Disampaiakan Pada Kongres Nasional IAKMI XIII, Makassar, 3 November 2016
Penyakit degeneratif adalah penyakit tidak menular yang berlangsung kronis karena kemunduran fungsi organ tubuh akibat proses penuaan.
menurunnya fungsi sel, jaringan dan organ sejalan dengan bertambahnya usia manusia.
Menurut Kando (2013) Penyakit degeneratif merupakan penyakit yang mengiringi proses penuaan. Penyakit ini terjadi seiring bertambahnya usia. Penyakit degeneratif adalah penyakit akibat penurunan fungsi organ/ alat tubuh. Tubuh mengalami defisiensi produksi enzim & hormon, imunodefisiensi, peroksida lipid, kerusakan sel (DNA), pembuluh darah, jaringan protein & kulit (ketuaan).
Sebagian besar dari PTM ini adalah penyakit degeneratif.
Cardiov askuler (17,5) Juta 46,2%
Kanker (8,2) Juta 21,7%
Pernapas an/COPD (4,0) Juta 10,7%
DM (1,5) Juta 4,0%
• Penyakit tidak menular menyebabkan 38 juta (68%) dari 56 juta kematian pada tahun 2012 dan 43% Kesakitan (WHO, 2014).
• Diperkirakan tahun 2020 : 73% kematian disebabkan penyakit degeneratif.
2000 (6,7) juta
2012 (8,5) juta
2020 (14,5) juta
DI INDONESI BERDASARKAN DATA RISKESDAS 2013, JENIS PTM YANG BANYAK DIDERITA ADALAH :
(1) ASMA, (2) PENYAKIT PARU OBSTRUKSI KRONIS (PPOK), (3) KANKER, (4) DIABETES MELITUS (DM), (5) HIPERTIROID, (6) HIPERTENSI, (7) JANTUNG KORONER, (8) GAGAL JANTUNG, (9) STROKE, (10) GAGAL GINJAL KRONIS, (11) BATU GINJAL DAN (12) PENYAKIT SENDI/REMATIK
PENYAKIT DEGENERATIF
Kontaminan Pola Makan
Lingkungan Air, Udara dan Radikal bebas CHEMICALS, PHYSICAL, MICRIBIOLOGY, RADIATION (Rokok, MSG, Makanan Kaleng, Minuman, Minyak Jelanta)
Lifestyle
< Olah raga < istirahat
CONTAMINANT FROM BUILDING EMISSIONS Indoor 1. 2. 3. 4.
Bioaerosols from water damage, microbial VOCs (VOCs from fungi) Emissions from office equipment (VOCs, ozone) Emissions from stored supplies (solvents, toners, ammonia, chlorine) Emissions from building : carpet, furnishings, and other building components (VOCs including formaldehyde from glues, fabric treatments, stains and varnishes) 5. Emissions from special use areas within the building such as laboratories, print shops, art rooms, smoking lounges, beauty salons, food preparation areas, and others (various chemicals and related odors) 6. Emissions from indoor construction activities (VOCs from use of paint, caulk, adhesives, and other products) 7. Elevator motors and other building mechanical systems (solvents and other chemicals) 8. Plumbing problems (sewer odors, improper bathroom ventilation) 9. Emissions from housekeeping / cleaning activities (ammonia, chlorine, and other cleaning agents such as detergent, dust residual from carpet shampoo, and disinfectants) 10. Use of deodorizers and fragrances 11. Emissions from pesticide use inside the building 12. Accidental events such as spills inside the building 13. Emissions from stored trash inside the building 14. Fire damage inside the building (soot, polychlorinated biphenyls from electrical equipment, odors)
Nail polish
Shampoo Perfluorochemicals to add shine
Perfluorochemicals and phthalates
Teddy bear Some stuffed animals made overseas contain flame retardants and/or pesticides
Baby bottle
Clothing Can contain perfluorochemicals
Mattress Flame retardants in stuffing
Perfume Phthalates
Carpet Padding and carpet fibers contain flame retardants, perfluorochemicals, and pesticides TV Wiring and plastic casing contain flame retardants
Hairspray Phthalates Food Some food contains bisphenol-A Milk Fat contains dioxins and flame retardants
Sofa Foam padding contains flame retardants and perfluorochemicals
Frying pan Nonstick coating contains perfluorochemicals Fruit Imported fruit Contains may contain perfluorochemicals, Prof. Dr.Anwar Daud pesticides phthalates, and Health • banned in the Environmental pesticides HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY © U.S.
Tile floor
2015
Can contain bisphenol-A
Water bottle Can contain bisphenol-A 18
Computer Flame retardant coatings of plastic casing and wiring
Toys Vinyl toys contain phthalates
Tennis shoes Can contain phthalates
Fig. 17-16, p. 458
DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS (DBPs) diantaranya organik TRIHALOMETHANEs, chlorinated phenols, haloketones, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles (HANs)] or inorganik (e.g. chloramines and cyanogen chloride). All inorganic chloramines, and particularly trichloramine, are very volatile and partition easily from water into air. The major by-products of DISINFECTION using Hypobromous acid (HOBr) and Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are bromoform (CHBr3) and chloroform (CHCl3), respectively. Chloroform and bromoform are highly volatile compounds that can be inhaled in swimming POOL environments and also readily absorbed through the skin.
Death of Outdoor air pollution
3%
7%
30%
13%
Ischaemic heart disease Stroke COPD 47%
lung cancer ALRI
Death of Indoor air pollution
6%
12%
26% Ischaemic heart disease Stroke
22%
COPD 34%
lung cancer ALRI
WHO developed a number of tools for prevention of cancer arising from environmental exposures, including: WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; policy on elimination of asbestos-related diseases; guidelines for air quality and drinking water quality; policy options for prevention and mitigation of radon; practical advice and information on health effects of UV exposure; safety standards for chemicals and food, including cancercausing contaminants like dioxins and aflatoxins; the International Programme on Chemical Safety, including Ten chemicals of major public health concern; WHO's global plan of action on workers' health.
Why there is Contamination
