Malaysia UPM (Prof. Dahlan Ismail) Malaysia UPM (Prof. A.R. Alimon) IPB (Prof. Luki Abdullah) Tadulako University (Prof. Marsetyo)

“Oil Palm – Livestock Integration towards a Sustainable and Future Oil Palm Plantatation Management System” -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Seminar Schedule Thursday, 6 March 2014 Venue: Aston Hotel, Jambi Indonesia Time

Programs

08.00 – 08.30 08:30 - 09:15

Registration Opening ceremony

09.30 – 10.30

10.30 – 12.45

Presenter

Title

- Opening - Welcome Speech Rector of UNJA - Speech of Coordinator of Indonesian Consortium CRC 990 - Keynote Speech of Governor of Jambi Panel I Dr. Mursyid Policy on The Development on Ma’sum (Dirjen Integration of Oil Palm and Pakan, Direktorat Livestock Management System Jenderal Peternakan) Iskandar Sulaiman, Integrasi Sawit Sapi Di PT. Ahmad Nasulian Perkebunan Nusantara VI Arifin (Persero) Ereskayanto (PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI) Discussion Panel II Prof. RE. Orskov, Animal Adaptation To Different UK Climates, Feeds, And Agro-Forestry Management Systems Application of System Approach in Malaysia – UPM Oil Palm-Livestock Integration for (Prof. Dahlan Sustainable Plantation Ismail) Management Systems Malaysia – UPM Feeding Strategies for Cattle-Oil (Prof. A.R. Palm Integration System Alimon) IPB (Prof. Luki Oil Palm Plantation Beef Cattle Abdullah) Integration to Accelarate National Meat Sufficiency (Feed Supply Perspective) Tadulako Intake, Digestion and Metabolism University (Prof. of Cattle Fed Low Quality Forage Marsetyo) Supplemented with Palm Kernel Meal University of Jambi Palm Oil Sustainability (Ernawati HD and Partnership: Implementation and Zakky Fathoni) Connection with Farmers Income Discussion

12.45 – 13.00

Lunch

Moderator

Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Alamsyah

Dr. Adrizal


13.00 – 15.15 Paralel (Room 1)

13.30 – 15.15

Paralel (Room 2)

13.30 – 15.15

Paralel (Room 3)

Panel III Agronomic and ecological aspects of integration of oil palm livestock management systems. Salwati & Lutfi Accomplishment Technique to Dr. Izhar1 Deliberate Amount of Water Nurhayati Required and Water Balance of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Hajar Setyaji & The impacts of Oil Palm Metha Monica2 Plantations Expansion on Fish Diversity: the case study on Jambi lowland area Bustami & Sari Development Pattern of Oil PalmYanti Hayanti Cattle Integration in PTPN VI Jambi Provinc Zubir & Sari Yanti Livestock Grazing Capacity of Hayanti Oil Palm Plantation Area in West Tanjung Jabung Discussion Management model of integration of oil palm – livestock management system in Indonesia Wahyuni, D.S., R. The Exposure of Formula Dr. Yusrizal A. Gopar, N. Alternative of Complete Feed Adianto, S. Technology Based on Plantation Martono By Product and Oil Palm Industry , Biomass for Fattening Beef Cattle Windu Negara, M. Inhibiting Salmonella Ridla, A.D. Lubis, typhimuriumand Eschericia coli Rahma I.A, I. by Organic Acid Salt From Silage Wayan A of Palm Oil by Products Mursalin, Nuri Deodorizing Engineering in CPO Andarwulan, Refinary Technic to Produce Red Purwiyatno Palm Oil With Rich Carotene as Hariyadi A Source of Food/Feed Ingredient Nurhayati, Ella Fermented Palm Oil Sludge by Hendalia, Mairizal, Trichoderma harzianum as Resmi, Nelwida Broiler Feed Ella Hendalia, Fermentation of Palm Kernel Rahmi Dianita, Meal with Trichoderma Fahmida Manin harzianum and Aspergillus niger as Source of Prebiotic and Probiotic Carrier A.R. Abubakr, Nitrogen Balance in Goats Fed A.R. Alimon, M. Diets Based on Palm Oil ByAfdal3 Products Discussion Socio-economic contribution of integration of oil palm - livestock management systems Edison Does Siska Become an Ideal Dr. Saitul Model of Palm Oil Farming ? Fakhri


