
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After trying to induce flowering by varying the temperature, humidity, and mineral
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nutrients, Garner and Allard learned that the shortening of daylight in the summer coolness that
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stimulate flowering plants Maryland. If the plant was dpelihara in light-tight box so that the lamp
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can be used to manipulate the duration of day and night, flowering will occur if the length of
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daylight is 14 hours or shorter. This plant does not bloom during the summer, because the position
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garir latitude in Maryland, so during the day too long during the season (Campbell, et al., 2003). 3
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Growth hormones that play a role in the flowering process called florigen. Gibberellin acid (GA) is
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a growth hormone that plays a role in the flowering process, but not all GA effective to stimulate
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flowering, GA3 (Anonymous, 2008).
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The physical condition of the ecosystem is not only limiting factors but also by regulatory
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factors. For example, the annual cycle increases with increasing latitude. Fotoperiodisitas known as
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the biological clock and organisms to create a mechanism of changing times. Biological Clock is a
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physiological mechanism for setting the time. Among higher plants, some species of flowering
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plants with long day (long day plants), the other with a short day flowering (less than 12 hours) are
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known as short day plants (Ansal, 2008).
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Study aims to get the technology to produce fertile seeds TSS through environmental engineering, the
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onion Bauji variett
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site and Treatment
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Research was conducted in horticultural garden of Sidomulyo, Batu Malang, located at an
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altitude of 800 m under sea water, with an average daily temperature 30-35 0C and humidity 60%,
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held from January-October 2011
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Material and Device
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Materials used in this research are red shallot seeds of cv bauji, NPK and Stall fertilizer,
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Growth Substance Regulator GA3, MS medium, gelatin, NAA, alcohol, device used was standard
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laboratory tools.
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Research Method
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Group randomized design having two factors, the first one consists of 3 factors: (Lo : Control
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without the addition of lights, uncovered, (L1)without the addition of lights will remain after 12 hours of
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closed plastic)., (L2)and the addition of 14 hours of light of cloose plastic) by GA3 concentration of 50 ppm
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(C1), concentration 100 ppm (C2) and 200ppm concentration (C3). 4
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Second stages : Seed fertility of TSS with viability pollen test and seed germination capacity; 9
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treatment combinations were obtained in the first stage of the experiment and were repeated 3 times
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to get 18 combination of treatments. The second stage of treatment was in laboratory. Data was
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tested using –F test analysis in a 5% level if data illustrated a significant difference using BNT 5%.
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Experimental Design
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Experimental material used is cv bauji seed tubers of Sukomoro village of Nganjuk resident.
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Before planted, seed tubers were vernalized by keeping them in refrigerator in 10 C for 3-4 weeks.
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Before planted, tubers were exposed to wind for 10 minutes, and then were planted in an
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experimental field sized 1 x 1 m with a 20x20 plant spacing. The population of plants was 25 plants
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per treatment field.
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Maintaining, watering plants and controlling pest disease were done intensively. Harvesting in the
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first stage of research was conducted when flowers start to be brownish and dry by cutting umbel,
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were then dried until seed came out.
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Observation
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Variable observed in the first stage: the number of flowers, flower percentage, the number of
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flowers turning into seeds, the number of seeds.
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Variable observed in the second stage, percentage of pollen fertility, germination (viability) of TSS
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seeds using the formula of :
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Fertile percentage of pollen
x 100%
Σ observed pollen
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Viability
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(germination)
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= Σ colored pollen
= Σ germinated pollen x 100 % Σ germinated pollen Result Result and discussion
Result
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The Research finding regarding the environmental engineering in an attempt to increase the
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fertility and the production of TSS seeds using stage one pollen test is divided into two including 5
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the component of identifier result (flower numbers, flower percentage, number of flowers turning
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into seeds; number of seeds, seed weight; Second stage : percentage of pollen fertility, seed
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germination capacity.
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Table 1. The number of onion plants are flowering heavily influenced by fotoperiodisitas and GA3
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concentration.
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Figure 1. Pollen fertility due to photoperiodic treatment and GA3
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Discussion
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The number of onion plants are flowering heavily influenced by photoperiod and granting
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GA3 concentration. Photoperiod treatment (longer exposure) is more than 12 hours can increase the
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interest from 30% to 70-80%, this was due to the onion plants to be flowering requires longer
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irradiation and temperature (temperature) cool, in the highlands. Photoperiod is a plant responses to
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long duration or short-day exposure to stimulate flowering.
