S I S T E M PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN

S I S T E M

PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN Filosofi, Teori dan Implementasi Dr. rer. nat. Ditdit Nugeraha Utama

Penerbit Garudhawaca, Yogyakarta 2017

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Sistem Penunjang Keputusan: Filosofi, Teori dan Implementasi

Penulis Dr. rer. nat. Ditdit Nugeraha Utama Tata Letak Jalu Sentanu Desain Sampul Jalu Sentanu 14,5 x 21cm ; 152 hlm ISBN 978-602-6581-01-3 Terbit Januari 2017 Diterbitkanoleh Penerbit Garudhawaca Yogyakarta www.penerbitgarudhawaca.com Pastikan Anda mendapatkan buku ini melalui cara-cara yang shalih dan tidak melukai. Selalu belilah buku/ebook garudhawaca dengan cara-cara yang jujur. Anda tidak diperkenankan meng-copy dan kemudian menyebarkan materi ebook ini kepada orang lain. Jika Anda bermaksud memberikan buku ini sebagai hadiah kepada orang lain, maka lakukan pembelian kembali dan bingkiskan kepada teman Anda. ~*~

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KATA PENGANTAR Bismillah, Bukan dimana kita berada sekarang, namun apa yang sedang kita lakukan dan perjuangkan, adalah persembahan terindah bagi Zat Maha Pencipta. Alhamdulillah, akhirnya buku sederhana ini terbit juga. Buku yang merupakan guratan pena nan dangkal seorang manusia, goresan tinta nan tanpa arti seorang makhluk fana. Buku ini mencoba untuk memeta-tafsirkan kembali, berbagai fenomena di hadapan kita semua, agar mudah untuk dicerna dan dipahami. Kesetimbangan dan kestrukturan alam, telah menjadi analogi sempurna, bahwa memang akal menjadi pembeda makhlukNYA. Akal harus menjadi sarana optimal untuk kita berbudaya, walau tentu akal bukanlah muara akan segala. Ketertundukan pada sunnatullah dan segala aturan mainNYA adalah harus menjadi bahtera akhir perjalanan akal ini. Semoga, buku ini bermanfaat bagi kita semua. Wassalam, Penulis

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DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar Penulis Kata Pengantar Penerbit

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BAB SATU Sistem Penunjang Keputusan: Sebuah Pengantar 1.1. Hakikat Kesetimbangan dan Keteraturan 1.2. Kuantifikasi dan Optimasi 1.3. Soal Untuk Review 1.4. Referensi

1 2 6 10 11

BAB DUA Sistem Penunjang Keputusan: Antara Kebutuhan dan Keharusan 2.1. Alasan SPK Diperlukan 2.2. Hadirnya SPK 2.3. Komponen SPK 2.4. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 2.5. Referensi

13 14 16 19 21 21

BAB TIGA Decision Making: Menstrukturisasi Pola Pikir dan Pola Tindak 3.1. SPK Sebagai Domain Ilmu yang Penting 3.2. Proses Pembuatan Keputusan Secara Alamiah 3.3. Kualitas Keputusan 3.4. Rationality is Important 3.5. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 3.6. Referensi

23 24 25 29 31 33 34

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BAB EMPAT Komponen Manajemen Data pada SPK 4.1. Data VS Informasi 4.2. Hal Penting atas Sebuah Data dan atau Informasi 4.3. Data History 4.4. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 4.5. Referensi

35 36 36 40 42 42

BAB LIMA Komponen Manajemen Model pada SPK: Analogi VS Model 43 5.1. Filosofi Model dan Modelling 44 5.2. Analogi VS Model 50 5.3. Penilaian Analogi dan Model 53 5.4. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 54 5.5. Referensi 54 BAB ENAM Optimasi dan Metode Optimasi 6.1. Optimasi: Sebuah Pengantar 6.2. Optimasi Heuristik 6.3. Berbagai Metode Optimasi 6.3.1. Optimasi Full-Factorial 6.3.2. Optimasi Simple-Random 6.3.3. Optimasi Latin-Hypercube 6.3.4. Optimasi Hill-Climbing 6.3.5. Optimasi Simulated-Annealing 6.3.6. Optimasi Water-Flow 6.3.7. Optimasi Ant-Colony 6.4. Referensi

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57 58 61 62 63 66 68 70 72 74 76 82

BAB TUJUH Manajemen User Interface pada SPK 7.1. Sekilas Tentang User Interface 7.2. Makna User pada User Interface 7.3. Infographic 7.4. Dashboard 7.5. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 7.6. Referensi