Ardi Novra

Cattle and Palm Oil Integration (CPI) Strategic to Optimize the Role of the State Enterprises

Latifa Siswati

Patterns of Livestock and Agriculture Integrated Palm Oil to Increase The Income Saad Murdy, Lingkage of Globalization and Saidin Nainggolan Trade Liberalization in and Ardhiyan Indonesian Downstream Palm Saputra Oil Industry Ardhiyan Saputra, Lingkage of Globalization and Saidin Nainggolan Trade Liberalization in and Adlaida Malik Indonesian Upstream Palm Oil Industry Rofiq M. N., Sustainable Design of Oil PalmS.Martono, M. Beef Cattle Integration in Surachman, Herdis Pelalawan Regency Riau Indonesia Bustami dan Bali Cattle Breeding Pattern of Masito Farmer in Oil Palm Plantation Area in West Tanjung Jabung, Jambi Discussion 15.15 – 15.30 15.30 – 15.45 15.45 – 16.30

Poster session Coffee break Summary Committee Closing Rector of University of Jambi Ceremony


LIST OF POSTERS 1

2

3

Oil Palm Trunk as Feed Resource for Cost-Effective Beef Production under Oil Palm Plantation

1

M. Wan Zahari., 1Faculty of Veterinary Nikkhoo,M. and Medicine, Universiti 3 Alimon, A.R. Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia 2 Department of Molecular Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Mazandaran University, Iran. 3 Tropical Institute of Malaysia (ITA), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2

Manipulation of rumen for Anjas efficient utilization of oil Samsudin palm by-product

Asmara Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia Supplementation of Perlawit Sri Arnita Abutani, Departement of (Permen Lumpur Sawit) and M. Afdal, Ulil Amri, Animal Science Temulawak Combination to Zafrullah Zein ,Jambi University Improve Bali’s Cattle Productivity


KEYNOTE SPEAKERS PAPERS


POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT ON INTEGRATION OF OIL PALM AND LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DR. Ir. Mursyid Ma’sum, M.Agr. Director of Animal Feed, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia

Abstract The policy formulation of animal feed development in Indonesia is essentially to respond two big issues, namely (1) feed security, the availability of feed and feed ingredients; and (2) quality and safetyfeed, the adequacyof animal nutritional needed and free from feed hazards and contaminants (physical, chemical and biological hazards). Indonesia is an agricultural country and located in tropical area, there is a huge potency to provide animal feed. Therefore,the implementation of those policies should be local resource base. One of potential local resource for animal feed is in oil palm plantation. At the present time, there are about 9 million hectares of oil palm plantation in Indonesia.There areabundance of undergrowth in oil palm plantation offers a free source of forage, oil palm plant by-product and by product of oil palm industry that can use as feed. It is potentially applied in livestockoil palm plant integrated system. Livestock and oil palm plantation have some negative issues for enviromental impact such as the causes of increasing greenhouse gases. By application this integration, hopefully that the negative environmental impact of livestock and oilpalm plantation can be reduced.

PENDAHULUAN Pembangunan peternakan pada dasarnya adalah mendukung “Empat Target Sukses Kementerian Pertanian”, yaitu (1) Meningkatkan swasembada dan swasembada berkelanjutan untuk komoditas padi, daging sapi, jagung, kedelai dan gula; (2) peningkatan divertifikasi pangan; (3) peningkatan nilai tambah, daya saing dan ekspor; dan (4) peningkatan kesejahteraan petani. Oleh karena itu, program utama Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (Ditjen. PKH) adalah pencapaian swasembada daging sapi/kerbau tahun 2014 (PSDSK-2014) dan peningkatan penyediaan pangan hewani yang aman, sehat, utuh dan halal (ASUH). Setiap usaha pengembangan peternakan, harus berbasis ketersediaan pakan. Pakan yang berfungsi sebagai input produksi, juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan ternak, produksi dan produktivitas ternak. Disamping itu, biaya pakan ini sangat tinggi dibanding biaya komponen produksi ternak yang lainnya. Oleh karena itu, upaya-upaya untuk melakukan efisiensi biaya pakan ini sangat penting dan mendesak, untuk meningkatkan daya saing produk-produk ternak di Indonesia. Salah satu tugas pokok dan fungsi Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan adalah peningkatan produksi pakan tenak dengan pendayagunaan sumber daya lokal. Isu-isu yang berkembang sekitar peternakan sapi saat ini antara lain adalah sulitnya mencari lahan usaha, distribusi dan tataniaga sapi, tidak adanya alat transpotasi khusus ternak, langkanya pakan di musim kemarau dan lain-lain. Isu-isu sekitar perkebunanan sawit saat ini antara lain adalah terkait dengan masalah kelestarian


