PROSES EKOSISTEM: PERCEIVING Sumber Utama : 1. Melso. 1980. Family and Environment. An Ecosystem Perspective 2. Soemarwoto. 1983. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan 3. Sunarti. 2011. Optimalisasi Transaksi Materi dan Energi Keluarga dengan Lingkungannya. FEMA IPB. 4. Sunarti. 2009. Ed. Pengembangan Model Ecovillage. Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan serta Sumbangan Pertanian Bagi Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Penduduk Perdesaan
Kualitas Kehidupan Manusia dan Lingkungan
Dampak
Terkucil Terabaikan Marginalisasi Diskriminasi Pertikaian Separation (dll)
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LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL
Perilaku
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Cuek Abai Agresif Tidak Sensitif Self Oriented (dll)
Dukungan Sosial Perdamaian Jaringan Sosial Menghormati Menghargai Mengasihi (dll)
Sustainability, keseimbangan Keterjaminan Sejahtera Aman
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KELUARGA
Empati Harmonis Tenggang Rasa Toleransi Menghormati Menghargai Mengasihi Social Gathering (dll)
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Hemat Konservasi Reboisasi Recycling Diversity Konversi (dll)
Kualitas Kehidupan Manusia dan Lingkungan
Ketidakseimbangan Alam (Kelangkaan Energi, Kekeringan, Bencana Alam) Kelaparan (dll)
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LINGKUNGAN ALAM
Eksploitasi Boros Rakus Profit Oriented (dll)
INTERACTION BETWEEN NATURE, SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND FAMILY NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
INPUT
ENERGY
OUTPUT
FAMILY ECOSYSTEM’S MANAGEMENT OF HABITAT (FAMILY BEHAVIOR WITH REGARD TO ITS RESIDENCE)
INFORMATIO N ABOUT ENERGY PROBLEM
INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
ENERGY : CONSUMPTION & WASTE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENERGY PROBLEM (BELIEFS, PRACTICES)
TRANSACTIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN FAMILY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
PERCEIVING VALUING DECIDING SPACING
A. PERCEIVING what IS, is what is perceived Perceiving may be defined as the process by which meaningful information is extracted from physical stimulation Perceiving is a complex experience, involving organization and actions as well as sensory input Perceiving must be understood within the total environmental network within which it takes place, both as source of information and as an arena for action
PERCEIVING 1. 2.
3. 4.
The nature of perception Individual perceptual styles Cultural influences on perception Family perception of the environment
1. The nature of perception Everyone is prisoner of his own experiences. No one can eliminate prejudice, just recognize them (Edward R Murrow)
Perception is a process of interpretation based on what has been previously perceived
SEEING IS BELIEVING BELIEVING IS SEEING
MEKANISME INTERNALISASI PEMBENTUKAN PERSEPSI Stimulus : Orang, situasi, informasi, kejadian
Stimulus yang sama
Respon tidak memuaskann
Respon memuaskan, pembelajaran tuntas INTERPRETASI
Penerimaan oleh pancaindera Ingatan Jangka Pendek
Ingatan Jangka Panjang
SELECTIVE : RECEPTION RETENTION INTERPRETATIO N PERCEPTION
TAHAPAN PROSES INFORMASI TERPAPAR STIMULUS
PERHATIAN PEMAHAMAN PENERIMAAN
perhatian: Alokasi Kapasitas Kognitif
RETENSI
MANUSIA KIKIR KOGNITIF ?
INGATAN
Bagaimana 1) PROSES TRANSAKSI KELUARGA dan 2) KONSEKUENSINYA THDP KUALITAS KELUARGA, diinformasikan dan menjadi 3) STIMULUS BAGI KELUARGA sehingga keluarga melakukan 5) TRANSAKSI YANG POSITIF ?
2. Individual perceptual style Individuals vary : (1) in the complexity of their cognitive categories, (2) in their openness to new information, (3) In their responses to information overload, and (4) in their preferred level of risk taking Difference (1) in level of perceptual information needed, & (2) In the use of perceptual information to make judgments
Augmenter – reducer Leveling Vs sharpening Reflective – impulsive Independence - dependence
Augmenter : one who is able to make a lot out of a little stimulation Reducer: one who makes a little out of a lot of stimulation Leveling-sharpening: as the tendency of the individual to minimize or maximize differences among environmental stimuli Impulsive approach is to fasten on to the first likely choice and quickly write it down Reflective approach involves careful consideration of each alternative, matching it against a criterion of “most appropriate response” and only after such thorough investigation, making a choice.
Field dependency: the tendency to use external cues in making a judgment based on conflicting perceptual evidence from the environment and from within oneself. Refers to reliance on the environment external to oneself Field independency; by contrast, relies upon attention to internal cues
3. Cultural Differences in Perceiving
Perbedaan budaya dalam penggunaan receptor (differences in receptor use) Contact-cultures
Arab: “close contact” Japan : “The paper Thin Walls” (Germany: “Thicker Walls”)
Density may be associated with a perceptual style of close interpersonal sensory involvement
4. Family Perception Of The Environment
The sensory needs of family members are not the same
Kebutuhan lingkungan yang hangat dengan sentuhan fisik bagi bayi dan anak-anak Kebutuhan difahami dan dimengerti / diterima apa adanya / difasilitasi dan ruang untuk berkembang Persepsi thdp lingkungan sosial (ideal,normal, mengancam) Persepsi thdp lingkungan alam (yang ideal, yg mengancam)
Perbedaan persepsi terjadi karena perbedaan sejarah, pengalaman, dan temperamen seseorang Perbedaan temperamen : seseorang yg distractible memproses informasi dg cepat dan membutuhkan high level of environmental stimulation (dmkn sebaliknya) Difference s in Styles of information processing : Style of information processing will differ in complexity of cognitive information, overload, and level of desired risk of uncertainty contained in new information How is information overload handled ? Adaptasi thdp overload : withdrawal from interaction; filtering stimulation; or cognitive structuring
Information processing style also consists of attitudes toward risk or uncertainty. People who dislike taking risks will not attend to information that might increase their sense of uncertainty Secure vs unsecure environment Certainty vs uncertainty environment
summary • Perceiving is an active process of interpreting & giving meaning to the environment, not the passive imprint of sensation upon sensory receptors • This view of perceiving means that many kinds of individual and group differences will be reflected in perceptual style : cultural distinctiveness, developmental change, historical change • The diverse perceptual styles identified (augmenterreducers, leveler-sharpener, reflective-impulsive, field independence-dependence) share common differences in preferred level of stimulation or adaptation level.
