PUSAT PERBUKUAN Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

PUSAT PERBUKUAN Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Hak Cipta Pada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Dilindungi Undang-undang

Praktis Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah

530.07 AIP p

Penulis

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Penyunting

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Pewajah Isi Ilustrator Pewajah Sampul

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Aip Saripudin Dede Rustiawan K. Adit Suganda Firdaus Sukmono Debby Juwita Yusuf Sobari Yudiana Dasiman

AIP Saripudin Praktis Belajar Fisika 3 : untuk Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas / Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Aip Saripudin, Dede Rustiawan K, Adit Suganda ; penyunting, Firdaus Sukmono, Debby Juwita ; illustrator, Yudiana. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan ;Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009. viii, 260 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm. Bibliografi : hlm. 258 Indeks ISBN 978-979-068-812-4 (No. Jil Lengkap) ISBN 978-979-068-815-5 1. Fisika-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul II. Dede Rustiawan K III. Adit Suganda IV. Firdaus Sukmono V. Debby Juwita VI. Yudiana Hak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional dari Penerbit Visindo Media Persada Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Tahun 2009 Diperbanyak oleh ....

ii

Kata Sambutan Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2009, telah membeli hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/ penerbit untuk disebarluaskan kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet (website) Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional. Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan dan telah ditetapkan sebagai buku teks pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 22 Tahun 2007 tanggal 25 Juni 2007. Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para penulis/penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para siswa dan guru di seluruh Indonesia. Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh (down load), digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk penggandaan yang bersifat komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Diharapkan bahwa buku teks pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan guru di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapat memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini. Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Kepada para siswa kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaikbaiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat kami harapkan. Jakarta, Juni 2009 Kepala Pusat Perbukuan

iii

Kata Pengantar Sekarang ini, ilmu dan teknologi berkembang dengan pesat. Seiring dengan perkembangan tersebut, Fisika sebagai bagian dari ilmu dan teknologi ikut berkembang pula, baik itu teori maupun penerapannya. Fisika adalah ilmu dasar teknologi. Fakta-fakta kehidupan, seperti gerak, cahaya, optik, kalor, dan materi lain yang sehari-hari digunakan manusia dipelajari dalam Fisika. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya peningkatan kualitas pendidikan Fisika di sekolah agar membentuk manusia yang memiliki daya nalar dan daya pikir yang baik, kreatif, cerdas dalam memecahkan masalah, serta mampu mengomunikasikan gagasan-gagasannya. Pendidikan Fisika harus dapat membantu Anda menyongsong masa depan dengan lebih baik. Atas dasar inilah, kami menerbitkan buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini ke hadapan Anda, khususnya para siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas. Buku ini menghadirkan aspek kontekstual bagi Anda dengan mengutamakan pemecahan masalah sebagai bagian dari pembelajaran untuk memberikan kesempatan kepada Anda membangun pengetahuan dan mengembangkan potensi diri. Materi dalam buku ini diharapkan dapat membawa Anda untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang ilmu Fisika sebagai proses dan produk. Materi pelajaran Fisika yang disajikan bertujuan membekali Anda dengan pengetahuan, pemahaman, dan sejumlah kemampuan untuk memasuki jenjang yang lebih tinggi, serta mengembangkan ilmu Fisika dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, mendudukkan Praktis Belajar Fisika hanya sebatas teori di dalam kelas, akan membuat siswa kurang memahaminya dan menghambat tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran. Melalui buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini, Anda diharapkan dapat menyenangi pelajaran Fisika. Materi-materi bab di dalam buku ini disesuaikan dengan perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi terkini. Selain itu, buku ini disajikan dengan bahasa yang mudah dipahami dan komunikatif sehingga seolah-olah Anda berdialog langsung dengan penulisnya. Penulisan buku ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu media atau sarana belajar Fisika. Kami menyadari bahwa penerbitan buku ini tidak akan terlaksana dengan baik tanpa dukungan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu, dengan hati yang tulus, kami ucapkan terima kasih atas dukungan dan bantuan yang diberikan. Semoga buku ini dapat memberi kontribusi bagi perkembangan dan kemajuan pendidikan di Indonesia. Jakarta, Mei 2007 Penerbit

