DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Katno, Pramono S. Tingkat Manfaat dan Keamanan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional. Balai Penelitian Obat Tawangmangu, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gajah Mada [press release]. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi UGM. 2. Faried A, Kurnia D, Faried L.S, Usman N, T. Miyazaki, Kato H. Anticancer effects of gallic acid isolated from Indonesian herbal medicine, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, on human cancer cell lines. Int j oncol [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2012 Nov 29];30(3): 605-13. Available from: Spandidos Publications 3. Amit KT, Madhumita R, Bhattacharya RK. Natural products as inducers of apoptosis: Implication for cancer therapy and prevention. Current Science [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 80(11):1387-96. Available from: Indian Institute of Science 4. Tazulakhova EB, Parshina OV, Guseva TS, Ershov FI. Russian experience screening, analysis, and clinical application of novel interferon inducers. J Interferon Cytokine Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 21(2): 65-73. Available from: Marry Ann Liebert Inc. publisher 5.
Stagg J. Phyllanthus. c2006 [updated 2006 Jun 17; cited 2013 Feb 7]. Available
from:
http://www.supplementnews.org/phyllanthus.html
cited
17/6/06 6. Williams JE. Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Uña de Gato and Sangre de Grando. Alternative Medicine Review [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29];6(6):567-79. Available from: Thorne Research, Inc. 7. Ahmed N, Agrawal SS, Chattervedi S, Tabassum N. Hepatoprotective studies on phyllanthus niruri on paracetamol induced liver cell damage in albino
55
56
mice. JK-Practtitioner [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 12(4):211-2. Available from: Indian Medlars Centre 8. Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu SR, Saad MS, Stanslas. Phytochemicals from phyllanthus niruri linn and their pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 58(12): 1559-70. Available from: Wiley Online Library 9. Phyllanthus Introduction [Internet]. c2009 [updated 2009 Jun 2; cited 2012 Nov 29]. Available from: http://www.supplementnews.org/wiki/phyllanthus 10. Krithika R, Mohankumar R, Verma RJ. Shrivastav PS, Mohamad IL, Gunasekaran P, et al. Isolation, characterization and antioxidative effect of phyllanthin against CCl4-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell line. ChemicoBiological Interactions Journal [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 181(3): 351-8. Available from: ScienceDirect 11. Setiawati A, Suyatna FD, Gan S. Pengantar Farmakologi dan Terapi. 5th ed. Jakarta: Departemen Farmakologi dan Terapeutik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2007. 12. Donatus IA. Toksikologi Dasar. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Bagian Farmakologi dan Farmasi Klinik Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gajah Mada; 2005 13. Mehta N, Ozick LA, Gbadehan E, Sharma S, Tavalera F, Rice TD, et al. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity [Internet]. c2012 [updated 2012 Jun 27; cited 2012
Nov
29].
Available
from:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169814-overview#aw2aab6b4 14. Katzung BG. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. 10th ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2010 15. Underwood JC, Cross SS. General and Systematic Pathology. 5th ed. London: Churcill Livingstone; 2009 16. Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL. Buku Ajar Patologi. 7th ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2007
57
17. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 11th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. 902-6 18. Moslen, MT. Toxic responses of the liver. In: Klaasen, CD, Editor. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York: Mac Graw Hill; 2001. 471-88 19. Parkinson A. Biotransformation of xenobiotics. In: Klaasen, CD, Editor. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York: Mac Graw Hill; 2001. 72-97 20. Patient UK. Liver Function Test [Internet]. c2010 [updated 2010 Feb 02, cited 2013 Jan 26]. Available from: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Blood-TestLiver-Function-Tests.htm 21. Herrine KS, Navarro VJ. Liver Injury Caused by Drugs [Internet]. c2009 [updated
2013
Jan,
cited
2013
Jan
26].
