OUTPUT DAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL
Arus Sirkuler: Klasik Revenue Goods and services sold
MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
Factors of production Wages, rent, and profit
Spending Goods and services bought
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION •Households sell •Firms buy
Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollars
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Arus Sirkuler: Modern Pinjaman PENANAM MODAL
LEMBAGA KEUANGAN
Revenue Investment
Goods and services sold
MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
Spending Goods and services bought
Saving
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION •Households sell •Firms buy
Labor, land, and capital
Income = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollars
Output Nasional • Output Nasional adalah Total Output Barang dan jasa Akhir di suatu negara dalam periode tertentu nilai Value Added • Output Nasional dinilai dengan uang Pendapatan Nasional • Konsep Kunci Output / Pendapatan Produk Domestik/Nasional Bruto (Simon Kuznets, 1934)
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Apa Penentu Output ? Output barang dan jasa suatu perekonomian (GDP) bergantung pada : (1) jumlah input (2) kemampuan mengubah input menjadi output
Pendekatan Mengukur PDB • Pendekatan dalam mengukur Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) adalah: 1. Pendekatan Produksi Nilai Total Barang & Jasa Akhir / Value Added 2. Pendekatan Pendapatan Nilai Total Pendapatan (gaji, upah, sewa, laba, pendapatan bunga) 3. Pendekatan Pengeluaran Nilai Total Pengeluaran (konsumsi, investasi, pengeluaran pemerintah, ekspor netto)
total production = total income = total expenditure
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Pendekatan Mengukur PDB • Pendekatan dalam mengukur Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) adalah: 1. Pendekatan Produksi PDB = Total Output x Harga 2. Pendekatan Pendapatan PDB = w.L + r.K + π 3. Pendekatan Pengeluaran PDB = C + I + G + NX
TABLE: Components of U.S. GDP, 2004: The Expenditure Approach BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
Personal consumption expenditures (C) Durable goods Nondurable goods
8,214.3
Services Gross private domestic investment (l)
Change in business inventories Government consumption and gross investment (G) Federal
8.4 20.2
4,858.2
41.4 16.4
1,198.8 673.8
10.2 5.7
55.4
0.5 18.9
827.6
7.1
1,388.3
11.8
-624.0
Exports (EX)
- 5.3 1,173.8
Imports (IM) Gross domestic product (GDP)
987.8 2,368.3
2,215.9
State and local Net exports (EX – IM)
70.0
1,928.1
Nonresidential Residential
PERCENTAGE OF GDP
10.0
1,797.8 11,734.3
15.3 100.0
Note: Numbers may not add exactly because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
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Istilah dalam Pendapatan Nasional GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Plus: Receipts of factor income from the rest of the world Less: Payments of factor income to the rest of the world
Equals: GNP (Gross National Product ) Less: Depreciation
Equals: Net National Product (NNP) Less: Statistical discrepancy
Equals: National Income
Istilah dalam Pendapatan Nasional National income Less: Amount of national income not going to households Equals: Personal income Less: Personal income taxes Equals: Disposable personal income
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Ukuran – ukuran Pendapatan • Gross National Product (GNP) = GDP + Pembyr Faktor dari LN – Pembyrn Faktor ke LN • Net National Product (NNP) = GNP – Depresiasi • National Income (NI) = NNP – Pajak Usaha Tidak Langsung
Ukuran – ukuran Pendapatan • Personal Income (PI) = NI – Laba Korporasi – Kontribusi Sosial – Bunga Neto + Deviden + Transfer Pmrth + Pdpt Bunga Perorangan • Disposable Income (DI) = PI - Pembayaran pajak & non pajak individu (Mankiw, 2007)
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GDP Nominal & Riil • GDP nominal. adalah nilai barang dan jasa yang diukur menggunakan harga yang berlaku pada saat itu • GDP Riil adalah nilai barang dan jasa yang diukur menggunakan harga konstan
Deflator GDP GDP_Nominal Deflator _ GDP GDP_Riil GDP Nominal : mengukur output yang dinilai dg harga yang berlaku GDP Riil: mengukur output yang dinilai pada harga konstan. Deflator GDP : mengukur harga output relatif terhadap harganya pada tahun dasar,mencerminkan apa yang sedang terjadi pada seluruh tingkat harga dalam perekonomian.
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Kegunaan Data Pendapatan Nasional • Kegunaan Data Pendapatan Nasional adalah memberi gambaran tentang 1. Kegiatan ekonomi negara yang dicapai 2. Nilai output yang diproduksi 3. Komposisi pembelanjaan agregat 4. Sumbangan berbagai jenis penerimaan 5. Taraf kemakmuran yang dicapai
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