MEMBUAT PROTOTIPE
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Example: Apple PowerBook Duo Trackball
Prototype: “an approximation of the product along one or more dimensions of interest” “perkiraan bagaimana nantinya suatu produk bersama dengan satu atau lebih dimensi yang menjadi perhatian”
Physical vs. Analytical Prototypes Physical Prototypes Tangible T ibl approximation i ti of the product. May exhibit unmodeled behavior. Some behavior may be an artifact f off the approximation. Often best for communication.
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Analytical Prototypes Mathematical M th ti l model d l off th the product. Can only exhibit behavior arising from explicitly modeled phenomena. (However, behavior is not always anticipated. Some behavior mayy be an artifact of the analytical method. Often Oft allow ll more experimental i t l freedom than physical models. Company Logo
Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes
Focused Prototypes Implement p one or a few attributes of the product. Answer specific questions ti about b t the th product design. Generallyy several are required.
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Comprehensive Prototypes Implement many or all attributes of the product. Offer opportunities opport nities for rigorous testing. Often best for milestones and integration.
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Tipe-tipe Prototypes Physical y alpha prototype
ball support prototype
beta prototype
ttrackball kb ll mechanism h i linked to circuit simulation
Focused
simulation of trackball circuits
equations modeling ball supports
Comprehensive
not generally feasible
Analytical
final p product
Fungsi Prototypes Learning answering questions about performance or feasibility e.g., proof-of-concept model Communication demonstration of product for feedback e.g., 3D physical models of style or function Integration teg at o combination of sub-systems into system model e.g., alpha or beta test models Milestones goal for development team’s schedule e.g., first fi t ttestable t bl h hardware d www.themegallery.com
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Boeing 777 Testing Brakes Test Minimum rotor thickness Maximum takeoff weight Maximum runway speed Will the brakes ignite? g Test Wing Maximum loading When will it break? Where will it break?
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Some comprehensive prototypes build (and sold?).
One prototype may be used for verification.
Few or no comprehensive prototypes are built.
High
Many comprehensive prototypes are built.
L Low
Technica al or Market Risk
Comprehensive Prototypes
Low High Cost of Comprehensive Prototype
Prinsip-prinsip Prototyping Analytical prototypes pada umumnya lebih fleksibel dibandingkan Physical prototypes t t Physical prototypes adalah keharusan untuk mengantisipasi fenomena yang belum diantisipasi Prototype dapat mengurangi resiko iterasi yang memakan biaya Prototype dapat membantu ketidakpastian langkah pengembangan lainnya Prototype dapat merestrukturisasi ketergantungan antar tugas. www.themegallery.com
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Mengurangi resiko iterasi
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Merestrukturisasi ketergantungan antar tugas
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Membantu langkah pengembangan
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Perhatian : Consider multiple forms of prototypes Choose the timing of prototype cycles. Many early models are used to validate concepts. Relatively R l ti l ffew comprehensive h i models d l are necessary to test integration
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Perencanaan untuk Prototypes 1. Definisikan tujuan dari prototype 2. Buat tingkat perkiraan yang diinginkan 3. Outline rencana eksperimental 4. Buat jjadwal untuk pembelian p bahan,, konstruksi dan test www.themegallery.com
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Rapid Prototyping Methods Most of these methods are additive, rather than subtractive, processes. Build p parts in layers y based on CAD model. SLA=Stereolithography Apparatus Æ bahan : liquid photopolymer SLS=Selective Laser Sintering Æ bahan : thermoplastic powder FDM = Fuse Deposition Model Æ bahan : modelling filamen 3D Printing = Free-form fabrication – menciptakan objek fisik secara langsung g g dari sebuah model yyang g dibuat di komputer LOM=Laminated Object Manufacturing Others every year year... www.themegallery.com
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Rapid Prototyping - SLA
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Free-form fabrication
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Virtual Prototyping 3D computer modeling – menggunakan komputer software, dibuat image dari produk. Seringkali disebut digital mockup. 3D CAD models enable many kinds of analysis: - Fit and assembly - Manufacturability - Form and style - Kinematics - Finite element analysis (stress, thermal) - Crash C h ttesting ti
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3D computer modeling
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BMW Virtual Crash Test
From: Scientific American, March 1999
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Traditional Prototyping Methods
CNC machining Rubber molding + urethane casting Materials: wood, foam, plastics, etc. Model making requires special skills. skills
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Fabricated Model
Cast U Urethane et a e
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Alpha, Beta and Preproduction Prototypes Alpha – digunakan untuk menilai apakah produk dapat bekerja seperti yang diinginkan. Biasanya part yang digunakan sama dalam bahan dan geometrinya, tapi proses produksinya disesuaikan.
Beta – digunakan untuk menilai reliabilitas dan mencari kelemahan yang masih ada di dalam produk Biasanya beta prototype diberikan pada produk. konsumen untuk digunakan dalam lingkungan penggunaannya. Diproduksi seperti yang akan dilakukan seperti produk akhir yang diinginkan, diinginkan tetapi tidak dirakit dengan alat dan fasilitas perakitan akhir
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Alpha, Beta and Preproduction Prototypes Preproduction – produk pertama yang di diproduksi d k i oleh l h keseluruhan k l h proses produksi. Pada saat ini, proses produksi hanya menghasilkan kuantitas yang terbatas saja.
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