One day Seminar on Energy Efficient Machinery for Building 19 Mei 2016 Bromo Room, Gedung Pusat Niaga, 6th Floor JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL EXPO, KEMAYORAN
REFRIGERAN Ari D. Pasek ASHRAE INDONESIA CHAPTER
STANDAR ASHRAE MENGENAI REFRIGERAN • Standard 34, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants; • Standard 15, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems; • Standard 147, Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment. Equivalen ISO standard: ISO 817 ≡ ASHRAE 34 ISO 5149 ≡ ASHRAE 15
REFRIGERAN KELOMPOK REFRIGERAN REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK ‘CYCLIC’ REFRIGERAN AZEOTROP REFRIGERAN ZEOTROP REFRIGERAN ORGANIK REFRIGERAN ANORGANIK REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK TAK JENUH
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REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON JENIS REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON • SERI METANA, Contoh: R-11, R-12, R-22, R-32 • SERI ETANA, Contoh: R-134a, R-152a • SERI PROPANA, Contoh: (R-216ca, R-218)
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PENOMORAN REFRIGERAN HALOKARBON, ASHRAE 34 R-XXXX Jumlah atom F Jumlah atom H + 1 Jumlah atom C - 1 (tidak ditulis bila nol) Jumlah ikatan karbon tak jenuh (tidak ditulis bila nol)
REFRIGERAN LAIN R-4XX: refrigeran zeotrop R-5XX: refrigeran azeotrop R-6XX: refrigeran organik R-7XX: refrigeran anorganik Untuk isomer yang berbeda, tambahkan a atau A, dst.
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HALOKARBON TURUNAN METANA
H H C
H
H
F
Cl
Cl
F
F C Cl
H
Cl
C Cl
CFC-11
F H
F
C F
CFC-12
HCFC-22
Cl
C
H
F
HFC-32
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Jumlah Atom F
Cl
0-F
CCl4 R-10
1–F CHCl3 R-20
CFCl3 R-11
Jumlah atom H 4-H
3–H
CH4 R-50 -164,0
CH3Cl R-40 -23,74
CH2Cl2 R-30 40
CHCl3 R-20 61,2
CCl4 R-10 76,7
CH3F R-41 -78,0
CH2ClF R-31 -9,0
CHCl2F R-21 8,9
CCl3F R-11 23,7
CH2F2 R-32 -51,6
CHClF2 R-22 -40,8
CCl2F2 R-12 -29,8
CHF3 R-23 -82,2
CClF3 R-13 -81,5
2–F
CH2Cl2 R-30
CHFCl2 R-21
CF2Cl2 R-12
3–F
4–F CH3Cl R-40
CH4 R-50
H
CH2FCl R-31
CH33Cl, F CH R-41 R-40
CHF2Cl R-22
CH2F2 R-32
CF4 R-14
F
1–H
0–H
CF4 R-14 -127,8
CF3Cl R-13
CHF3 R-23
2-H
HALOKARBON GUGUS METANA 7
Cl
H
F
F
H
H
HCFC-123
C C
H
Cl
F
TURUNAN ETANA
C C
H
H H
H F
F
HFC-134a
C C
F
H
F
F
H H C H
C
H H
F
C F
H
C H
F
H
FC-218
C C
F F
F F
TURUNAN PROPANA
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Cl C2Cl6 R-110
CCCl 2HCl5 R-1204
C 2FCl3 CCl R-1114
R-10
HALOKARBON GUGUS ETANA
C H Cl CCl R-1304 R-10 2
2
R-10
C2HFCl4
C2H2 FCl3
C2H3Cl3
2
3
C2H6 R-170
H
C2H5 Cl
C2H4FCl
C2H3 F2Cl
R-160
R-151
R-142b
C 2H5F CH R-1613
Cl,
C2H4F2 R-152a
C 2F3Cl3 CFCl R-113
3
3
C HF Cl CFCl CCl R-1234 R-10 3
CF 2C R-124 l2
R-141
R-150
2
C2H2 F2Cl2
C2H3 FCl2
C2H4Cl2
R-10
C HF Cl CFCl CCl R-1224 R-10 3
CFCl R-131
R-140
CCCl 2F2Cl4 R-1124
CCl R-1214 R-10
4
2
3
C2H3F3 R-143a
3
C HF Cl CCl CFCl R-1244 R-10 3
C H F Cl CF 3C R-133 l 2
C 2F4Cl2 CFCl R-114
2
2
2 3
CCF 2H2F4 4 R-134a
R-14
C2F5Cl CCl 4 R-115 R-10
4
C2HF5 CFCl R-125 3
C2F6 R-116
F
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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK ‘CYCLIC’ R-C316
R-C317 R-C318
1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (C4Cl2F6) chloroheptafluorocyclobutane (C4ClF7) octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8)