iv

Sekilas Isi Buku Buku Praktis Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII ini terdiri atas sembilan bab, yaitu Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya, Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya, Elektrostatika, Induksi Magnet, Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik, Teori Kuantum, Teori dan Model-Model Atom, Teori Relativitas Khusus, serta Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas. Di setiap awal bab disajikan Advance Organizer dan Soal Pramateri. Advance Organizer yang dilengkapi dengan Gambar Pembuka Bab berisi contoh-contoh penerapan atau manfaat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda tentang materi yang akan dipelajari. Adapun Soal Pramateri merupakan uji awal pengetahuan umum Anda tentang materi yang akan dipelajari yang dapat mengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda. Untuk membantu Anda memahami materi pelajaran, Gambar dan Ilustrasi disajikan secara menarik dan faktual. Selain itu, disajikan pula tugas Kerjakanlah yang merupakan tugas sederhana berupa soal dan kegiatan ilmiah yang dapat mengembangkan kecakapan sosial dan akademik Anda. Ada pula kegiatan Mahir Meneliti dan Kegiatan Semester yang perlu Anda kerjakan secara mandiri maupun berkelompok. Kedua kegiatan tersebut dapat menumbuhkan semangat kewirausahaan, etos kerja, semangat inovasi/kreativitas, daya saing, kecakapan sosial, dan dapat mengembangkan kecakapan hidup (life skill) Anda. Di setiap akhir materi pelajaran disajikan Soal Penguasaan Materi sebagai bahan evaluasi pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah dipelajari, ringkasan materi dalam bentuk Rangkuman dan Peta Konsep. Selain itu, di setiap akhir bab dan akhir semester disajikan Evaluasi Materi Bab dan Evaluasi Materi Semester. Adapun di akhir buku terdapat Evaluasi Materi Akhir Tahun menguji pemahaman Anda setelah mempelajari materi pelajaran selama satu tahun. Materi pelajaran dalam buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini juga disertai dengan materi pengayaan, di antaranya: 1. Jangan Lupa Disajikan untuk mengingat materi yang telah dipelajari sebelumnya yang dapat mengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda. 2. Perlu Anda Ketahui Berisi informasi yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda sehingga mendorong Anda untuk mencari informasi lebih jauh. 3. Loncatan Kuantum (Quantum Leap) Pengayaan yang bersifat informatif ini disajikan secara bilingual sehingga dapat memperdalam ilmu bahasa Inggris Anda sehingga dapat mengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda. 4. Jelajah Fisika Jelajah Fisika memberikan informasi seputar Fisika termasuk semangat para tokoh Fisika dalam menemukan/menciptakan karyanya dan teknologi dalam dunia Fisika yang dapat menumbuhkan semangat kewirausahaan, etos kerja serta dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda. 5. Perlu Anda Ketahui Berisi informasi yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda sehingga mendorong Anda untuk mencari informasi lebih jauh. 6. Pembahasan Soal SPMB Pembahasan Soal SPMB membahas soal-soal SPMB yang berkaitan dengan materi yang Anda pelajari. 7. Solusi Cerdas Merupakan pembahasan soal UAN yang diberikan dengan menggunakan solusi secara praktis dan cepat. Untuk membantu Anda dalam menggunakan buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini, pada bagian akhir buku ini disajikan Apendiks, Kamus Fisika, dan Indeks. v