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generative phase (forming reproductive organs) if it receives along exposure (>14hours) in a day
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a. Character of identifier result
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According Lakitan (1994) plant
Character of flower numbers and percentages
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The number and the percentage of flowers toward the character of duration of radiation and
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the time when administering GA3 actually reveal an influence between treatments, a-14, hour
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treatment of radiation duration identifies the best treatment with the time of administering in
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initiation phase with GA3 concentration between the duration of radiation and GA3 200 pm
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concentration in a phase between vegetative and generative
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A significant difference among the treatment of radiation duration and when GA3
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administration was given during red shallot flowering may be resulting from environmental factor.
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Weaver (1972); Sumarni & Soetiarso (1998) the flowering induction on plants is determined not
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only by genetic factors but also by environmental factor such as temperature, light intensity and rain
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level.
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A highly significant difference between the treatment of radiation duration and the period
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when GA3 was administered may be due to environmental factor. Weaver (1972); Sumarni &
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Soetiarso (1998), induction of flowering on plants is determined by not only genetic factor but also
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by environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity and rain fall level.
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Result Character
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The number of flowers turning into seeds and the number of seeds, there was a significant
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difference in The character of radiation duration and when GA3 was administered on the flowers
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turning into seeds and seed numbers compared to the radiation duration length of lighting using
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only sun (L0), apart from the environmental factor which is very determinant, pollination is also
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highly determined by the existing pollinator, with the more shallot is, the higher probability the
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flower is pollinated which produces fertile seeds, not to mention high temperature to ovulation and
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seeding (Robinowitch and Brewster 1990, Mondal and Husain, 1980); Another factor affects
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flowering and shallot seed is varieties .
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Shallot is diploid. This can be seen during anthesis (blossomed flowers), green anther like anther
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color in diploid plants. This indicates that bauji shallot has fertile pollen. This is in line with
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Sulistyaningsih et al research (2002b) indicated that shallot has green anther showing its fertility in
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its ollen. In ant er’s ross se tional area it is learl seen t at t ere are ertile ollens in 4 lo s
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areas o s allot’s ant er.
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Fertile pollen is signed by dark color of pollen grains (figure 1). A microscopic observation of
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pollen grains in a 14-16-18-hour treatment indicates that pollen grains have high fertility which is
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70%. That figure shows that apart from genetic factor (variety), environmental factor of pollination
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result with bee, pollen fertility of diploid shallot reaches 90%.
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T e abilit to er inate or s allot’s ollen al ost rea es 00 %
i
re
ile in t e
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research finding it was found that photoperiodic effect when GA3 was administered indicated that
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t is ba ji s allot’s ollen is i loi be a se it can germinate which is 43.1%. In figure 2, the
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percentage of the treatment of 12 hours shows that pollen is fertile. It can also be seen that the 7
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percentage of germinated pollen in this bauji shallot is over 12 hours is capable of producing fertile
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seeds.
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CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
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Conclusion
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1. The character of the length of flowering radiation can enhance the flowering but it is not uniformed. 2. The application of GA3 concentration and during administration can stimulate flowering and seeding.
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3. The application of the three treatments which are the length of radiation; Concentration
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of GA3 200 ppm as well as the administration in vegetative phase and initiation is the
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best response in an attempt to increase flowering and produce seeds.
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4. Seeds can be produced more if there is a maximal flowering as well as the effectiveness of pollinators surrounding plants. 5. Pollen and seed fertility tests, fertile flower and seed are gained due to the treatment of radiation length which is applied when GA3 was administrated
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Suggestion
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It is suggested that further research is conducted by developing technological assembly to gain a
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more uniformed flowering as well as fertile flower, getting fertile seeds capable of 100 %
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germination. This technological assembly is being developed that will be reported and when provito
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concentrated GA3 providing and appropriate in the next journal.
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Table 1. The number of onion plants are flowering heavily influenced by fotoperiodisitas and GA3
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concentration.
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Treatment
Procentage Flower
The Number Of Flower
L0(control=12jam)K1 L0(control=12jam)K2 L0(control=12jam)K3 L1K1 L1K2 L1K3 L2K1 L2K2
28,00 22,67 17,33 68,99 73,33 57,33 76,00 82,67
a a a bc bcd b cd cd
7,00 5,67 4,00 17,00 18,33 14,33 19,00 20,67
L2K3
73,33
bcd
18,33 bcd
a a a bc bcd b cd cd
The Number of Interest to seed 3,67 a 5,00 ab 3,33 a 9,00 bcd 7,33 abc 6,00 abc 13,33 def 14,00 cde
The Number Of Seed
10,33 ef
288,70 cd
123,70 116,70 119,00 175,00 255,70 110,00 416,00 620,70
a a a ab bc a e fg
Note : Figures with the same letter are not substantially different in 5% BNT level test.
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Figure 1. Pollen fertility due to photoperiodic treatment and GA3.
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