lingkungan dan semakin sulit/langkanya tenaga kerja kasar, khususnya untuk megangkut TBS dari dalam kebun ke jalan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan secara singkat tentang kebijakan, program dan kegiatan pengembangan pakan hijauan secara nasional, khususnya terkait integrasi sapi - tanaman sawit yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Direktorat Pakan Ternak dan permasalahan serta tantangan yang dihadapi ke depan. KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN PAKAN Direktorat Pakan Ternak mempunyai Visi : Menjadi direktorat yang profesional dalam mewujudkan pengembangan pakan berbasis sumberdaya lokal, dalam mendukung penyediaan dan keamanan pangan asal hewan serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan peternak. Sedangkan misinya adalah (1) Menciptakan kondisi penyediaan bahan pakan yang cukup, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan; (2) Menciptakan kondisi penyediaan pakan hijauan yang cukup, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan; (3) Mendukung usaha pengolahan pakan dengan penerapan teknologi; (4) Menciptakan kondisi peningkatan mutu pakan sesuai standar; dan (5) Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan di bidang pakan. Kebijakan pengembangan pakan dirumuskan untuk menjawab tantangan pakan, yaitu (1) terkait dengan ketersediaan pakan (feed security), dan (2) terkait dengan keamanan dan mutu pakan (feed safety). Saat ini kebijakan difokuskan untuk mendukung program swasembada daging sapi dan kerbau (PSDSK) tahun 2014 dan Restrukturisasi Perunggasan. Kebijakan dilaksanakan berbasis sumber daya lokal. Diharapkan dengan kebijakan ini, yang dijabarkan dalam bentuk program dan kegiatan, kemandirian di bidang pakan dapat dicapai. Dalam merumuskan kebijakan pengembangan pakan, Direktorat Pakan Ternak merujuk kepada peraturan-perundang-undangan yang berlaku, yaitu (1) UU No. 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, khususnya pasal 6 dan pasal 19 sampai dengan pasal 23 serta regulasi di bawahnya, seperti (2) Permentan No. 240 Tahun 2003 tentang Cara Pembuatan Pakan yang Baik (CPPB); (3) Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 471 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pelarangan Penggunaan Tepung Daging, Tepung Tulang, Tepung Darah, Tepung Daging Dan TulangTdt) dan Bahan Lainnya Asal Ruminansia sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia; (4) Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 65 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pedoman Pengawasan Mutu Pakan; (5) Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 19 Tahun 2009 Tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara Pendaftaran Pakan; dan (6) SNI untuk bahan pakan dan pakan. Juga dalam perumusan kebijakan ini, Direktorat Pakan Pakan memperhatikan peraturan dan perundang-undangan terkait lainnya, misal (1) UU Budidaya Tanaman Pangan dan UU Hortikultura dan UU Perkebunan; (2) isu-isu global di bidang pakan; (3) dukungan terhadap program/kegiatan PSDS/K 2014; (4) pemanfaatan sumberdaya lokal; (5) pertimbangan terhadap aspek keamanan pakan; dan (6) eksplorasi dan mengembangkan potensi pakan/bahan pakan lokal yang ada.