87 88 89 90 91 93 93

BAB DELAPAN International Decision Support Systems 8.1. Konsep gDSS 8.2. IntDSS 8.3. Konsekuensi Logis 8.4. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 8.5. Referensi

95 96 97 97 98 99

BAB SEMBILAN Merancang sebuah SPK 9.1. CSF pada SPK 9.2. Metode Perancangan 9.3. Notasi Diagram pada Pengembangan SPK Berorientasi Objek 9.4. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 9.5. Referensi

101 102 103

BAB SEPULUH Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 10.1. Konsep AHP 10.2. Tahapan AHP 10.3. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 10.4. Referensi

113 114 114 120 120

BAB SEBELAS Fuzzy-Logic 11.1. Konsep Awal Fuzzy-Logic

121 121

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105 109 110

11.2. Algoritma Fuzzy-Logic 11.3. Basis Aturan Fuzzy 11.4. Pertanyaan Untuk Review 11.5. Referensi

123 127 133 134

BAB DUA BELAS FUZZY-AHP 12.1. Penilaian Fuzzy-AHP 12.2. Proses Fuzzy-AHP

135 136 137

BAB TIGA BELAS Kesimpulan dan Penutup

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TENTANG PENULIS

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Sistem penunjang keputusan: filosofi, teori, dan implementasi Dr. rer. nat. Ditdit Nugeraha Utama

Bab SATU

Sistem Penunjang Keputusan: Sebuah Pengantar

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1.4. Referensi AlQur’an. Afrijhon, N.S. 2012. The law of Archimedes. http://noviasariafrijhon.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/the-law-farchimedes.html [access date: 14 September 2016] Everitt, B.S. 1987. Introduction to optimization methods and their application in statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. Rao, S.S. 2009. Engineering optimization: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons. Singh, S. 2005. Big bang. Harper Perennial. Utama, D.N. 2015. The Optimization of the 3-d Structure of Plants, Using Functional-Structural Plant Models. Case Study of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indonesia, PhD Thesis. Georg-August Universität Göttingen, 2015.

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Bab DUA

Sistem Penunjang Keputusan: Antara Kebutuhan dan Keharusan

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2.5. Referensi Jain, L.C., Lim, C.P. 2010. Handbook on decision making: techniques and applications. Springer. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley.

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Bab TIGA

Decision Making: Menstrukturisasi Pola Pikir dan Pola Tindak

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3.6. Referensi Jain, L.C., Lim, C.P. 2010. Handbook on decision making: techniques and applications. Springer. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley.

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Bab EMPAT

Komponen Manajemen Data pada SPK

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4.5. Referensi Moran, D.K. 2016. BrainyQuote.com, Xplore Inc. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/d/danielke ys230911.html, accessed December 18, 2016. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley. Turban, E., Rainer, R.K., Potter, R.E. 2005. Introduction to information technology. John Willey & Sons, Inc.

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Bab LIMA

Komponen Manajemen Model pada SPK: Analogi VS Model

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5.5. Referensi Achkar, H. 2013. Modeling Introduction. Testoptimal [access date: 23.01.2013] Al-Hassani, S.T.S. 2012. 1001 Inventions – The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization, Third Edition. Washington DC: National Geographic Society. Box, G.E.P., Norman, R.D. 1987. Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. Wiley. Einstein, A. 1925. Quantentheories des Einatomigen Idealen Gases. Leiden: Leiden University. Fearing, P. 2000. Computer Modelling of Fallen Snow. ACM Publisher. MacKay, B. 2012. Mathematics and Statistics Models. Clark College. Maria, A. 1997. Introduction to Modeling and Simulation. Proceeding of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference. Utama, D.N. 2014. Model and Modeling. Presentasi Pertemuan PPI Göttingen Jerman. Van-Roy, P., Haridi, S. 2003. Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

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Bab ENAM

Optimasi dan Metode Optimasi

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6.4. Referensi Bauer, A. 1999. An ant colony optimization approach for the single machine total tadiness problem. Vienna: Department of Management Science University of Vienna. Bianchi, L., Gambardella, L.M., Dorigo, M. 2002. Solving the homogeneous probabilistic travelling salesman problem by the ACO metaheuristic. Proceeding of 3rd International Workshop on Ant Algorithms Seminar, Brussels, Belgium, September 12-14, 2002. Birattari, M., Balaprakash, P., Dorigo, M. 2005. ACO / f-race: ant colony optimization and racing techniques for combinatorial optimization under uncertainty. Proceeding of MIC 2005 – 6th Metaheuristics International Conference, Vienna, Autria, August 22 – 26, 2005, pp. 107-112. Černỳ, V. 1985. Thermodynamical approach to the traveling salesman problem: Anefficient simulation algorithm. Journal of optimization theory and applications, vol.45 no.1, pp. 41-51. Dorigo, M., Di Caro, G. 1999. The ant colony optimization metaheuristic. In Corne, D., Dorigo, M., and Glover, F. (eds.), New Ideas in Optimization. London: McGraw Hill. Dorigo, M., Di Caro, G., Gambardella, L.M. 1999. Ant algorithms for discrete optimization. Journal of Artificial Life, vol.5 no.2, pp. 137-172. Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., Colorni, A. 1991. The ant system: an autocatalytic optimization process. Technical Report 91-016, Dept. of Electronics, Milan: Politecnico. Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., Colorni, A. 1996. Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. Journal of