Available
from:
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec03/ch024/ch024c.html 22. Liver function test. Wikipedia [online] c2009 [updated 2009 Oct 07, cited 2013 Jan 26] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liver_function_test 23. Tim Penulis. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I. 3rd ed cetakan ke-7. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. 226-7 24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 11th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. 324-33 25. Schnellmann RG. Toxic responses of the kidney. In: Klassen CD. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York: Mac Graw Hill; 2001. 491-510 26. Hodgson E, Levi PE. Nephrotoxicity. In: Hodgson E, editor. A Textbook of modern toxicology, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. 273-5 27. Cotran RS. Ginjal dan sistem penyalurannya. In: Robbins SL, Kumar V. Staf Pengajar Laboratorium Patologi Anatomik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, editor. Buku ajar patologi II. 4th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 1995. 203-4
58
28. Underwood JCE. Sarjadi, editor. Patologi umum dan sistemik. 2nd ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2000 29. Ford-Martin PA, Best MA. Kidney Function Tests [Internet]. cited 2013 Jan 26. Available from:
http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Kidney-
Function-Tests.html 30. Tim Penulis. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid II. 3rd ed cetakan ke-2. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. 301 31. Lisdawati V. Mahkota Dewa, toksisitas, efek anti oksidan, dan efek antikanker berdasarkan uji penapisan farmakologi [Internet]. c2002 [updated 2004 Jul
09,
cited
2013
Jan
26].
Available
from:
http://mahkotadewa.com/blog/2004/07/tinjauan-ilmiah-dra-vivi-lisdawatimsi-apt/ 32. Sumastuti R, Sonlimar M. Efek sitotoksik ekstrak buah dan daun Mahkota Dewa terhadap sel hela. Yogyakarta: Farmakologi FK UGM; 2003 33. Selamat B, Benny I, Djoko H, Dwi P, Riwanto I. Pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak mahkota
dewa
(phaleria
macrocarpa)
dengan
doxorubicin
dan
cyclophosphamide terhadap ekspresi VEGF dan indeks apoptosis tumor adenokarsinoma mamma mencit C3H. (in-press). 34. Sulaksana J, Jayusman DI. Meniran, Budi Daya dan Pemanfaatan untuk Obat. Cetakan I, Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya; 2004. 35. Taylor. Technical Data Report for Chanca Piedra. In: Herbal Secrets of The Rainforest, 2nd ed, Austin India: Sage Press, Inc; 2003 36. Mangan Y. Cara Bijak Menaklukkan Kanker. Sehat dengan Ramuan Tradisional. Cetakan keempat revisi, Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka; 2005. 37. Markom M, Hasan M, Daud WRW, Singh H, Jahim JM. Extraction of hydrolisable tannins from Phyllanthus niruri Linn: effects of solvents and extraction methods. Separation and Purification Technology [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 52(3): 487-96. Available from: ScienceDirect
59
38. Liu L, Lin H. Genus Phyllanthus for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepatitis [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 8(5): 358-62. Available from: Wiley Online Library 39. Mustofa, Solikhah EN, Wahyuono S. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of Phyllanthus niruri Linn herbs traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop Med Public Health [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 38(4): 609-15. Available from: Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region 40. Taylor, L. Chanca Piedra. In: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herb. Carson City: Raintree Nutrition, Inc; 2005 41. Ma’at S. Imunomodulator manfaat dan bahayanya. Dalam: Kusmita L, Djatmika. Imunomodulator dan Perkembangannya. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Farmasi Tahun 2010 Cetakan ketiga. Semarang: Penerbit STIFAR Yayasan Farmasi; 2010 42. Sumaryanto W. Analisis Urea-Kreatinin Tikus Putih pasca Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa dan Herba Pegagan. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2008; 6(1): 35-40 43. Edhiatmi M. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria papuana) Dosis Bertingkat terhadap Struktur Histologik Hepar Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro;2006 44. Firdaus GI. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) terhadap Hepar Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2010 45. Alboneh SFH. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) terhadap Ginjal Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2010 46. Ali RB, Atangwho IJ, Kaur N, Abraika OS, Ahmad M, Mahmud R, et al. Bioassay-guided antidiabetic study of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract.
