Penelitian ini memang memiliki beberapa keterbatasan karena belum sampai pada tahapan melihat aktor lain – selain kiai dan humas industri migas yang mempengaruhi konstruksi media atas isu migas. Melalui metode penelitian atau pendekatan lain, hasil riset ini peneliti harapkan bisa dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Misalnya bagaimana peran dan posisi klebun (kepala desa) dan blater (preman) dalam mempengaruhi kerja media dalam mengangkat isu konflik lingkungan di daerah eksplorasi dan eksploitasi migas Madura. Topik lain bisa berupa membandingkan liputan tentang isu migas antara media nasional dengan media lokal (beragam media tentunya baik cetak, elektronik, atau media online) dengan metode Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Atau melihat bagaimana relasi kuasa pada saat sudah dikembangkan jurnalisme warga (citizen journalism) di Madura antara warga di wilayah eksplorasi migas dengan pihak humas industri migas, pemerintah daerah, dan media maenstream (arus utama) yang ada di wilayah tersebut. Warga yang selama ini menjadi terpinggirkan (subordinat) dalam lalu-lintas informasi migas, bisa dianalisis bagaimana ketika dirinya sudah mampu memproduksi dan mempublikasikan berita tentang isu migas melalui media sosial atau bersinergi dengan media lainnya (baik media komersial maupun komunitas). Beberapa topik ini menurut peneliti sangat menarik dan menantang untuk ditindaklanjuti.
234
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abrar, Ana Nadhya, 1993, Mengenal Jurnalisme Lingkungan Hidup, Yogyakarta. UGM Press. Aditjondro, George Junus. 2003. Kebohongan-kebohongan Negara Perihal Kondisi Obyektif Lingkungan Hidup di Nusantara. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Akbar, A.A., 2007. Konspirasi di Balik Lumpur Lapindo, Yogyakarta: Galang Press. Anderson, Alison, 1997, Media, Culture, and Environment. London. UCL Press. Allen, Frank Edward, 2000, The Trouble with Environmental Journalism, Wesport Conecticut London: Praeger Bagdikian, Ben H. 2004. The new media Massachusetts, USA: Beacon Press.
monopoly. 7th ed.
Boston,
Bast, Joseph L, 2000, Environmental Journalism: A Little Knowledge is Dangerous, New Jersey: Lawrence Associate. Barham, B.,et all eds, 1994, State, firms and raw materials: The world economy and and ecology of aluminium. Wisconcin : University of Wisconsin Press Bell, David & Barbara M. Kennedry, 2004, The Cyberculture Reader, London: Routledge Boyd-Barret & Newbold, C (eds.), 1995, Approaches to Media : A Reader, London, Arnold. Button, G.V., 1999. The Negation of Disaster: the Media Response to Oil Spills in Great Britain, dalam: A. Oliver-Smith & S. M. Hoffman (Eds.), The Angry Earth. Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, New York & London: Routledge. –––––, 2002. Popular Media Reframing of Man-made Disasters: A Cautionary Tale. dalam: A. Oliver-Smith & S. M. Hoffman (Eds.), Catastrophe and Culture. The Anthropology of Disaster, Santa Fe: School of America Research Press. Campbell, M., 1999. A content analysis of environmental reporting in Time and New York Times, 1991 and 1992. Master thesis. Grahamstown: Rhode University
235
Curran, James, and Michael Gurevitch, 1992, Mass Media and Society. London, New York: Edward Arnold. Cox, Robert, 2010, Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere, London: Sage Publication Chomsky, Noam dan Edward S. Herman, 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York:Pantheon Coombs, T, 2010. Parameters for Crisis Communication. dalam: W.T. Coombs & S.J. Holladay (Eds.), The Handbook of Crisis Communication, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong & Thomas, Keenan, 2006, New Media & Old Media: A History and Theory Reader, London: Routledge Clark, Robert, 1992, Human Resources Management: Framework and Practice (2nd edn) Sydney: McGraw-Hill, xvi+504 pp Devlin, E.S., 2007. The Crisis Management Planning and Execution, New York: Auerbach Publication. Denzin, Norman K. (eds). 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Research. California:Sage Public Dumanosky, 1990. Communication nature : how we create and understand environmental message, Washington DC : Island Press Dijk, Teun A. Van, 1988, News As Discourse, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate. Dhofier, 1994. Tradisi Pesantren, Studi Tentang Pandangan Kyai. Jakarta: LP3ES. Downing J, Mohammadi, A; Mohammadi A.S (Eds), 1990, “Questioning The Media : A Critical Introduction‖, Newbury Park, London, Sage Publications. Dunwoody,S. & R.J.Griffin, 1993. Journalistic Strategies for Reporting longterm Environmental Issues : a case study of three superfund sites, California : Sage Publication Edwards, D. & D. Cromwell, 2005. Guardians of power: the myth of the liberal media. London: Pluto Press.
