Masalah yg terus ada

AGROFORESTRY SEBAGAI SOLUSI Iman Santoso Kepala Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan

Masalah yg terus ada …….. • Populasi dan tekanan terhadap lahan • Deforestasi dan degradasi • Kemiskinan masih tinggi • Ketidak adilan akses

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestri 2013

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Hal-hal yang nyata ….. • Persaingan sektor: keterlanjuran • Perubahan iklim kinerja sektor pertanian • Globalisasi  yang lemah tertekan dan kalah • Biaya semakin tinggi, investasi kurang menarik

Agroforestry Sebagai Solusi ……. ? Optimalisasi penggunaan lahan antar ruang dan waktu

Aneka produks barang dan jasa

Teknik produksi dan konservasi yang telah ada

Penghormatan pada hakhak yang telah ada

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Masalah aktual dan yang terus ada: • Deforestasi dan degradasi • Keterjangkauan pangan dan energi • Perubahan iklim • Kemiskinan • Investasi yg kurang menarik • Populasi , Tekanan pd Lahan dan SDA • Persaingan antar sektor • Globalisasi dan • Ketida adilan akses

Arah AGROFORESTRY Pohon dalam lahan pertanian: Dari tahap subsiten  subsiten dengan jaring pengaman  pertanian pra-komersial  pertanian yang lebih menguntungkan  pertanian yang lestari

Budidaya non hutan pada areal/kawasan hutan: Dari tahap pemanfaatan potensi sosial utk pembangunan hutan tanaman  pemberian akses produksi kepada masyarakat  keuntungan bersama bisnis hutan dan pangan

Mengapa AF Masih Sulit Berkembang • Keberpihakan yang masih kurang • Keraguan: teknis/finansial/pasar maupun sosial

• Tidak adanya ketentuan hukum yang mengikat • Tujuan jangka pendek vs jangka panjang


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Upaya Strategis Debottlenecking: • Kebijakan dan peraturan yang menjadi penghalang • Keberpihakan pada masyarakat • Kontrak-kontrak lama yang menjadi penghambat

Creating enabling condition: • Kebijakan yang mendukung sisi legal, teknis, dan finansial • Peningkatan kapasitas: masyarakat, pendamping, pemerintah, lembaga terkait • Pendampingan masyarakat • Dukungan pasar

LITBANG AF ke depan • Berorientasi pada hasil langsung dan bermanfaat • Menjawab masalah: a) kemiskinan, b) ketahanan pangan, air dan energi, c) ketidak adilan akses ke SDA, d) pemulihan lingkungan dan SDA, e) mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim

• Bersifat action research: a) partisipatory dan transparan, b) bersifat terapan, c) learning process

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Perubahan Paradigma Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Hutan Produksi:

• Optimalisasi penggunaan lahan: kendala biofisik, sosial dan pasar • Hutan sebagai production supporting system • Multi-actors dan bundle of rights (tenures)

Lahan Pertanian: • Bukan maksimalisasi tapi optimalisasi produk secara lestari • Market and profit oriented

PENUTUP Indonesia saat ini (Dino Pati Jalal, 2013) :  major democracy,  emerging economy,  pivotal state,  next Asian Giant  environmental power

Agroforestry akan menyumbang pada prestasi ini


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21 May 2013 -- Malang Seminar Nasional Agroforestri

Agroforestry as buffer to livelihoods in a green economy: reflections from 20 years ICRAF Indonesia 1978-2013: 35 year

Meine van Noordwijk – with thanks to Sonya Dewi, Beria Leimona, Betha Lusiana, Atiek Widayati, Ujjwal Pradhan dll

Agroforestry as buffer to livelihoods in a green economy: reflections from 20 years ICRAF Indonesia • 100 // 35 // 20 year celebrations • AF = Farmers + Trees + Forests  What happened to Indonesia’s forests and AF? • A global research agenda on ecological intensification, agroforestry & buffer are key elements • Landscapes as institutional interface • Climate change increases need for buffering • How to green the Indonesian economy?