Daftar Isi Kata Sambutan • iii Sekilas Isi Buku • iv Kata Pengantar • v

Semester 1 Bab 1

Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya ....................................... 1 A. Istilah-Istilah pada Gelombang ........................................................ 2 B. Gelombang Transversal dan Longitudinal .......................................... 5 C. Gelombang Berjalan ..................................................................... 7 D. Gelombang Stasioner .................................................................. 9 E. Energi dan Intensitas Gelombang ................................................. 12 F. Sifat-Sifat Umum Gelombang ...................................................... 13 Evaluasi Materi Bab 1 ..................................................................... 20

Bab 2

Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya ................................... 23 A. Gelombang Bunyi ...................................................................... 24 B. Cahaya sebagai Gelombang ......................................................... 38 Evaluasi Materi Bab 2 ..................................................................... 52

Bab 3 Elektrostatika......................................................... 55 A. Benda Bermuatan Listrik ............................................................ 56 B. Hukum Coulomb ........................................................................ 58 C. Medan Listrik .......................................................................... 62 D. Potensial Listrik ....................................................................... 69 E. Kapasitor ................................................................................ 73 Evaluasi Materi Bab 3 ..................................................................... 81

Bab 4 Induksi Magnet ....................................................... 85 A. Medan Magnet ......................................................................... 86 B. Gaya Magnet ........................................................................... 95 C. Lintasan Partikel Bermuatan dalam Medan Magnet Seragam ............ 100 D. Momen Gaya Magnet dan Motor Listrik ....................................... 103 Evaluasi Materi Bab 4 ................................................................... 108 Kegiatan Semester 1 ............................................................... 111

Bab 5 Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik .... 113 A. Induksi Elektromagnetik ............................................................ 114 B. Beberapa Aplikasi Induksi Elektromagnetik .................................... 126 C. Persamaan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik ............................................ 130 D. Resistor, Induktor, dan Kapasitor dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik ... 135 E. Rangkaian AC RLC Seri ............................................................ 138 F. Daya pada Rangkaian AC .......................................................... 142 Evaluasi Materi Bab 5 ................................................................... 147 Evaluasi Materi Semester 1 ..................................................... 151 vi

Semester 2 Bab 6 Teori Kuantum ...................................................... 155 A. Radiasi Benda Hitam ............................................................... 156 B. Efek Fotolistrik dan Teori Foton Einstein ....................................... 161 C. Efek Compton ........................................................................ 164 D. Hipotesis de Broglie ................................................................ 165 Evaluasi Materi Bab 6 ................................................................... 169

Bab 7 Teori dan Model-Model Atom ................................... 173 A. Teori Atom Dalton ................................................................... 174 B. Penemuan Elektron dan Model Atom Thomson ............................... 174 C. Model Atom Rutherford ............................................................ 177 D. Spektrum Atom Hidrogen ......................................................... 178 E. Model Atom Bohr .................................................................... 180 Evaluasi Materi Bab 7 ................................................................... 188

Bab 8

Teori Relativitas Khusus .......................................... 191 A. Teori Relativitas Newton ........................................................... 192 B. Eksperimen Michelson–Morley ................................................... 193 C. Postulat Einstein untuk Teori Relativitas Khusus ........................... 195 D. Kesetaraan Massa dan Energi ................................................... 201 Evaluasi Materi Bab 8 ................................................................... 206

Bab 9

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas ................................... 209 A. Struktur Inti .......................................................................... 210 B. Radioaktivitas ....................................................................... 213 C. Teknologi Nuklir ....................................................................... 220 Evaluasi Materi Bab 9 ................................................................... 226 Kegiatan Semester 2 ............................................................... Evaluasi Materi Semester 2 ..................................................... Evaluasi Materi Akhir Tahun .................................................... Kunci Jawaban ........................................................................ Apendiks ................................................................................. Kamus Fisika ........................................................................... Indeks .................................................................................... Daftar Pustaka .......................................................................

vii

229 231 234 240 245 251 254 258

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P e t aKonsep Pipa Organa Terbuka