236
Erman, E, 2005, Membaranya Batubara, Konflik Kelas dan Etnik, OmbilinSawahlunto Sumatera Barat (1892-1996). Depok : Desantara
Fiske, John. 2008. Introduction of Communication Studies. London:Routledge Gee, James Paul, 2005. an Introduction to Discourse Discourse Analysis, Theory and Method, London and New York : Routledge. Giddens, A., 1981. Central Problems in Social Theory, London: McMillan. Giddens, Anthony, 1984, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of the Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press. Golding, Peter dan Murdock, Graham, 1996, 'Culture, Communications, and Political Economy,' in Curran, James and Gurevitch, Michael Mass Media and Society, London: Edward Arnold, pp. 15-32. Griffin, E.M., 2006, A First Look At Communication Theory, Singapore: McGraw-Hill International Edition. Hall, Stuart. 1992. Culture, Media dan Language. London:Routledge Habermas, Jurgen, 1993. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphre, Cambridge MA: MIT Press Hagen, Ingunn and Janet Wasko (eds), 2000. Consuming Audiences? Production and Reception in Media Research, Cresskill New Jersey: Hampton Press Inc Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky, 1998, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books. Hibbin, Stuart (ed.) 1978, Politics, Ideology, and the State. London: Lawrence and Wishart. Hidayat, Dedy Nur, 2000, Pers dalam Kontradiksi Kapitalisme Orde Baru, dalam Dedy Nur Hidayat et.al, Pers dalam „Revolusi Mei‟: Runtuhnya Sebuah Hegemoni, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Hill, David. 1999. Merenungkan Sejarah Menghadapi Masa Depan dalam Heru Hendratmoko (Ed). 5 th Aliansi Jurnalis Independen. Jakarta: AJI Indonesia.
237
Himmerstrand, U. (ed), 1986, Sociology: The Aftermath of Crisis. London: Sage Publications. Hiroko Horikoshi. 1987. Kiai dan Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: P3M. Jankowski, Nicholas W and Ole Prehn (eds), 2002, Community Media in the Information Age: Perspectives and Prospect, Cresskill NJ : Hampton Press Inc Keating, Michael. 1993,. Covering The Environment : A Handbook of Environmental Journalism The University of Western Ontario Kirkpatrick Sale, 1996. Rebels Against The Future: The Luddites And Their War On The Industrial Revolution: Lessons For The Computer Age, USA : Addison Wesley Pblishing Kovach, Bill. 2003. Sembilan Elemen Jurnalisme. Jakarta: PANTAU Krieberg,L., 1998, Constructive conflict : From escalation to resolution, New jersey : Prentice Hall Littlejohn, Stephen. 2002. Theories California:Wadsworth Publishing Company
of
Human
Communication.