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Iman

Hadi Daryanto

1931 Governor-General Opens Gn Batu office Ten Oever, 1931 Inspector Forests

http://www.worldagrof orestry.org/download s/publications/PDFs/ B14409.PDF

Beekman, 1st Director in 1913

http://www.worldagroforestry.or g/downloads/publications/PDFs /B01036.PDF http://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=

en&user=KfXtvFUAAAAJ

http://scholar.google.com/citations? user=fC9LOngAAAAJ&hl=en


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Analysis based on 317 publications with >50 citations each per 1/5/2013

2001 Dennis farewell

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Now

Time

Agroforests in Indonesia Agroforestry in Indonesia

# of agroforestry graduates

Forest cover Indonesia

Number of forestry graduates

Enough on the celebrations, what happened to Indonesia’s forests, trees and agroforestry?

Time


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Oilpalm fruit Coconuts Natural rubber Cocoa beans Coffee Cloves Cashewnuts, with shell Fruit,tropical Mangoes,mangosteens, guavas Kapok Fruit Arecanuts Tea Cinnamon(canella) Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms Oranges Avocados

5.000 2.950 2.898 0.990 0.977 0.312 0.308 0.207 0.185 0.133 0.126 0.107 0.081 0.075 0.064 0.020 14.432

Agricultural “trees outside forest” in Indonesia, according to FAOSTAT: at least 9.4 + 5 Mha

Remote sensing + ground truthing information about quantity, quality, spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of tree cover across landscape positions

Community organizations, socioeconomic status

Land use plans and institutional status ~ laws & policy


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Which trees are part of “forest”, which ones part of the “agroforest”, or “agriculture”?

Large increase in human population density + average wellfare Substantial loss of forest cover Remarkable decrease in forest footprint Almost same relationship between log(PopDens) and forest cover

Log

Environmental impact =  Human population density *  Wellfare  Footprint/unit wellfare Sustainable development requires footprint to decrease faster than growth in population and wellfare

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Stakeholder:

Rainforest foundation 1. Undisturbed natural forest Conservation agency 2. Undisturbed + sust. logged natural forest 3. Closed canopy undisturbed + logged forest 4A. as 3 + agroforest Forest ecologist Ministry of Forestry 4B. as 3 + timber plantations 4C. as 3 + agroforest + timber plant’s + estate crops UNFCCC definition Modis data 4D as 4C + shrub

“Forest transition” as spatial pattern. ‘chronosequence’?

Spatial analysis: classification of 450 districts in Indonesia according to 7 tree cover transition stages (Dewi et al., in prep.) 19


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Tree cover transitions as unifying concept for livelihoods, landscape and governance aspects

Old-growth

http://www.cifor.org/es/crp6/research-portfolio.html

Forest and tree cover transitions: a unifying concept 1 Choice across CRP6

of Y-axis 6

Core

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Temporal Spatial pattern, X- pattern, axis X-axis

4 5 Institutional X-linkage of challenge at actions in turning point landscape


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Geological history, patterns & current activity

Global climate systems based on oceans, land & atmosphere

Flora and fauna and its biogeography Land forms,vegetation,ecosystems,hydrology The tran- B.Late-stage huA.Initial human C.sition is predictable land use man land use

Land use is predictable from ‘reading the landscape’

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Land use dominates over original terrain features

Institutions People

Landscape Vegetation Flora&fauna Hydrology

Space

Land Use Functions, Systems services Value chains

multifunctionality

Geology Land forms Climate

Tenure

Planning, Incentives

Landscape -



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9 May 2013 was the first whole day above 400 ppm at Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii)

Third 40 ppm took 20 years

Second 40 ppm took 30 years

1992 UNFCCC agreement to slow down emissions First 40 ppm increase during first 10,000 years of agriculture and associated deforestation + first 100 years of industrial revolution Over the last 800,000 years, CO2 has ranged from roughly 180 ppm to 280 ppm

Annual amplitude due to N. hemisphere summer vegetation growth & winter decomposition + heating did not change