Dalam UU No. 18 Tahun 2009 Pasal 6 ayat (1) dinyatakan bahwa Lahan yang telah ditetapkan sebagai kawasan penggembalaan umum harusn dipertahankan keberadaannya dan kemanfaatannya secara berkelanjutan; ayat (2) Kawasan penggembalaan berfungsi sebagai : penghasil tumbuhan pakan, tempat perkawinan alam, seleksi, kastrasi, pelayanan IB, pelayanan keswan, tempat atau obyek penelitian dan pengembangan teknologi peternakan; ayat (3) Pemda yang di daerahnya mempunyai persediaan lahan yang memungkinkan dan memprioritaskan budidaya ternak skala kecil diwajibkan menetapkan lahan sebagai kawasan penggembalaan umum; ayat (4) Pemda membina bentuk kerjasama antara pengusahaan peternakan, tanaman pangan, hortikultura, perikanan, perkebunan dan kehutanan serta bidang lainnya dalam pemanfaatan lahan di kawasan tersebut sebagai sumber pakan ternak murah. Dalam Pasal 20 dinyatakan bahwa: (1) Pengawasan terhadap pengadaan dan peredaran bahan baku pakan dan tumbuhan atau tanaman pakan yang tergolong bahan pangan dilakukan secara terkoordinasi antar instansi atau departemen; (2) Koordinasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi penyediaan lahan untuk keperluan budidaya tanaman pakan, pengadaan pakan di dalam negeri, dan pemasukan pakan dari luar negeri; (3) Pengadaandan/atau pembudidayaan tanaman pakan dilakukan melalui sistem pertanaman monokultur dan/atau terpadu dengan jenis tanaman lain dengan tetap mempertimbangkan ekosistem sesuai dengan peraturan perundangundangan di bidang sistem budidaya tanaman; (4) Dalam rangka pengadaan pakan dan/atau bahan baku pakan yang tergolong bahan pangan, Pemerintah mengutamakan bahan baku pakan lokal; dan (5) Pengadaan dan penggunaan pakan dan/atau bahan pakan yang berasal dari organisme transgenik harus memenuhi persyaratan keamanan hayati. PENGEMBANGAN PAKAN MENDUKUNG PSDSK 2014 Dalam penyediaan pakan, harus mencakup aspek-aspek jumlah yang cukup, kontinuitas pasokan, harga bersaing dan kemudahan diakses. Sedangkan terkait dengan kualitas dan keamanan pakan, dilakukan melalui pengembangan teknologi dan industry pakan untuk mendukung pencapaian program PSDSK 2014. Secara diagramatik kebijakan penyediaan pakan ruminansia dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

“Oil Palm – Livestock Integration towards a Sustainable and Future Oil Palm Plantatation Management System” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KEBIJAKAN PENYEDIAAN PAKAN RUMINANSIA

PENYEDIAAN PAKAN KONSENTRAT

PENYEDIAAN PAKAN HIJAUAN

SUMBER BIBIT/ BENIH HPT

UNIT USAHA HPT

PEMANFAATAN LAHAN

INTEGRASI BPTU

UPTD D

KELP

SWSTA

KAWASAN GEMBALA

LAHAN KEHUTANAN

PABRIK PAKAN

PPSK

UNIT USAHA BAHAN PAKAN

UPP

USAHA PEMBIBITAN DAN BUDIDAYA (KELOMPOK, KOPERASI, BUMN,SWASTA)

Beberapa strategi untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, adalah (1) Penyediaan sumber benih/bibit hijauan pakan ternak (HPT); (2) Peningkatan pemanfaatan pakan hasil samping produk pertanian/ perkebunan melalui kegiatan integrasi ternak dan pemanfaatan lahan hutan untuk pengembangan pakan hijauan; (3) Akselerasi pengembangan pasture dan “cut and carry system”; dan (4) Pemanfaatan teknologi dengan basis bahan pakan lokal. Integrasi Sapi-Sawit Khusus untuk ternak ruminansia, lebih khusus lagi sapi, yang pakan pokoknya adalah pakan hijauan, penyediaan pakannya harus berbasis lahan. Lahan sebagai basis ekologis budidaya sapi maupun untuk budidaya pakan hijauan. Jika tidak ada lahan khusus, dapat diintegrasikan dengan lahan-lahan tanaman, seperti lahan tanaman pangan, perkebunan, hortikultura maupun lahan kehutanan. Saat ini ternak ruminansia, khususnya sapi, 46% terkonsentrasi di pulau Jawa, yang juga memiliki lahan terbatas, serta jumlah penduduk paling padat. Oleh karena itu, pola pemeliharaan ternak sapi di pulau Jawa dilakukan secara intensif, yang memerlukan biaya pakan relatif lebih tinggi (padat modal). Salah satu lahan tanaman yang paling potensial dalam penyediaan pakan ternak ruminansia adalah perkebunan sawit. Selain sumber pakan berasal dari vegetasi yang tumbuh di bawahnya, juga dapat diperoleh dari pelepah dan daun sawit, tandan buah kosong, serta hasil samping industri pengolahan sawit, seperti bungkil inti sawit (BIS) dan lumpur sawit. Saat ini luas perkebunan sawit di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 9 juta hektar yang secara domian tersebar di pulau Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Berdasarkan kepemilikannya, perkebunan sawit ini dibedakan menjadi perkebunan rakyat (41%),