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REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN ZEOTROP Campuran yang dapat dipisahkan dengan cara destilasi Contoh • R-401A: R-22(53%) + R-152a(13%) + R-124(34%) • R-402B: R-125(38%) + R-290(2%) + R-22(60%) • R-403B: R-22(56%) + R-218(39%) + R-290(5%) • R-410A: R-125 (50%) + R-32(50%)
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SIFAT REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN ZEOTROPIK Glide Temperature
garis isotermal
T Tekanan
Tg
3
2
temperature glide di dalam kondensor
Tf 1
4
temperature glide di dalam evaporator
Entalpi
x
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SIFAT REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN ZEOTROPIK Fractionation Fraksionasi rendah Temperatur glide kecil
Fraksionasi tinggi, Temperatur glide besar
Near Azeotrope Refrigerant: Refrigeran dengan fraksionasi dan temperatur glide yang kecil 13
REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN AZEOTROP Campuran yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan cara destilasi Contoh: • R-500 R-12 (73.8%) + R-152a (26.2%) Temperatur azeotrop: 0oC • R-502 R-22 (48.8%) + R-115 (51.2%) Temperatur azeotrop: 19oC T
Titik Azeotropik
XA
x
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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK R-600 Butana R-600a Isobutana R-610ethyl ether R-611methyl format R-630methyl amine R-631ethyl amine
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH(CH3)3 C2H5OC2H5 HCOOCH3 CH3NH2 C2H5NH2
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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ANORGANIK R-702hidrogen R-704helium R-717amonia R-718air R-744CO2 R-764SO2
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REFRIGERAN SENYAWA ORGANIK TAK JENUH
R-1130 R-1150 R-1270
1,2-dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Ethylene CH2=CH2 Propylene C3H6
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TINGKAT RACUN DAN KEMUDAHAN TERBAKAR (LAMA) KELOMPOK TINGKAT NYALA
KELOMPOK TINGKAT RACUN A
B
Kelas 1
A1
B1
Kelas 2
A2
B2
Kelas 3
A3
B3*
KELOMPOK TINGKAT NYALA Refrigeran diklasifikasi menjadi tiga kelompok tingkat nyala yaitu: Kelas 1: refrigeran yang tidak menunjukkan perambatan api (flame propagation), jika diuji di udara pada 101 kPa (14.7 psia) dan 18oC (65oF) Kelas 2: LFL > 0,10 kg/m3 atau 3,5 % volume pada 21oC dan 101 kPa kalor pembakaran < 19 000 kJ/kg Kelas 3: LFL < 0,10 kg/m3 atau 3,5 % volume pada 21oC dan 101 kPa kalor pembakaran > 19 000 kJ/kg KELOMPOK TINGKAT RACUN Refrigeran diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kelompok tingkat racun yaitu: Kelompok A: adalah refrigeran yang mempuyai LC50 10 000 ppm Kelompok B: adalah refrigeran yang mempunyai LC50 < 10 000 ppm 18
LFL = Lower Flammability Limit UFL= Upper Flammability Limit
100 %
0%
LFL [Volume%]
UFL [Volume%]
R-600a
R-600a
1.95
Propane 2.1
9.1
Propane 9.5
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Titik Nyala, oC
400 R22
R-502
R-600
R-290
Uap Pelumas
0 R-600a
200 R-134a
600 R-12
R-11
TITIK NYALA 1200
1000 800
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Stage
International
Refrigerant and Equipment Production
•ISO817(2005) – New 2014 •ISO5149(1993) – New 2014 •IEC60335-2-40, ed 4.0 (2002), 4.1 (2005), 4.2 (2005)
Refrigerant and Equipment Transportation
