PREFACE First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, the almighty God for His blessing so that I could finish this paper at the proper time. I am indebted to Drs. Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum and Dra. Made Susini, M.Hum as my first and second advisor respectively. It is because of their guidance and advice I could complete my paper. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Drs. Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum as the dean of Faculty of Letters Warmadewa University, Drs I Wayan Ana, M.Hum as the head of English Department, and all the lecturers of English Department Warmadewa University. In this occasion, I would like to express my respect and thanks to my beloved parents who always support me both morally and mentally and my thanks also go to my beloved family, sister, aunt, uncle and all of my best friends especially K’cebonk and many more from English Department, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University. Thank for giving me your support in the process of making this paper. I realize that this paper is far from being perfect. Therefore, some suggestions, critics, and corrections are very much welcomed for the development of this paper. And I hope this paper will be useful for everyone. Denpasar,
August 2014
Ari Wisnu Brata i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
i
TABLE OF CONTENT
ii
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background and Problem
1
1.2
Scope of Discussion
2
1.3
Aims
2
1.4
Theoretical Basis
3
1.5
Method Research
3
CHAPTER II RELATED STUDIES 2.1
Parts of Speech
5
2.2
The Uses of So
12
2.2.1
So as Modifier of Adjective
13
2.2.2
So as Modifier of Adverb
13
2.2.3
The Uses of So as Conjunction
14
2.2.4
The Uses of So as Intensifier
15
2.2.5
The Uses of So as Pro-form
17
2.2.5.1 The Uses of So as Pro-form for Clause
18
2.2.5.2 The Uses of So as Pro-form for Predication
19
2.3
20
The Uses of Too
ii
2.3.1
The Uses of Too as Modifier of Parts of Speech
21
2.3.2
The Uses of Too as Non-assertive Forms
22
2.3.3
The Uses of Too as Position of Focusing Adjunct
23
2.3.4
The Uses of Too as Addition
23
2.3.5
The Uses of Too as Intensifier
24
2.3.6
The Uses of Too as Postpositive
25
2.3.7
The Uses of Too as Comparative Word
26
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS 3.1
The Uses of So
28
3.1.1
The Uses of So as Modifiers of Adjective
29
3.1.2
The Uses of So as Modifiers of Adverb
30
3.1.3
The Uses of So as Conjunctions
32
3.1.4
The Uses of So as Intensifiers
34
3.1.4.1 The Uses of So as Emphasizers
35
3.1.4.2 The Uses of So as Amplifiers
37
3.1.5
38
The Uses of So as Pro-form
3.1.5.1 The Uses of So as Pro-form for Clause
38
3.1.5.2 The Uses of So as Pro-form for Predications
40
3.2
The Uses of Too
41
3.2.1
The Uses of Too as Modifier of Parts of Speech
42
3.2.1.1 The Uses of Too as Modifier of Adjective
42
3.2.1.2 The Uses of Too as Modifier of Adverb
44
3.2.1.3 The Uses of Too as Modifier of Verb
45
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3.2.2
The Uses of Too as Focusing Adjunct
46
3.2.3
The Uses of Too as Addition
47
3.2.4
The Uses of Too as Intensifier
48
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS 4.1
Conclusion
51
4.2
Suggestion
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
iv
ABSTRACT
The title of my paper is The Uses of So and Too Found in Set in Stone Novel. There are two problems analyzed in this paper, they are functions and meaning of the word so and too in novel. The data of this research are taken from the novel entitled Set in Stone by Robert Goddard (1999). In analyzing the functions and the meanings of the word so and too, it is applied the theory of Quirk et.al. in their book entitled A University Grammar of English. Some books are also used for other book reference to support the analysis. The data were collected by applying observation method. All the data were analyzed by applying descriptive methods based on the theory applied. The result of the research shows that the word so and too can be used to modify part of speech, especially adverb and adjective. The word so can also be used as conjunctions, as intensifier, as emphasizer, so as pro-form. The word too can be used as modifier of parts of speech especially verb, adverb, and adjective, as position of focusing adjunct, as addition, as intensifier especially amplifiers. The word so as adverb in sentences has several meanings, such as to show a great degree, very or extremely, and also. The word too also has several meanings in the sentences, such as to say that something is better than others, necessary, the word too also means also or as well and very.
v
ABSTRAK
Judul dari skripsi ini adalah The Uses of So and TooFound in Set in Stone novel. Terdapat dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini, yaitu fungsi dan makna dari kata so dan too dalam novel. Data penelitian ini diambil dari novel yang berjudul Set in Stone karya Robert Goddard (1999). Dalam menganalisa fungsi dan makna dari kata so dan too, saya menggunakan teori dari Quirk dan kawan – kawan dalam bukunya yang berjudul A University of English Grammar. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode observasi. Semua data di analisa menggunakan analisis deskriptif berdasarkan teori yang diterapkan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa kata so dan too dapat digunakan sebagai modifier parts of speech, khususnya kata keterangan dan kata sifat. Kata so juga dapat digunakan sebagai conjunctions, intensifier, khususnya sebagai emphasizers, dan sebagai pro-form. Kata too juga dapat digunakan sebagai modifier parts of speech, khususnya kata kerja, kata keterangan dan kata sifat, sebagai focusing adjunct, additions, intensifier, khususnya sebagai amplifiers. Kata so di dalam kalimat sebagai kata keterangan memiliki beberapa makna, seperti untuk menunjukan tingkatan, bisa berarti sangat dan berarti juga. Kata too juga memiliki makna dalam sebuah kalimat, seperti untuk menunjukan bahwa sesuatu lebih dari yang diinginkan, dibutuhkan dan kata too juga bisa berarti juga dan sangat.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Goddard, R. 1999. Set in Stone. Great Britain: Bantam Press.
Hornby, A.S. 1986. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. New York: Oxford University Press.
Murphy, R. 1985. English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Quirk, R. and Sidney Greenbaum. 1972. Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Limited.
Quirk, R. and Sidney Greenbaum. 1973. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman Group Limited.
Swan, M. 1980. Practical English Usage. New York: Oxford University Press.
Thomson, A.J. and A.V. Martinet. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. New York: 0Oxford University Press.
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