Pemerintah/PTPN (8%) dan swasta (51%). Kebun sawit yang 9 juta hektar ini masih terbagi lagi berdasarkan struktur umur tanaman ataupun status produksi. Artinya, tidak semua lahan sawit yang luasnya 9 juta hektar ini potensial untuk diintegrasikan dengan sapi. Upaya-upaya untuk mengembangkan integrasi sapi-sawit ini sudah lebih 5 tahun dilakukan melalui program/kegiatan Kementerian Pertanian, baik yang dilakukan oleh Ditjen PKH, Ditjen Perkebunan secara bersama-sama maupun sendiri. Juga oleh instansi lain seperti Badan Litbang Pertanian dan lain-lain. Program/kegiatan ini terutama dilakukan di perkebunan sawit rakyat. Evaluasi terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan ini menunjukkan hasil yang positif bagi kedua komoditi, baik untuk sawit maupun untuk sapinya. Beberapa perusahaan kebun sawit swasta dan perkebunan Pemerintah (PTPN) juga sudah mulai memasukkan sapi untuk diintegrasikan dengan kebun sawit. Dari aspek sistem pemeliharaan (budidaya), masih terjadi perbedaan pandangan antara perkebunan dan peternakan. Berdasarkan yang sudah diterapkan oleh beberapa pelaku integrasi sawit sapi, maka dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga sistem, yaitu (1) Intensif: ternak sepanjang waktu (harus) dikandangkan. Sistem ini dan hanya ini yang direkomendasikan oleh Pusat Penekitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS); (2) Semi intensif: ternak pada siang hari dilepas, dan pada malam hari dikandangkan; dan (3) Ekstensif: ternak sepanjang waktu dilepas di suatu blok kebun sawit yang diberi pagar dalam waktu tertentu, kemudian dirotasi ke blok lain. Sistem ini menyerupai sistem rotation grazing pada padang penggembalaan. Sistem budidaya mana yang paling tepat dan baik, tergantung dari tujuan pemeliharaan sapi. Untuk tujuan menghasilkan bibit atau anak sapi misalnya, maka sistem ekstensif lebih efisien dan menguntungkan. Sedangkan untuk tujuan penggemukan, sistim intensif lebih menguntungkan. Kontribusi sapi terhadap perkebunan sawit antara lain adalah penggunaan kotoran dan urine sapi sebagai bahan pupuk organik (pupuk padat dan cair); sebagai tenaga kerja pengangkut tandang buah segar (TBS) dari dalam kebun ke jalan, untuk selanjutnya diangkut dengan truk, mengurangi penggunaan obat pembasmi tanaman gulma, dan lain-lain. PENUTUP Secara konseptual, integrasi sawit-sapi dapat memberikan keuntungan timbal-balik antara kedua komoditi tersebut, dan dapat mengurangi dampak negatif lingkungan. Namun demikian, masih terdapat permasalahan dalam mengimplementasikan konsep integrasi sawit-sapi tersebut, khususnya dari aspek teknis, seperti pola budidayanya. Demikian juga, terhadap dampak lingkungan dalam jangka panjang. Oleh karena itu, masih perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut secara komprehensif integrasi sawit sapi ini dengan berbagai pendekatan.