Littlejohn, S.W., & Foss, K.A., 2008. Theories of Human Communication (9th ed.), California: Thompson Wadsworth. Maxfield, S. & Schneider, B.R.(eds), 1997, Business and the state in developing countries. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press Mosco, Vincent, 1998, The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal, London:Sage Publications Muhtada, D. 2008, Ethics, Economics and Environmental Complexity: The Mud Flow Disaster in East Java, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol. 25, Hlm. 181-191. McNair, Brian, Politics, 1999. Demoocracy and the Media, in An Introduction to Political Communication, Second edition, London :Routledge Mcquail, Dennis (ed). 2002. McQuail‟s Reader in Mass Communication Theory. London:Sage Publications -------------------------- 2009. Mass Communication Theory, An Introduction, Third Edition. London : Sage Publication
238
O‘Shaughnessy, Michael, & Jane Stadler, 2006, Media & Society: An Introduction 3rd Ed, Australia Pavlik, John & Shawn McIntosh, 2004, Converging Media: An Introduction to Mass Communication, USA: Pearson Pravat, Poshendra Satyal, 2003, Preserving Environment: Role of Media, Boston: Pitman Pradjarta Dirdjosanyoto. 1999. Memelihara Umat: Kiai Pesantren, Kiai Langgar di Jawa. Yogyakarta: LKis. Poster, Mark., 2001, Cyberdemocracy: The Internet and the Public Sphere. Dalam Ed. David Trend. Malden, Reading Digital Culture., MA: Blackwell Publishers, p.259-271. Rademakers, Lisa., 2004, Examining The Handbooks of Environmental Journalism : A Qualitative Document Analysis & Response to the Literature University of South Florida. Robert Cox, 2010, Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere, London : Sage Publication Romano, Angela, 2003, Politics and The Press in Indonesia : Understanding an Evolving Political Culture, Routledge Curzon Rowe, D., 2004, Sport, culture and the media: the unruly trinity (2nd ed.) (1st ed., 1999). Open University Press, Maidenhead. Arabic translation, Cairo: The Nile Group (2006); Chinese translation, Beijing: McGraw Hill and Tsinghua University Press (2013). Rozaki, Abdur, 2004, Menabur Karisma Menuai Kuasa; Kiprah Kyai dan Blater Sebagai Rezim Kembar di Madura, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Marwa Sandman, Peter M, 2004, The Reporter‟s Environmental Handbook , London: Routledge Seitel, F.P., 2001,. The Practice of Public Relations (8th ed.), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Siregar, Ashadi. 1996. Kode Etik Pelaksanaan dan Efektivitas Pengawasannya. Subaharianto, Andang, 2004, Tantangan Industrialisasi Madura (Membentur Kultur, Menjunjung Leluhur, (Malang: Bayu Media Publishing, hlm.100.
239
Suprayogo, Imam. 1999. Reformalisasi Visi Pendidikan Islam, Malang: STAIN Press Surjomihardjo, Abdurahman, ed., 2000, Beberapa Segi Perkembangan Sejarah Pers di Indonesia, diterbitkan DEPPEN RI dan LEKNAS-LIPI, Jakarta
Shoemaker, Pamela Reese (eds). 1996. Mediating The Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. London: Longman Group Schudson, Michael, 1989, The Sociology of News Production, in Media, Culture, and Society. 2 (3). Steenbrink.1994. Pesantren Madrasah Sekolah. Jakarta: LP3ES, hal.32-45 Thompson, John B., 1995,. The Media and Modernity, A Social Theory of The Media, Cambridge UK : Polity Press Tuchman, G., 1978,. Making News. A Study of the Construction of Reality, New York & London: Free Press. Tsalik, Svetlana (ed), 2005. Covering Oil, A Reporter‟s Guide to Energy and Development, New York: Open Society Institute Wilkins Lee, Philip Patterson. 2008, Media Ethics: Issues and Cases, 7th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Wimmer, Roger D. 2000. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. Singapore: Wadsworth PC Wiyata, A.Latief, 2003, Madura Yang Patuh? Kajian Antropologi Mengenai Budaya Madura, Jakarta : CERIC-FISIP UI Zulkarnaen,I. Pudjiastuti,TN,. Saidi, A., & Mulyaningsih,Y. 2004, Konflik di daerah pertambangan, menuju penyusunan konsep awal dengan kasus pada pertambangan emas dan batubara, Jakarta : LIPI Press
Non Buku : Bagley, Katherine, 2008, The Silent Side of Oil, The Observatory, April 2 Anderson, A.G., 2002, The Media Politics of Oil Spills, Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 7(1-2), 7-15.