Reducing GHG Reducing vulnerability, emissions, enhancing enhancing adaptive GHG sink strengths capacity Long term focus on Start with focus on Mitiga- avoiding future impacts current variability AdaptaGlobal-scale crossLocal-scale cross- tion tion sectoral effort needed sectoral effort needed for effectiveness, with for effectiveness, with Local/(sub)national (Sub)National/global nesting and collaboration collaboration

Emission „rights‟, but ΣLama < Nama ΣNama < Gama C-trade does not reduce global emissions

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Mitig- AdapMitiadap- tation gation tation


Polluter pay Principle Doha COP

Micro-climate . Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed at level of crop, livestock Pest & Crops Field disease Trees level inrisk & Livestock teractions buffer Harvested products Crops Field Landscape Trees level in- mosaic Livestock teractions interactions

Fish & forest products Water Carbon Nitrogen Biodibalance balance balance versity Biophysical - environmental

Demographic &social change // LU policies Social networks: Land access & rights Labour Knowledge Capital/credit Household assets: Land access & rights Labour Knowledge Capital/credit Harvested products Farm management: Spatially explicit land use Labour Knowledge Inputs Knowledge sharing & exchange Socio-economic conditions

Exogenous economic risks & endogeous buffers Policy levers Food exchange Remittances

Infrastructure & market access

precipitation

Macro climate variation & change Regional & landscape Meso-climate . tree level cover

Aid Markets Food & energy security Local consumption Non-food expenditure & asset building Food systems


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Demographic &social change // LU policies Social networks: Land access & rights Labour Knowledge Capital/credit

Micro-climate . Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed at level of crop, livestock

Food exchange Remittances Aid

Harvested products Farm management: Spatially explicit land use Labour Knowledge Inputs

Water Carbon Nitrogen Biodibalance balance balance versity

Knowledge sharing & exchange Socio-economic conditions

Biophysical - environmental

Decentralization of NRM decisions

(Agro)biodiversity conservation

Policy levers

Household assets: Land access & rights Labour Knowledge Capital/credit

Pest & Crops Field disease Trees level inrisk & Livestock teractions buffer Crops Field Landscape Trees level in- mosaic Livestock teractions interactions Fish & forest products

Adaptive management capacity of empowered local communities

Exogenous economic risks & endogeous buffers

Increased A & F productivity

Land with diverse tree cover and carbon-rich soil Increased Soil and water efficiency of conservation Ag input use

Agroforestry

expenditure & asset building Food systems

Rules need to evolve from „additionality’ tests on separate funding streams via ‘complementarity‟ to full „synergy‟

Sustainable forest management Centralization of NRM decisions Enhanced carbon sinks, avoided losses

Avoidance of soil C loss (peat & mineral soils) Afforestation, reforestation

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Markets Food & energy security Local consumption Non-food

Mitigadaptation

Ecosystem service value realization


Infrastructure & market access

precipitation

Macro climate variation & change Regional & landscape Meso-climate . tree level cover


Mar- Food, fibre, income  Harvestable products ket access, tax,subs. Provisioning services Human Management popula- & behavioural Land use practices in a landscape tion & Δ choices of AgTech Land use land users context zoning, Regulating, supporting use and & cultural services property rights Human & environmental health&well-being

Commodityproduct- service value chains, xborder trade Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity)

Macro-&meso climate Biodiversity

Sustainable development metrics

New green economy, integrated ruralurban development coalitions… GDP, national economic growth or decline Economic development planning

Environmental & wellfare targeted planning

Natural caHappiness pital acmonitoring counting


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Conclusions & way forward • We need good empirical evidence of tree cover transitions (quantity, quality, pattern) and their Ecosystem Service (ES) consequences • We need a smooth institutional landscape interface between Forests and People ~ ES evidence • Climate change uncertainty + globalization means an increased need for buffering • AF can provide much of the buffering needed • Green Growth (7/42) is feasible, but requires paradigm shift in ambitions

Selamat ulang tahun FORDA dan ICRAF, ayo, tanam pohon duren…

Lesser short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus cf brachyotis

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