Jakarta, Maret 2014


Jl. Lingkar Barat Paal X Kota Baru Jambi, 36128 INTEGRASI SAWIT SAPI DI PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VI (PERSERO) Iskandar Sulaiman, Ahmad Nasulian, Arifin Ereskayanto email : [email protected] Abstrak Untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada impor sapi potong, Pemerintah mencanangkan “Program Swasembada Daging Sapi“. Berdasarkan arahan dari Meneg BUMN, PT. Perkebunan Nusantara yang mempunyai komoditi kelapa sawit ikut ambil bagian dalam program ini guna membantu Program Swasembada Daging Sapi 2014. Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit merupakan penyedia sumber bahan pakan yang berlimpah dimana selama ini pakan merupakan titik kritis dalam pengembangan sapi. PTPN-VI merespon hal ini dengan memelihara 2.000 ekor sapi dengan didampingi Dirjen Peternakan (Balai Sapi Potong Grati) dan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi untuk pembuatan komposisi pakan dan model pemeliharaan ternak. Ternyata bukan pakan yang menjadi masalah utamanya tetapi kesulitan mendapatkan sapi bakalan harus segera dicari solusinya. PENDAHULUAN Peningkatan permintaan masyarakat terhadap produk-produk peternakan khususnya pada daging sapi menunjukkan bahwa kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pemenuhan gizi akan protein hewani semakin meningkat. Namun tingginya permintaan tersebut belum bisa diimbangi dengan peningkatan populasi sapi potong. Laju peningkatan populasi sapi potong menurut Dirjen peternakan pada tahun 2008 hanya sekitar 6%, sedangkan kebutuhan masyarakat tehadap daging sapi meningkat dengan pesat. Kondisi tersebut mengakibatkan adanya kesenjangan antara permintaan dan penawaran (Erick Erlangga, 2012). Menurut Dirjen Peternakan RI, kebutuhan sapi potong nasional pada tahun 2009 mencapai 2,1 juta ekor sapi. Sebanyak 1,1 juta ekor dari kebutuhan tersebut dipasok dari dalam negeri, sedangkan 700 ribu ekor sapi masih harus dipasok dari impor. Dengan asumsi jumlah penduduk Indonesia 240 juta jiwa dan konsumsi daging sapi 1,8 kg/kapita/tahun, saat ini dibutuhkan 432 juta kilogram daging sapi atau jika dikonversikan menjadi sapi hidup setara dengan 2,5 juta ekor sapi. Pemerintah


melalui Kementerian Pertanian tengah gencar menyukseskan program swasembada daging sapi yang harus dicapai pada tahun 2014. Karena itu, ketersediaan daging sapi diharapkan seluruhnya berasal dari dalam negeri, tidak perlu impor lagi. Jika diasumsikan jumlah penduduk seperti pada tahun 2010 dengan peningkatan konsumsi daging sapi 10 kg/kapita/tahun, paling tidak perlu tersedia 10 juta ekor sapi setiap tahun (drh. Samsul Fikar dan Dadi Ruhyadi, 2010). Berdasarkan analisa dalam Lampiran Permentan No.19 Tahun 2010 tentang Pedoman Umum Program Swasembada Daging Sapi 2014 disampaikan bahwa jika tidak ada upaya maka produksi daging sapi domestik menurun menjadi 47,6% dan tentunya akan menyebabkan ketergantungan daging impor semakin tinggi. Program swasembada daging sapi 2014 menargetkan bahwa kebutuhan daging sapi pada tahun 2014 dipenuhi dari komposisi 90% berasal dari produksi domestik dan 10% dari luar negeri. Dalam Renstra Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 20102014 menyebutkan program pemerintah ini harus mendapatkan dukungan dari instansi terkait. Pada kementerian BUMN dalam renstra tersebut diharapkan dapat berkontribusi dalam program swasembada daging sapi melalui : (i)

Pemanfaatan dana CSR dari BUMN untuk bidang peternakan

(ii)

Pengembangan sistem integrasi kelapa sawit dan sapi potong (SISKA)

(iii)

Mendorong pengembangan sub sistem pembibitan oleh swasta/BUMN, dan

(iv)

Dukungan penggunaan pupuk organik asal ternak. Hal inilah yang menjadikan program integrasi sawit dan sapi harus dilaksanakan di Perkebunan Nusantara yang ada komoditas kelapa sawitnya (Sawit Media, 2012).

