PROSES EKOSISTEM: VALUING
Sumber Utama : 1. Melso. 1980. Family and Environment. An Ecosystem Perspective 2. Soemarwoto. 1983. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan 3. Sunarti. 2011. Optimalisasi Transaksi Materi dan Energi Keluarga dengan Lingkungannya. FEMA IPB. 4. Sunarti. 2009. Ed. Pengembangan Model Ecovillage. Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan serta Sumbangan Pertanian Bagi Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Penduduk Perdesaan
Valuing Is the process by which this information and energy are rank-ordered as assigned priority in terms of importance in reaching desired goals
1. 2. 3. 4.
What are values ? Value orientation Value change Developing values
5. 6. 7. 8.
Reinforcement & Modeling Sources of Values Diversity in family values Function of values
Perang SAMSUNG VS APPLE Perbedaan NILAI PLAGIARISM
1. What are values ? An enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or endstate of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence 1.
Terminal values – Personal: inner harmony, mature love, pleasure, – Social: national security, world at peace, a world beauty 2. Instrumental values – Moral behavior; honest, forgiving, loving – Competence: ambitious, intellectual, imaginative
TERMINAL VALUES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A COMPORTABLE LIFE AN EXCITING LIFE A SENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT A WORLD AT PEACE A WORLD OF BEAUTY EQUALITY FAMILY SECURITY FREEDOM HAPPINESS INNER HARMONY MATURE LOVE NATIONAL SECURITY PLEASURE SALVATION SELF RESPECT SOCIAL RECOGNITION TRUE FRIENDSHIP WISDOM
INSTRUMENTAL VALUES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AMBITIOUS BROADMINDED CAPABLE CHEERFUL CLEAN COURAGEOUS FORGIVING HELPFUL HONEST IMAGINATIVE INDEPENDENT INTELLECTUAL LOGICAL LOVING OBEDIENT POLITE RESPONSIBLE SELF-CONTROLLED
2. Basic Value Orientation (Kluck-hohn, 1951) orientations
preferences
1. Activity
Being
Being-in-becoming
Doing
2. Relational
Lineal
collateral
Individualist
3. Time
Past
present
Future
4. Man-nature
Subjugation-tonature
Harmony with nature
Mastery over nature
5. Human nature
evil
Good and evil
good
3. Value change • Nilai yang berubah : freedom, democracy, justice, Responsibility, • Contoh Perubahan nilai ditunjukkan pada – Kehidupan imigran – Nilai terkait pergerakan pemuda – Nilai terkait pergerakan wanita – Nilai Anak – Nilai Perkawinan
4. Developing values • How does the individual acquire value orientations ? It does primarily within the family Talcott Parsons (1955): two mayor values within the family : The instrumental & The expressive
Father is the instrumental leader who links the family with the community The central importance of the father’s role is to interpret societal values
Parents (Father and mother) are transmitters of culturalsocietal values
5. Reinforcement & modeling • The transmissions of values operates primarily through two mechanisms: Reinforcement and Modeling • Reinforcement: – the child is rewarded for behavior reflecting desired values and punished or simply not rewarded for behavior contradicting approved values
• Modelling: – “….. is more important than reinforcement” – Parents and other socializing agent communicate by heir behavior what is desired and expected of the child. – “The Power of Observational Learning”
6. Sources of values • Sources outside the family for the transmission of values – School & peer groups – Mass media , especially Television
7. Diversity in family values • Not all families adhere with equal strength to dominant cultural values. • There are class difference of family in value orientation: (upper – middle – lower) class families • For-examples : • Upper class families place greater stress on kin ties and ancestry than do middle class families • Similarly, lower class families place stronger emphasis on extended family ties as a framework for economic and emotional support than do middle class families • Lower class families emphasize the collateral rather than individual relational value orientation
Moos (1976) calls the family value orientation to the family environment This scale consists of three major dimension : A. Relationship dimension 1. Cohesion; (family members really help and support one another) 2. Expressiveness; (there are a lot of spontaneous discussions in our family) 3. Conflict: (family members often criticize each other )
B. Personal growth dimension 4. Independence; (in our family, we are strongly encouraged to be independent) 5. Achievement orientation; (getting ahead in life is very importance in our family) 6. Intellectual-cultural orientation; (we often talk about political and social problems) 7. Active recreational; (we often go to movies, sports events, camping, etc) 8. Moral religious emphasis; (family members attend church, synagogue, Sunday school, mosque)
C. system-Maintenance dimension
9. Organization; our family are pretty carefully planned)
(activities in
10. Control; (there are very few rules to follow in our family)
8. Function of values
As modifiers of information. Values act as selective mechanism in filtering information concerning the environment
As modifiers of decision making (values as basic of family policy)
As modifiers of actions (for example : belief about appropriate tasks for men & women will underlie family division of labor. “Case of kibbutz”)
Kuliatas Hidup Keluarga
Kuliatas Hidup Lingkungan Balance/ Harmonis
Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Pokok individu & keluarga
Freedom (Hak)
Balance/ Harmonis
Transaksi Materi, Informasi, Energi Valuing, perceiving, deciding, spacing,
Konservasi, Reboisasi, recovery, Peduli-Berbagi (Care-Share)
Maintenance (Kewajiban)
Balance/ Harmonis
Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Berkembangnya Nilai dan Perilaku: Freedom – Maintenance - Balance
Kehidupan Manusia dan Lingkungan Berkualitas
C
Dampak
Terkucil Terabaikan Marginalisasi Diskriminasi Pertikaian Separation (dll)
Dukungan Sosial Perdamaian Jaringan Sosial Menghormati Menghargai Mengasihi (dll)
-
Sejahtera Aman Terjamin Sehat (dll)
+
Ketidakseimbangan Alam (Kelangkaan Energi, Kekeringan, Bencana Alam) Kelaparan (dll)
+
-
A B
B KELUARGA
Transformasi materi, energi, dan informasi
Lingkungan Sosial
Proses: Perceiving, Valuing, Decision Making, and Spacing
-
Perilaku
Cuek Abai Agresif Tidak Sensitif Self Oriented (dll)
Transformasi materi dan energi
+
+
Empati Harmonis Tenggang Rasa Toleransi Menghormati Menghargai Mengasihi Social Gathering (dll)
C
Hemat Konservasi Reboisasi Recycling Diversity Konversi (dll)
Kehidupan Manusia dan Lingkungan Berkualitas
Lingkungan Alam
Eksploitasi Boros Rakus Profit Oriented (dll)
