PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENDINGIN UNTUK PEMBEKUAN IKAN PADA KONTAINER KAPASITAS 8 TON
TUGAS AKHIR DIAJUKAN KEPADA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG SEBAGAI SYARAT UNTUK MEMPEROLEH GELAR SARJANA TEKNIK MESIN STRATA SATU (S1)
DISUSUN OLEH :
MUSTOFA NUR ALATIF NIM: 201110120311121
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillah, atas limpahan rahmat serta hidayah-Nya Tugas Akhir yang berjudul “Perancangan Sistem Pendingin Untuk Pemekuan Ikan Pada Kontainer Kapasits 8 Ton” ini dapat diselesaikan. Dalam penyelesaian Tugas Akhir ini, tidak lah lepas dari dukungan banyak pihak. Oleh karena itu, dalam kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada pihak-pihak yang telah banyak membantu dalam proses penyelesaian Tugas Akhir ini, yaitu : 1. Bapak dan Ibu saya tercinta yang senantiasa mendoakan, mendukung dan selalu memotivasi hingga saya dapat menjadi seperti ini. 2. Bapak Ir. Eko Hariyadi. MT. dan Bapak Ir. Mulyono, MT. yang telah dengan sabar membimbing dalam penyusunan Tugas Akhir. 3. Seluruh dosen Teknik mesin yang telah sabar membimbing selama masa kuliah. 4. Saudara dan keluarga besar yang telah memberikan dukungan selama ini. 5. Teman - Teman Teknik Mesin Angkatan 2011 Mesin dan terima kasih semuanya. Dengan penuh kesadaran sebagai manusia, saya mohon maaf apabila ada kesalahan dalam penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini. Oleh karena itu, mohon kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kebaikan Tugas Akhir ini, dan penulis berharap Tugas Akhir ini berguna bagi semua pihak.
Malang, 22 Januari 2016
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI Lembar Judul.......................................................................................................i Poster ...................................................................................................................ii Lembar Pengesahan ............................................................................................iii Lembar Konsultasi ..............................................................................................iv Surat Pernyataan Tidak Plagiat ...........................................................................v Abstraksi Indonesia .............................................................................................vi Abstraksi English ................................................................................................vii Kata Pengantar ....................................................................................................viii Daftar Isi..............................................................................................................ix Daftar Tabel ........................................................................................................xii Daftar Gambar .....................................................................................................xiii BAB I Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................................1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................2 1.3 Tujuan ..................................................................................................2 1.4 Manfaat Perancanganan ........................................................................3 1.5 Batasan Masalah ...................................................................................3 1.6 Konsep Desain…………………………………………………………4 BAB II Landasan Teori 2.1 Ikan .......................................................................................................5 2.2 Sistem Pendingin ..................................................................................7 2.3 Prinsip Kerja Sistem Pendingin ............................................................8 2.4 Klasifikasi Sistem Pendingin ................................................................9 2.4.1
Vapour compression refrigerator system ..................................9
2.4.2
Absorbition refrigeration system ..............................................9
2.4.3
Air refregerantion system..........................................................10
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2.4.4
Steam jet refrigeration system ...................................................10
2.5 Sistem Pendingin Yang Digunakan ......................................................10 2.5.1 Siklus Kompresi Uap ................................................................10 2.5.2 Siklus diagram T-S dan siklus diagram P-H ..............................12 2.5.3 Siklus kompresi uap actual ........................................................13 2.6 Perpindahan Panas ................................................................................14 2.6.1
Konduksi (hantaran) ...................................................................14
2.6.2
Radiasi (pancaran) .....................................................................15
2.6.3
Konveksi (aliran) ........................................................................16
2.7 Komponen Utama Sistem Refrigrasi ....................................................16 2.7.1
Kompresor .................................................................................16
2.7.2
Kondensor ..................................................................................20
2.7.3
Evaporator .................................................................................23
2.7.4
Alat Ekspansi .............................................................................24
2.8 Refrigerant .............................................................................................25 2.8.1
Persyaratan refrigerant ...............................................................25
2.8.2
Karakteristik termodinamika dari beberapa refrigerant .............27
2.9 Beban pendingin ....................................................................................28 2.9.1
Panas konduksi ..........................................................................28
2.9.2
Infiltrasi .....................................................................................29
2.9.3
Panas produk..............................................................................29
BAB III Metode Perancangan 3.1 Perancangan Sisitem Pendingin.............................................................31 3.2 Menentukan Kapasitas Produk ..............................................................31