240
Coombs, T., 2007,. Protecting Organization Reputation During a Crisis: the Development and Application of Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 10(3), 163-176. Detjen, J., Fico, F., Lie X., 2000,. ChangingWork Environment of Environmental Reporters. Newspaper Research Journal Vol.21 Duke, S., & Masland, L., 2002, Crisis Communication by the Book. Public Relations Quartely, Vol. 47(3), 30-35. d‘Haenens, Leen, Effendi Gazali, and Chantal Verelst, 1999, Indonesian Television News Making Before and After Soeharto, Gazette. 61 (2): 127-52. Edelstein, Alex, and Otto Larsen, 2008, The Weekly Press Contribution to a Sense of Urban Community‖, Journalism Quarterly. 65. Eko Kurniawan, 2006, Studi Analisis Isi Pemberitaan Media Massa tentang Lingkungan Hidup dan Implikasinya terhadap Kebijakan Pengelolaan Lingkungan di Kabupaten Bangka , PSIL-PPS Undip, Semarang Gamson, W.A., 1989, News as Framing: Comments on Graber. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 33, 157-166. Gamson, W.A., Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Sasson, T., 1992, Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 18, 373-393. Geertz, Clifford, 1998, The Javanese Kijaji:The Changing Role of a Cultural Broker, "Comparative Studies on Society and History, vol.2. (Cambridge), 229 Grunig, J., 1979, A New Measure of Public Opinions on Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 22(4), 738-764. Hannigan, F., 1995, Regional News Portayals of Global Warming and Climate Change. Environmental Science and Policy, 379-393 Suprayogo, Imam, 1998, ‖Kiai Politik, Kiai Advokatif, dan Kiai Spiritual‖. Disertasi tidak dipublikasikan (Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga, 1998). J Swan, Neff J & P Young, 1994, Implikasi Lingkungan Minyak dan Pengembangan Gas Offshore di Australia: Sebuah Temuan dari Kajian Ilmiah Independen, Komite Independen Review Ilmiah, Australia Eksplorasi minyak bumi Association
241
Kaheru, H., 2005, An Analysis of the views of journalists and government officials regarding teh impact of new vision‟s coverage of the Bakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project, Master Thesis Rhode University, 32 Katherine Bagley, 2008, The Silent Side of Oil, The Observatory, April 2 Kosim, 2007, Muhammad, Kyai dan Blater (Elit Lokal dalam Masyarakat Madura), Karsa Jurnal Studi Keislaman, Vol. XII No. 2 Oktober 2007, hlm. 162163 Leitch, S., & Neilson, D., 1997, Reframing Public Relations: New Directions for Theory and Practice. Australian Journal of Communication, Vol. 24(2), 1732. Lowe,J., Marrison,P., 1984, Covering the Environmental Issues and Global Warming in Delta Land : A study of the newspaper. Pasific Journalism Review, 15 (2), 106-132. Novenanto, A., 2009, Mediated Disaster. The Role of Mainstream and Alternative Media in East Java Mud Volcano Disaster. Tesis Master, Department of Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology, Leiden University. Nuryadi,M., 2003, Analisis Isi Dari Informasi Lingkungan Hidup di Beberapa Surat Kabar, Studi Kasus:Surat Kabar Kompas, Koran Tempo, dan Sinar Harapan. PSIL-PPS UI, Jakarta. Oliver-Smith, A., 1996,. Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters. Annual Review Anthropology, Vol. 25, 303-328. Omiyi, Basil. 2007. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Oil and Gas Industry, International Conference on Corporate Social Responsibility, Abuja, 6-7 March 2007 Pusat Studi Keamanan dan Perdamaian (PSKP) Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyaakarta, 2008, Peta dan Resolusi Konflik Migas di Wilayah Sumatra Bagian Selatan, kerjasama PSKP UGM dan BP Migas Prayogo,D. Et all, 2004, Konflik antara korporasi dengan komunitas : Pengalaman beberapa industri tambang dan minyak di Indonesia, Masyarakat, 13, 64 Rahmawati, Farida Nurul ; Kurniasari, Netty Dyah ; Susmiyati, Haris Retno ; Rosmini, 2008, Madura Di Mata Media : Analisis Wacana Kritis Terhadap Representasi Carok Sebagai Identitas Kultural Madura Dalam Radar Madura
242
Jawa Pos : Laporan Penelitian, Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Trunojoyo. Rabban, D.M., 2009, Is unionzation compatible with professionalism?, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 45 (1), 97-112. Sholichin , Mohammad, 2009, Perilaku Politik Kiai di Pamekasan, Karsa Jurnal Studi Keislaman, Vol. XV No. 1 April 2009, hlm. 38. Scheufele, D.A., 1999, Framing as a Theory of Media Effects. Journal of Communication, Vol. 49(1), 103-122. Schiller, J., Lucas, A., & Sulistiyanto, P., 2008, Learning from the East Java Mudflow: Disaster Politics in Indonesia. Indonesia, Vol. 85, 51-77. Sood, R., Stockdale, G., & Rogers, E.M., 1987, How the News Media Operate in Natural Disaster. Journal of Communication, Vol. 37(3), 27-41. Spyer, P., 2002, Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon‟s Violence: Media Effect, Agency and the Work of Imagination. Indonesia, Vol. 74, 21-36. Warren, C. 2006. The Nexus between independent journalist‘s unions, press freedom and poverty eradication, makalah pada A Strategic Policy Discussion Between Donors and UNESCO, 4 Mei. Warhurst,A., 2001, Corporate social responsibility and the mining industry. Paper presented at Euromines Seminar, Brussels, Belgium Westley, B and MacLean, 2002, MA Conceptual Model for Mass Communication Research, Journalism Quarterly, 34:31-38 Widener, P. & Gunter, V.J., 2007, ‖Oil Spill Recovery in the Media: Missing an Alaska Native Perspective.‖ Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 20, 767-783. Zamroni, I. 2012. Dinamika Elite Lokal Madura (MASYARAKAT, Vol. 17, No. 1, Januari 2012: 23-48) Zamroni, M. Imam, 2008, ―Agama Etnis dan Politik dalam Panggung Kekuasaan‖ (Sebuah Dinamika Politik Tauke dan Kiai di Madura), Jurnal „eI-Harakah“ Vol. 10, No.1 Januari-April 2008, hlm. 24.
