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Pasar Persaingan Sempurna (Perfect Competitive Market) http://abdjamal1966.wordpress.com
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Ciri Pasar Persaingan Sempurna 1. Banyak pembeli dan penjual (large number of buyers and sellers) 2. Price taker 3. Bebas keluar – masuk (free entry and free exit) 4. Produk homogen (Product homogeinity) 5. Informasi sempurna (Perfect information)
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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Keuntungan Ekonomi vs Akuntansi • Economic profit = sales revenue – economic cost (termasuk opportunity costs) • Accounting profit = sales revenue – accounting costs
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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contoh • Pendapatan usaha : Rp 1.000.000,• Biaya yang dikeluarkan : Rp 800.000,• Opportunity cost karena kegiatan lain : Rp 250.000,– Accounting profit : Rp 1.000.000 – Rp 800.000 = Rp 200.000 – Economic profit : Rp Rp 1.000.000 – Rp 800.000 – Rp 250.000 = Rp -50.000 (rugi) Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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contoh • Asumsi: – Perusahaan X satu dari 1000 perusahaan sejenis – Kurva permintaan (d) yang dihadapi horizontal, karena variasi outputnya tidak berpengaruh besar kepada output dan harga pasar – Harga pasar tidak dapat diubah oleh satu perusahaan
• Kurva permintaan yang elastis sempurna menunjukkan banyak barang substitusi Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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Kurva Permintaan dalam Competitive Market P
P
Pasar/industri
Perusahaan X
S
d
30
30
D
0
15
Q
0
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
15.000
Q (ribu) 6
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Keuntungan Jangka Pendek Q
P
TR
TC
TVC
ATC
AVC
/Q
MC
MR
0
12
0
15
0
-
-
-15
-
-
-
1
12
12
25
10
25
10
-13
-13
10
12
2
12
24
33
18
16,5
9
-9
-4,5
8
12
3
12
36
40
25
13,3
8,3
-4
-1,3
7
12
4
12
48
46
31
11,5
7,8
2
0,5
6
12
5
12
60
54
39
10,8
6
6
1,2
8
12
6
12
72
63
48
10,5
8,3
9
1,5
9
12
7
12
84
73
58
10,4
8,7
11
1,57
10
12
8
12
96
84,9
69,9
10,6
9,2
11,1
1,39
11,9
12
9
12
108
98
83
10,9
9,8
10
1,25
13,1
12
10
12
120
113
98
11,3
10,6
7
0,7
15
12
11
12
132
132
117
12
10,6
0
0
19
12
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
Ket
MC<MR
MR=MC MC>MR 7
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TC
Kurva Total P
TR
MR = P = 12 A
B
TFC
0 Q0 -TFC
Q1 8
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
Q2
Q
8
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Kurva per Unit P Total Profit MC 12
A
10,6 B
D
AC MR = AR = P
C
0 Q1 8
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
Q
9
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Kurva per Unit P
Total Losses AC MC B
12 A
C D
0 Q1
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
MR = AR = P
Q
10
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Kurva per Unit P
Total Losses AC MC
12
B A E
C
AVC D
MR = AR = P
F
0 Q1
Q
Jangka pendek Masih dapat operasi, karena AVC masih tertutupi
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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Kurva per Unit P
Break-Even
MC 12
D
0 Q1
Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
AC MR = AR = P
Q
12
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Short-run Supply Curve P MC C 12 B
8 5
A
0 Q0
AVC
MR2 = AR2 = P2 MR1 = AR1 = P1 MR0 = AR0 = P0
Q1 Q2
Q
Under Rp 5, firm will be better off shutting-down Thick line of MC is short-run supply curve Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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Short-run Industry Supply Curve P
MCA
MCB
MCC
SS
P3 P
D’
P2 P1 P0 0
D
QA
QB
QC
Q Q’
Q
Setiap perusahaan memaksimumkan profit pada MC = P Supply industri (SS) penjumlahan supply ketiga perusahaan (garis merah) Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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• Shut down point harga P0 • Harga P0 hanya perusahaan C yang berproduksi • Hanya ada output C di pasar sampai harga P1 • Pada harga P1, A mulai berproduksi • Pada harga P2, B baru mulai berproduksi • Pada harga P output di pasar sebanyak Q (QA + QB + QC) kurva supply SS Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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Long-run Profit Maximization P
12 A B
E
D
MR = AR = P LAC
C
G 7
0
LMC
SAC
SMC
F H
Q1
Q2
Q3
MR’ = AR’ = P’
Q
Jangka panjang, keuntungan maksimum pada P = MC kotak AEFG Jumlah output = Q3 pada harga 12 Pada harga 7, output Q2 profit nol (zero economic profit) Perfect Market | Abd. Jamal
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