SKRIPSI MYRNA DIAN RAHMAWATI
UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% DAUN BELUNTAS (Pluchea indica L.) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR ASAM URAT DARAH MENCIT HIPERURISEMIA
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2013
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... ii KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................... iii RINGKASAN ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................................. vii DAFTAR TABEL...................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................. ix DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .............................................................................................. x BAB I PENDAHULUAN......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................. .......... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................ ... 3 1.3 Tujuan ............................................................................................. ........ 3 1.4 Manfaat ....................................................................................... ............ 4 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 5 2.1 Tinjauan Asam Urat ................................................................................. 5 2.2 Hiperurisemia ........................................................................................... 8 2.3 Xantin oksidase ........................................................................................ 13 2.4 Kalium oksonat ........................................................................................ 13 2.5 Pluchea indica L. ..................................................................................... 14 2.7 Tinjauan tentang flavonoid ...................................................................... 16 2.7 Kemotaksonomi ....................................................................................... 19 2.8 Easy Touch® Uric Acid Meter .................................................................. 20 BAB III KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN.................. 21 3.1 Kerangka Konseptual ....................................................................... ....... 21 3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ................................................................................. 22 3.3 Skema kerangka konseptual ..................................................................... 23 BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 24 4.1 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ..................................................... ............ 24 4.2 Alat Penelitian .......................................................................................... 24
4.3 Bahan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 24 4.4 Tahapan Penelitian ......................................................................... ......... 24 4.5 Prosedur Kerja ......................................................................................... 25 4.5.1 Kerangka Penelitian dan Preparasi Hewan Coba Mencit .............. 25 4.5.2 Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid ..................................................... 26 4.5.3 Perhitungan dosis dan Pembuatan ekstrak etanol 96% daun Pluchea indica (L.) ............................................................... 26 4.5.4 Cara pembuatan suspensi bahan uji ............................................... 27 4.5.5Preparasi mencit hiperurisemia dengan induksi kalium oksonat............................................................................... 28 4.5.6 Cara pembuatan larutan kalium oksonat ....................................... 29 4.5.7 Kontrol positif (suspensi allopurinol) ............................................ 29 4.5.8 Cara pembuatan suspensi Alopurinol ............................................ 30 4.5.9 Kontrol negatif (suspensi CMC-Na) ............................................. 30 4.6 Pengumpulan Data .................................................................................. 30 4.7 Analisis Data ........................................................................................... 31 BAB V HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................... ............... BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN................................................... .............. DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................. ................. LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................. 32
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel
Halaman
2.1 Jenis-jenis flavonoid penghambat xantin oksidase .............................................. 19 2.2 Kandungan senyawa flavonoid antara dua spesies suku Asteraceae ................... 19
DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar
Halaman
2.1 Struktur Kimia Asam Urat ................................................................................... 6 2.2 Jalur biosintesis purin dan pembentukanasam urat .............................................. 7 2.3 Degradasi asam urat oleh enzim .......................................................................... 8 2.4 Allopurinol menghambat xantin oksidase ........................................................... 11 2.5 Reaksi xantin oksidase yang mengoksidasi hipoxantin dan xantin menjadi asam urat ........................................................... 14 2.6 Mekanisme kalium oksonat dalam penghambatan pembentukan allantoin ......... 14 2.7 Pluchea indica L. ................................................................................................. 15 2.8 Struktur umum flavonoid ..................................................................................... 17 2.9 Struktur umum flavonoid dalam menghambat xantin oksidase........................... 18
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran Halaman 1. Kerangka operasional rancangan penelitian .................................................... 35 2. Ekstrak etanol 96 % daun Pluchea indica L. .................................................. 36 3. Perhitungan dosis ekstrak etanol 96% daun Pluce indica L. .......................... 37 4. Perhitungan dosis kalium oksonat ................................................................... 40 5. Perhitungan dosis kontrol positif (Allopurinol) .............................................. 41 6. Perhitungan dosis kontrol negatif (CMC-Na 0,5 %) ....................................... 42 7. Tabel ekstrapolasi dosis berdasarkan berat badan mencit............................... 43 8. Volume maksimal tiap rute pemberian ........................................................... 43 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 9. Akmal, M., IndahAan, Z., Widhawati., Sari, S. 2010, Kusumaningtrati. Ensiklopedi Kesehatan. Edisi ke-1. Jogjakarta: Ar-ruzz media, hal 47-49. 10. Batari, R., (2007) Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid pada Sayuran Indigenous Jawa Barat, Skripsi Bogor: Skripsi Institut Pertanian Bogor. 11. BPOM, 2005. Pedoman Cara Pembuatan Obat Tradisional Yang Baik. Nomor :HK.00.05.4.1380 12. Cammalleri, L dan M. Malaguarnera. 2007. Rasburicase Respresents a new tool for hyperuricemia in Tumor Lysis Syndrome and in Gout. International Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2):83-93. 13. Cho, JJ., Cho, CL., Kao, CL., Chen, CM., Tseng, CN., Lee, YZ., Liao, LJ., Hong, YR., 2012. Crude aqueous extracts of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. inhibit proliferation and migration of cancer cells through induction of p53-dependent cell death. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14. Choi, H.K., Mount, D.B & Reginato, A.M., 2005. Review : Pathogenesis of gout, American College of Physicians, Annalas of Internal Medicine, vol. 143, no.7, pp. 499516. 15. Cos, P., Ying, L., Calomme, M., Hu, JP., Cimanga, K., Poel, BV., Pieters, L., Vlietinck, AJ., Berghe, DV. 1998. Structure-Activity Relationship and Classification of Flavonoids as Inhibitorsof Xanthine Oxidase and Superoxide Scavengers, J. Nat. Prod, 61; 71-76. 16. Dalimartha, S. 1999. Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia. Jilid I. Trubus Agriwidya : Jakarta. 17. Elin, YS., Retnosari, A., Yoseph, IS., Asnyana, IK., Setiadi, AAP., Kusnandar, 2008. ISO Farmakoterapi, Jakarta: PT. ISFI Penerbitan. 18. Francis H. McCrudden, 2000. Uric Acid. Penterjemah Suseno Akbar, Salemba Medika: Yogyakarta 19. Goodman & Gilman's. 2006. The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics - 11th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 20. Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia. Jilid I. Jakarta : Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Departemen Kehutanan. hal.586. 21. Hidayat, R., 2009. Gout dan Hiperurisemia, Divisi Reumatologi Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, vol. 22. no.1
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