243
LAMPIRAN Daftar Judul Berita yang Dianalisis No. 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Judul Berita
Nama Media & Tanggal Pemuatan Sumenep Dapat Dana Bagi Hasil Migas Blok Radar Madura 28 Maret Maleo 2013 Ratusan Nelayan Kepung Pengeboran Minyak di Laut
Radar Madura 18 Oktober 2012 Warga Tuntut PT Santos Ditutup Radar Madura 18 Januari 2012 Nelayan Tuntut Kompensasi Rp 600 Juta ke PT Santos Radar Madura 18 Oktober 2012 Mahasiswa dan DPRD Sumenep Tolak Radar Madura 16 Juni Eksplorasi Migas 2012
6.
Pembagian Pengelolaan Sektor Migas di Blok West Madura Rampung
Radar Madura 2012
23 Juni
7.
PT EML Persiapkan Lanjutkan Eksplorasi Migas di Sumenep
Radar Madura 2012
18 Juli
8.
Tolak Eksplorasi, Warga Bangkalan Demo Kantor BP Migas
Radar Madura 13 Januari 2011
9.
Tak Ada Sosialisasi, Eksplorasi Migas Bangkalan Didemo Warga
Radar Madura 2012
16 Juli
10.
Bupati Sumenep: K3S Tetap Lakukan Eksploitasi Migas
Radar Madura 2012
29 Juni
11.
Inilah kendala dominan saat eksplorasi migas
12.
Perlu Dialog Bahas Eksplorasi Migas di Sumenep
Radar Madura 9 September 2012 Radar Madura 8 Juli 2012
13.
Warga Rusak Truk Pengangkut Air Dan Mesin Milik PT. EML
Radar Madura 20 Juli 2012
14.
Perjuangkan Hak Masyarakat Tambang Desa Tanjung
Radar Madura 6 Juni 2012
244
Daftar Nama Narasumber Penelitian No.
Nama & Jabatan
Tanggal Wawancara
1.
Abrari Pemred Madura Channel (Macan) 5 November 2012 Sumenep, mantan kabiro Radar Pamekasan
2.
Zarnuji Kabiro Radar Sumenep
5 November 2012
3.
Yazid Pemred Radar Madura
8 November 2012
4.
Ryan Kabiro Radar Pamekasan
6 November 2012
5. 6.
Eko Pujianto, staf humas ConocoPhillips 2 November 2012 Amerika (eksplorasi migas offshore Madura) Nur Asyur, Anggota DPRD Sumenep 28 Oktober 2012
7.
Achmad Mawardi, Anggota DPRD Sumenep
8.
Imam Sukandi, Kepala Bidang Pendapatan, 29 Oktober 2012 Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Kekuangan dan Aset (DPPKA) Kabupaten Sumenep Suprayogi, Kepala Kantor Energi Sumber 29 Oktober 2012 Daya Mineral (ESDM) Sumenep
9.
10.
11.
28 Oktober 2012
KH. Jurjis Muzammil, Pengasuh Pondok 12 November 2012 Pesantren Al-Ishaf, Dusun Kalabaan, Desa/Kecamatan Guluk-Guluk, Sumenep KH. Fayyad As‘ad, pengasuh Pondok 14 November 2012 Pesantren Karay, Kecamatan Ganding,, Sumenep
245