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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol.26 no.1, pp. 29-41. Dougherty, D.E.,Marryott, R.A. 1991. Optimal Groundwater Management. Water Resources Research, vol. 27, pp. 24932508. Dorigo, M., Stutzle, T. 2004. Ant colony optimization. Massachusetts: the MIT Press. McMillan, J.H. 1996. Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer. ERIC. Fisher, R.A. 1926. On the random sequence. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 52(250). Foulds, L.R. 2012. Optimization techniques: an introduction. Springer Science and Business Media. Gutjahr, W.J. 2003. A converging ACO algorithm for stochastic combinatorial optimization. Proceedings of SAGA 2003 (Stochastic Algorithms: Foundations and Applications), in Albrecht, A., Steinhoefl, K. (eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2827, Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2003, pp. 10-25. Gutjahr, W.J. 2004. S-ACO: an ant-based approach to combinatorial optimization under uncertainty. Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence: Proceedings of ANTS 2004, Fourth International Workshop, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3172, Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2004, pp.238-249. Gutjahr, W.J. 2006. On the finite-time dynamics of ant colony optimization. Journal of Methodology of Computer Application Probabilistic, vol.8, pp. 105-133. Helton, J.C., Davis, F.J. 2003. Latin hypercube sampling and the propagationof uncertainty in analyses of complex systems.

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Reliability Engineering & SystemSafety,vol.81 no.1, pp. 2369. Kaufman, A.A.1922.Statisticheskaya nauka v Rossii: teoriya i metodologiya,1806-1917 (Statistical science in Russia: theory and methodology, 1806-1917).Moscow: TsSU. Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C.D., Vecchi, M. P., et al. 1983. Optimization bysimulated annealing. Science,vol.220 no.4598, pp. 671680. Mespoulet, M. 2002. From typical areas to random sampling: Sampling methods inrussia from 1875 to 1930. Science in Context, vol.15 no. 03, pp. 411-425. Michalewicz, Z. 1992. Genetic algorithms+ data structures= evolution programs.Springer Science & Business Media. Pranata, O.L. 2006. Penjadwalan produksi dengan algoritma ant colony di PT. FSCM Manufacturing Indonesia Plant 4 [Skripsi]. Surabaya: Universitas Kristen Perta. Rao, S.S. 2009. Engineering optimization: theory and practice. John Wiley& Sons. Rauner, M., Brailsford, S.C., Gutjahr, W.J., Zeppelzauer, W. 2005. Optimal screening policies for diabetic Retinojalury using a combined discrete-event simulation and ant colony optimization approach. In Anderson, J.G., and Katzper, M., (eds.). Proceeding of International Conference on Health Sciences Simulation, Western Multi Conference ‘05, 2005, pp. 147-152. Stein, M. 1987. Large sample properties of simulations using latin hypercube sampling.Technometrics, vol.29 no.2, pp. 143151. Utama, D.N. 2015. The optimization of the 3-d structure of plants, using functional-structural plant models. Case study of rice

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(Oryza sativa L.) in Indonesia. PhD Thesis,Georg-August UniversitätGöttingen. Utama, D.N., Zaki, F.A., Munjeri, I.J., Putri, N.U. 2016. A water flow algorithm based optimization model for road traffic engineering.Proceeding of the 2016 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems.Malang, Indonesia. Utama, D.N., Djatna, T., Hambali, E., Marimin, Kusdiana, D. 2011. Multi objectives fuzzy ant colony optimization of palm oil based bioenergy supply path searching. Proceeding of International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information System (ICACSIS), 2011. Xiang, Y., Gubian, S., Suomela, B., Hoeng, J. 2013. Generalized simulatedannealing for global optimization: the gensa package. The R Journal, vol.5 no. 1,pp. 13-27. Yang, F.C., Wang, Y.P. 2007. Water flow-like algorithm for object grouping problems.Journal of Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers, vol. 24, pp. 475-488.