Pipa Organa Tertutup

Minimum

Maksimum

terdiri atas menghasilkan pola

persamaan

Pipa Organa

Efek Doppler

Dawai

sumber bunyi di antaranya

Interferensi

Resonansi

Bunyi

Pelayangan

dapat mengalami

membahas

Gelombang membahas

Cahaya dapat mengalami

Difraksi

Polarisasi

Interferensi pada

Celah Ganda Young

oleh

Lapisan Tipis

Celah Tunggal

menghasilkan pola menghasilkan pola

Minimum

Minimum

intensitas yang melewati

menghasilkan pola

menghasilkan pola

Minimum

Maksimum

Polaroid

Maksimum

Maksimum

Minimum

Maksimum

Kisi

Analisator

Kaji Diri Setelah mempelajari bab Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya, Anda dapat mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang bunyi dan cahaya, serta menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gelombang bunyi dan cahaya dalam teknologi. Jika Anda belum mampu mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang bunyi dan cahaya, serta menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gelombang bunyi dan cahaya

dalam teknologi, Anda belum menguasai materi bab Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya dengan baik. Rumuskan materi yang belum Anda pahami, lalu cobalah Anda tuliskan kata-kata kunci tanpa melihat kata kunci yang telah ada dan tuliskan pula rangkuman serta peta konsep berdasarkan versi Anda. Jika perlu, diskusikan dengan teman-teman atau guru Fisika Anda.

Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya

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P e t a 87;.9   N

  L

d dt

di dt

  M

9.:;*6**7 =6=6

di dt

9.:;*6**7 =6=6

Hukum Faraday

Hukum Henry

Hukum Lenz

-23.5*;4*7 -*5*6

V Vef  m 2

<.0*70*7 ./.4<2/

I ef 

*:=; ./.4<2/

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*9524*;2

Induksi Elektromagnetik

Im 2

@*70
-21*;254*7 85.1
6.-*7 6*07.<

9.:;*6**7 =6=6

• • • • •

Generator Ac, Transformator, Rem Magnet, Mikrofon, dan Tape Recorder

Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik -*5*6 :*704*2*7

Resistif

VR  Vm sin t iR  im sin t

269.-*7;2

ZR 

VR R IR

Induktif

Kapasitif

VL  Vm sin t

VC  Vm sin t

1 I L  I m sin t  2


1 IC  I m sin t  2


269.-*7;2

ZL 

VL  XL IL

RLC Seri

V  Vm sin
t   

I  I m sin t 269.-*7;2

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ZC 

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f0 

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&+8&6
978&0& Giancoli, Douglas C. 2000. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, Third Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, dan Jearl Walker. 2001. Fundamentals of Physics, Sixth Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hewitt, Paul G. 1998. Conceptual Physics, Eight Edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Jones, E.R. dan Chiulders, R.L. 1994. Contemporary College Physics, Second Edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Tipler, Paul A. 1991. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Third Edition. New Jersey: Worth Publisher. Tim Redaksi Dorling Kindersley. 1997. Jendela IPTEK, Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Tim Redaksi Pustaka Setia. 2005. Panduan SPMB IPA 2006. Bandung: Pustaka Setia. Tim Redaksi Usborne Publishing LTD. 2000. Science Encyclopedia. London: Usborne Publishing LTD. Tim Widya Gamma. 2005. Pemantapan Menghadapi Ujian Nasional (UN) dan Ujian Sekolah (US) SMA IPA 2005/2006. Bandung: Yrama Widya. Sumber Lain:



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ISBN : 978-979-068-812-4 (No. jil lengkap) ISBN : 978-979-068-815-5 Buku ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP) dan telah dinyatakan layak sebagai buku teks pelajaran berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 22 tahun 2007 tanggal 25 Juni 2007 Tentang Penetapan Buku Teks Pelajaran Yang Memenuhi Syarat Kelayakan Untuk Digunakan Dalam Proses Pembelajaran.

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