•GHS(←UNRTDG) •IATA(Air） •IMDG（Marine）
USA •ASHRAE34(2010) •ASHRAE15
・DOT
Europe
Indonesia
•EN817 •EN378 •ATEX（Explosion proof） •Pressure equipment directive (PED)
•SNI IEC 60335-1:2009 •SNI IEC 60335-2-40:2009 •SNI IEC 60335-2-24:2009 •SNI 7647:2010
•GHS • ADR (Road transport) • IMDG (Marine) • RID (Railway)
• SNI 06-6501.1-2000 • SNI 13-3619-1994 • SNI 06-6501.1-2000 • SNI 19-1959-1990
Refrigerant and Equipment Storage Installation
•IEC60335-2-40(2002)
Operation
Service
Disposal
•IEC60335-2-40, ed 4.0 (2002), 4.1 (2005), 4.2 (2005), 240(2002)
•ASHRAE15
•EN378 •ATEX
• SNI 06-6500-2000
•ASHRAE15 •UL1995
•EN60335-2-40 •EN378 •ATEX
•SNI 19-6713-2002 •SNI 03-6390-2000
•CAA608 •ASHRAE147 ・CAA608
•SNI 06-6500-2000 •SNI 06-6501.2-2000 •SNI IEC 60335-2-40:2009 •SNI IEC 60335-2-24:2009
Peraturan Dirjen IUBTT No. 30/2013
SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION ISO 817:2014 Refrigerant R-22 R-410A
Ignition Temp. oC 630 > 750
R-32
648
R-290
465
A3 Refrigerant 1234yf
R32
A2
R-32
30 - 100
R-290
0.25
A2L Refrigerant
A3
A2
MIE mJ
Burning Velocity (≤ 10 cm/s)
BV cm/s
R-32
6.7
R-290
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ISO 5149:2014 • ISO for assigning Safety and Environmental Requirements; • Define requirements for the safety of persons and property • Relaxation for 2L class (e.g. hazardous area standards, removed); • Contains 4 chapters: • Part 1: Definitions, classification and selection Criteria; • Part 2: Design, construction, testing, marking and documentation; • Part 3: Installation site (including in and outdoor); • Part 4: Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery. • Refers to other ISO standards such as ISO 5149.
ISO 5149:2014 • Changes in charge sizes for 2L • Cap limit increased by a factor of 1.5 (boundary limit); • No charge restriction for systems (2L) located in open air or in machinery rooms; • Limits on chillers using A3 (HC) • 1kg / 5 kg below / above ground floor level; • HC: 1,5 kg, limit in refrigeration systems that are wholly or partly located in a human occupied space.
ISO 5149:2014 • The amount of flammable refrigerant depends on a number of factors: • Location of equipment, e.g. below or above ground level; • Occupancy of area being cooled, e.g. unrestricted access by the public or authorized access only; • Type of system, e.g. direct expansion or secondary / refrigeration or air conditioning. • The limits are different for comfort cooling / heating and non-comfort cooling / heating applications.
ISO 5149:2014 Low charge on HC chillers outdoor (max 5 Kg)
• Chillers are often located in populated areas such as large buildings or commercial spaces; • Certain limits should be in even outdoors, since an ignition can happen with HC release; • HC has low LFL and rather lower molar mass; therefore, in many cases the dilution by gravity and velocity are not sufficient. Removing these restrictions would put people’s lives at risk.
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A3 (1) • Charge limits are determined by: mmax = 2.5 x LFL5/4 x h0 x A1/2
ho = height of unit, m 0.6floor 1window 1.8wall 2.2ceiling
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A3 (2)
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A2L (1) • Charge limits are determined by: mmax = 2.5 x LFL5/4 x h0 x A1/2
ho = height of unit, m 0.6floor 1window 1.8wall 2.2ceiling
CHARGE LIMITS FOR A2L (2)