60
Molecules [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2013 July 22]; 17(5): 4986-5002. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547320 47. Gordon WP, Forte AJ, McMurtry RJ, Gal J. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity of pennyroyal oil and its constituent terpenes in the mouse. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Internet]. 1982 [cited 2013 July 22]; 65(3):
413-24.
Available
from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041008X82903878
48. Authors.
Terpenes.
TCI
America.
Available
http://www.tcichemicals.com/eshop/en/us/category_index/00306/
from:
61
DOKUMENTASI PENELITIAN
62
OUTPUT ANALISIS SPSS 11.5 FOR WINDOWS
1. Kadar AST Tabel 4. Kadar AST Sampel A B C D E Ratarata
Kontrol 269 209 299 260 452 297,8
P1 425 767 279 190 231 378,4
P2 152 200 196 165 185 179,6
P3 263 231 227 348 222 258,2
a. Analisis Deskriptif Descriptives
KADAR
PERLAKUA K
Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Statistic 297,80 Lower Bound Upper Bound
P1
5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Lower Bound Interval for Mean Upper Bound 5% Trimmed Mean
Std. Error 41,184
183,45 412,15 294,17 269,00 8480,700 92,091 209 452 243 141,00 1,541 2,954 378,40 87,02 669,78 367,28
,913 2,000 104,948
63
Median Variance
P2
P3
Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Lower Bound Interval for Mean Upper Bound 5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Lower Bound Interval for Mean Upper Bound 5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis
b. Analisis Analitik 1). Uji Normalitas
279,00 55070,80 0 234,672 190 767 577 385,50 1,545 2,155 179,60
,913 2,000 9,190
154,08 205,12 180,00 185,00 422,300 20,550 152 200 48 39,50 -,532 -1,887 258,20
,913 2,000 23,570
192,76 323,64 255,22 231,00 2777,700 52,704 222 348 126 81,00 1,783 3,056
,913 2,000
64
Tests of Normality a
KADAR
PERLAKUA K P1 P2 P3
Kolmogorov -Smirnov St at ist ic df Sig. ,295 5 ,179 ,264 5 ,200* ,204 5 ,200* ,297 5 ,171
St at ist ic ,861 ,841 ,918 ,769
Shapiro-Wilk df 5 5 5 5
Sig. ,233 ,167 ,519 ,044
Shapiro-Wilk df 5 5 5 5
Sig. ,568 ,629 ,482 ,077
*. This is a lower bound of the true signif icance. a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correction
2). Uji Normalitas Setelah Data Ditransform dengan log-n Tests of Normality a
TRANS
PERLAKUA K P1 P2 P3
Kolmogorov -Smirnov St at ist ic df Sig. ,247 5 ,200* ,221 5 ,200* ,217 5 ,200* ,297 5 ,172
St at ist ic ,926 ,935 ,912 ,798
*. This is a lower bound of the true signif icance. a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correction
3). Uji One Way ANOVA ANOVA TRANS Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
Between Groups
,198
3
,066
Within Groups
,331
16
,021
Total
,528
19
F 3,191
Sig. ,052
65
2. Kadar ALT Tabel 6. Kadar ALT Sampel A B C D E Ratarata
Kontrol 81 63 85 134 128 98,2
P1 123 249 74 52 43 108,2
P2 57 65 112 79 108 84,2
P3 83 65 60 87 94 77,8
a. Analisis Deskriptif Descriptives
KADAR
PERLAKUA K
Statistic 98,20
Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
136,87 98,17
Median
85,00 969,700
Std. Deviation
31,140
Minimum
63
Maximum
134
Range
71
Interquartile Range
59,00
Skewness Kurtosis P1
59,53
5% Trimmed Mean Variance
Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation
Std. Error 13,926
,295
,913
-2,571
2,000
108,20
37,830
3,17 213,23 104,00 74,00 7155,700 84,591
66
Minimum
43
Maximum
249
Range
206
Interquartile Range
P2
138,50
Skewness
1,583
,913
Kurtosis
2,314
2,000
84,20
11,124
Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
115,08
5% Trimmed Mean
84,17
Median
79,00
Variance
618,700
Std. Deviation
24,874
Minimum
57
Maximum
112
Range
55
Interquartile Range
49,00
Skewness Kurtosis P3
53,32
Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
5% Trimmed Mean Median
,206
,913
-2,768
2,000
77,80
6,538
59,65 95,95 77,89 83,00
Variance
213,700
Std. Deviation
14,618
Minimum
60
Maximum
94
Range
34
Interquartile Range
28,00
Skewness
-,342
,913
-2,416
2,000
Kurtosis
b. Analisis Analitik 1). Uji Normalitas Tests of Normality
67
KADAR
PERLAKU A K
Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Statistic
df
Shapiro-Wilk
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
,264
5
,200(*)
,883
5
,325
P1
,257
5
,200(*)
,829
5
,137
P2
,231
5
,200(*)
,890
5
,357
5
,200(*)
,911
5
,474
P3
,239 * This is a lower bound of the true significance. a Lilliefors Significance Correction
2). Uji One Way ANOVA ANOVA KADAR Sum of Squares Between Groups
df
Mean Square
2816,600
3
938,867
Within Groups
35831,200
16
2239,450
Total
38647,800
19
F
Sig. ,419
,742
3. Kadar Kreatinin Tabel 8. Kadar Kreatinin Sampel A B C D E Ratarata
Kontrol 0,38 0,52 0,36 0,40 0,46 0,424
P1 0,15 0,38 0,28 0,41 0,34 0,312
P2 0,49 0,33 0,33 0,42 0,36 0,386
P3 0,36 0,37 0,31 0,37 0,43 0,368
68
a. Analisis Deskriptif Descriptives
KADAR
PERLAKUA K
Mean 95% Lower Bound Confidence Upper Bound Interval for Mean 5% Trimmed Mean
,3428
Median
,4000
Variance Std. Deviation
,004 ,06542 ,36 ,52
Skewness
,16 ,1200 ,849
,913
Kurtosis
-,666
2,000
Mean
,3120
,04598
95% Lower Bound Confidence Upper Bound Interval for Mean 5% Trimmed Mean
,1843
Median
,3400
Variance Std. Deviation
,4397 ,3156 ,011 ,10281
Minimum
,15
Maximum
,41
Range Interquartile Range Skewness
,26 ,1800 -1,153
,913
,996
2,000
Mean
,3860
,03076
95% Lower Bound Confidence Upper Bound Interval for Mean 5% Trimmed Mean
,3006
Median
,3600
Kurtosis p2
,4222
Maximum Interquartile Range
Std. Error ,02926
,5052
Minimum Range
p1
Statistic ,4240
Variance Std. Deviation
,4714 ,3833 ,005 ,06877
69
p3
Minimum
,33
Maximum
,49
Range
,16
Interquartile Range
,1250
Skewness
1,019
,913
Kurtosis
-,265
2,000
Mean
,3680
,01908
95% Lower Bound Confidence Upper Bound Interval for Mean 5% Trimmed Mean
,3150
Median
,3700
,4210 ,3678
Variance
,002
Std. Deviation
,04266
Minimum
,31
Maximum
,43
Range
,12
Interquartile Range
,0650
Skewness Kurtosis
,229
,913
1,848
2,000
b. Analisis Analitik 1). Uji Normalitas Tests of Normality
KADAR
PERLAK UA K
Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Statistic ,243
df
Shapiro-Wilk
5
Sig. ,200(*)
Statistic ,922
df 5
Sig. ,544
p1
,207
5
,200(*)
,917
5
,513
p2
,247
5
,200(*)
,867
5
,254
p3
,281
5
,200(*)
,927
5
,579
F
Sig.
* This is a lower bound of the true significance. a Lilliefors Significance Correction
2). Uji One Way ANOVA ANOVA KADAR Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
70
Between Groups
,033
3
,011
Within Groups
,086
16
,005
Total
,118
19
2,030
,150