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Bab TUJUH

Manajemen User Interface pada SPK

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7.6. Referensi Ganapati, S. 2011. Key features for designing a dashboard. Government Finance Review, October 2011, pp. 47-50. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley. Utama, D.N., Sari, R.N., Sekarningtyas, R., Habibullah, M., Wulandari, A., Rahastri, I.E., Sakina, D.N., Miftahuddin, M., Cahyani, H. 2016a. Fuzzy rules based decision support system for smart direction (an implementation idea of traffic sensor use) [Poster]. Jakarta: Laboratory Optimization Models and Systems for Decision Support, Informations Systems Department, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Utama, D.N., Hilmi, M.H., Fajrisani, N., Chataliya, N., Denaw, M.D., Fikri, H., Agung, H., Anang, F., Adrie, B. 2016b. Decision support system for traffic road splitting strategy based on vehicle types [Poster]. Jakarta: Laboratory Optimization Models and Systems for Decision Support, Informations Systems Department, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.

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Bab DELAPAN

International Decision Support Systems

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8.5. Referensi Hofstede, G. 1983. National cultures in four dimensions: a research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol.13 No.1/2, pp. 46-74. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley.

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Bab SEMBILAN

Merancang sebuah SPK

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9.5. Referensi Booch, G., Maksimchuk, R.A., Engle, M.W., Young, B.J., Conallen, J., Houston, K.A. 2007. Object oriented analysis and design with applications. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley. Utama, D.N., Zaki, F.A., Munjeri, I.J., Putri, N.U. 2016a. A water flow algorithm based optimization model for road traffic engineering. Proceeding of 8th International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS), Malang, Indonesia, 15-16 Octorber, 2016. Utama, D.N., Zaki, F.A., Munjeri, I.J., Putri, N.U. 2016b. FWFA based decision support system for road traffic engineering. Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Computing and Applied Informatics (ICCAI), Medan, Indonesia, 14 December, 2016.

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Bab SEPULUH

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

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10.4. Referensi Saaty, T.L. 1994. Fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Pittsburgh: RWS Publication. Sauter, V.L. 2010. Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley.

120


Bab SEBELAS

Fuzzy Logic

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11.5. Referensi Engelbrecht, A.P. 2007. Computational intelligence, an introduction. Wiley. Levy, D. 2010. Introduction to numerical analysis. Centre for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling, University of Maryland. Nelson. 2004. Introduction to fuzzy control. University of South Florida. Zadeh, L.A. 1994. Soft computing and fuzzy logic. IEEE Software, vol. 11 no. 6, pp. 48-56. Zadeh, L.A. 1996. Fuzzy logic = computing with words. IEEE transactions of Fuzzy System, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 103-111.

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Bab DUA BELAS

FUZZY-AHP

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Bab TIGA BELAS

Kesimpulan dan Penutup

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TENTANG PENULIS Namanya adalah Dr. rer. nat. Ditdit Nugeraha Utama. Tercatat sebagai peneliti di lab Laboratory Optimization Models and Systems of Decision Support dan juga sebagai faculty member di Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi (jurusan Sistem Informasi), UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. Area penelitian yang digelutinya adalah bidang Supply Chain Management, Computer Modeling, Optimization Models, dan Decision Support Systems. Penulis merupakan sarjana lulusan S1 Teknik Informatika Universitas Bina Nusantara, Indonesia. Untuk jenjang S2, Penulis memiliki gelar master ganda. Pertama master di bidang sistem informasi dari Universitas Bina Nusantara, Indonesia; dan yang kedua adalah master di bidang Commerce dari Universitas Curtin, Australia. Penulis pun mendapatkan dua gelar doktor. Pertama adalah gelar doktor (Dr.) dari Institut Pertanian Bogor di program studi Teknologi Industri Pertanian, dimana risetnya mengenai Applied Information System yang diimplementasikan pada kasus supply chain management. Kedua, Penulis pun mendapatkan gelar doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) di bidang computer science, khusus di bidang environmental informatics, dari Universitas Göttingen, Jerman. Dimana penulis melakukan penelitian mengenai optimasi struktur tanaman dengan menggunakan Functional-Structural Plant Model (FSPM).

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Untuk aktivitas publikasi, Penulis telah menghasilkan 8 jenis buku (5 buku berhubungan dengan ilmu komputer dan 3 buku nonfiksi), lebih dari 30 paper sains, dan beberapa tulisan artikel lepas. Penulis pun pernah mendapatkan penghargaan atas 'the best paper' of Computer and Information Technology field pada sebuah seminar internasional, Taiwan.

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