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3.3 Kerangka Perancangan ............................................................................31 3.3.1
Perancangan Ukuran ................................................................. 32
3.3.2
Material Yang Direncanakan Pada Box Pendingin .................. 32
3.3.3
Struktur Dari Kontainer ............................................................ 33
3.4 Alur Penampang Box Pendingin Kontainer ........................................... 33 3.5 Jenis Refrigeran Yang Digunakan ......................................................... 34 3.6 Data Perancangan Temperatur Untuk Menyimpan Beku ...................... 35 3.7 Beban Pendingin .................................................................................... 35 3.8 Diagram Flowchart Alur Metode Perancangan...................................... 36 BAB IV Perhitungan 4.1 Beban Pendingin ..................................................................................... 37 4.1.1
Beban Pendingin Akibat Dinding ............................................... 37
4.1.2
Beban Pendingin Akibat Dinding ............................................... 38
4.1.3
Beban Pendingin Akibat Pintu .................................................... 43
4.1.4
Beban Pendingin Akibat Radiasi Matahari ................................. 44
4.1.5
Beban Pendingin Akibat Infiltrasi ............................................... 45
4.1.6
Beban Pendingin Total ................................................................ 48
4.2 Refrigeran ................................................................................................ 50 4.2.1
Pemilihan Refrigeran .................................................................. 50
4.3 Analisa Thermodinamika ........................................................................ 51 4.4 Pemilihan Kompresor.............................................................................. 53 4.5 Perancangan Kondensor .......................................................................... 57 4.6 Pemilihan Katup Ekspansi ...................................................................... 72 4.7 Perancangan Evaporator.......................................................................... 73
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BAB V Penutup 5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................88 5.2 Saran ...........................................................................................................91 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................92 LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................93
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Daftar Tabel Tabel 2.1 Hubungan Antara Suhu, Penurunan Mutu Ikan ..................................6 Tabel 4.1 volume infiltrasi udara ........................................................................46 Tabel 4.2 Kondisi Infiltrasi Udara ...................................................................... 47 Tabel 4.3. Beban pendinginan total..................................................................... 48 Tabel 4.4 dimensi pipa tembaga......................................................................... 58 Tabel 4.5 Kolerasi Grimson ................................................................................ 61
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Daftar Gambar Gambar 1.1 Box Kontainer .................................................................................2 Gambar 1.2 Konsep Desain.................................................................................4 Gambar 2.1 Siklus Kompresi Uap ......................................................................11 Gambar 2.2 Siklus Diagram P-H ........................................................................12 Gambar 2.3 Siklus Kompresi Uap Aktual...........................................................13 Gambar 2.4 Kompresor Torak ............................................................................17 Gambar 2.5 Kompresor Rotary ...........................................................................18 Gambar 2.6 Kompresor Sentrifugal ....................................................................19 Gambar 2.7 Kompresor Sekrup...........................................................................19 Gambar 2.8 Kondensor Pendingin Tabung dan Koil ..........................................21 Gambar 2.9 Kondensor Tabung dan Pipa Horizontal .........................................21 Gambar 2.10 Kondensor Jenis Pipa Ganda .........................................................22 Gambar 2.11 Kondensor Pendingin Udara .........................................................22 Gambar 2.12 Evaporator Ekspansi Langsung .....................................................24 Gambar 2.13 Alat Ekspansi ................................................................................25 Gambar 3.1 Bahan Dinding Box Pendingin Kontainer.......................................33 Gambar 3.2 Alur Penampang Dan Dimensi Box Pendingin Kontainer ..............34 Gambar 3.3 Flowchart Alur Metode Perancangan ..............................................36 Gambar 4.1 Skema kontruksi dinding................................................................. 39 Gambar 4.2 Profil LMTD ...................................................................................51 Gambar 4.3. Diagram Tekanan-Entalpi ..............................................................52 Gambar 4.4 susunan pipa kondensor ..................................................................59 Gambar 4.5 efisiensi sirip profil siku empat .......................................................67
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Arismunandar, W.(1986). Penyegaran Udara. Jakarta : PT. Pradya Paramata. Dossat, R.J. (1980). Principles of Refrigeration. Canada : John and Sons, inc. Hall, G. M. (1997). Fish Processing Technology, Second Edition. London : Blackie Academic and Professional. Handbook, A (1986). Refrigeration System and Aplication, SI Edition. Atlanta : America Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, inc. Handoko, K (1981). Teknik Lemari Es. Jakarta: PT. Ictiar Baru. Heldman, D. R. (1992). Introduction to food engineering. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. Holman, J. (1994). Perpindahan kalor, edisi keenam. Jakarta : Erlangga. Stoecker, W. F, dan Jones W. J. (1987). Refrigerasi Dan Penkondissan Udara, Edisi Kedua, Dalam Alih Bahasa Supratman Hara. Jakarta: Erlangga.
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