Proyek ternak sapi yang dikembangkan oleh PTPN-VI merupakan bagian dari program Kementerian BUMN dalam rangka mendukung Program Swasebada Daging Nasional pada tahun 2014, dimana Kementerian BUMN mencanangkan Program SaSa (Integrasi Sapi-Sawit) dengan target 100.000 ekor sapi pada tahun 2012. Dahlan Iskan selaku Menteri BUMN telah menugaskan BUMN Perkebunan sebanyak 11 perusahaan yang mempunyai kebun kelapa sawit untuk beternak sapi. Dengan surat No. S-240/MBU/2012 tanggal 9 Mei 2012 setiap BUMN diberikan alokasi jumlah ternak, yaitu PTPN I-VIII, XIII, XIV dan PT RNI masing sebanyak 3.000, 5.000, 15.000, 15.000, 12.000, 10.000, 10.000, 5.000, 10.000, 5.000 dan 10.000. Total seluruhnya ada 100.000 ekor sapi pada tahun 2012. Dahlan Iskan bahkan mengharapkan jumlah ini akan terus bertambah seiring waktu. Namun demikian, program SaSa harus dilaksanakan dengan mekanisme korporasi dan menjadi profitcentre di masing-masing PTPN.


PELAKSANAAN INTEGRASI SAWIT- SAPI DI PTP. NUSANTARA VI (PERSERO) Tempat Integrasi Sapi Sawit di PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI (Persero) dimulai dengan mendirikan Unit Usaha Integrasi Sapi Sawit (UU.ISS) pada bulan Februari 2012 dengan struktur organisasi berikut ini:

Tabel 1. Struktur organisasi UU.ISS

Lokasi pengembangan usaha integrasi sawit sapi PTP. Nusantara VI (Persero) di Desa Muaro Sebo Kecamatan Jaluko Kabupaten Muaro Jambi, memiliki aksesibilitas sangat baik dengan jalan masuk sekitar 2 km dari jalan raya Ness berupa jalan aspal dengan jarak dari pasar sasaran potensial (konsumen) relatif dekat yaitu Kota Jambi (±35 km), Sengeti (±18 km) dan Muaro Bulian ± 9 km. Lokasi untuk UU.ISS memanfaatkan lokasi eks. pabrik pengolahan karet (CRF) ± 7 Ha yang sudah tidak beroperasi ± 5 tahun karena petani plasma alih-komoditi dari karet ke kelapa sawit. Terdapat banyak infra-struktur ex CRF yang masih ada dan dapat dimanfaatkan, dengan sedikit ubahan, penataan dan penambahan, menjadikan tempat ini cukup ideal untuk usaha peternakan. Dengan luasan lokasi ± 7 Ha, menjadikan tempat ini sebagai salah satu instalasi yang sangat mendukung tumbuhkembangnya usaha peternakan. Pada sisi lain UU. ISS ini juga relatif dekat dengan sumber input pakan utama (pelepah sawit) ± 6 km dari areal perkebunan milik PTPN-VI di Unit Usaha Batanghari. Ras Bakalan Sapi Sapi yang dikelola adalah ras sapi Bali dan PO (Peranakan Ongole), serta sebagian kecil jenis Simental, FH (Fries Holstein), dan lain-lain. Sapi yang dikelola berjumlah 2.000 ekor dengan komposisi 70% penggemukan (fattening) dan 30% pembiakan (breeding). Bakalan sapi tersebut dibeli dari Sentra Pembibitan Sapi di Indonesia dan telah mendapat rekomendasi dari Pemerintah (Dinas Peternakan). Bakalan sapi yang dibeli berumur minimal 12 bulan. Pemilihan bakalan sapi jenis lokal ini disebabkan karena daya adaptifnya terhadap lingkungan cukup baik serta tahan terhadap perubahan jenis pakan.


Gambar 1. Sapi Bali

Gambar 2. Sapi PO

Sistem Perkandangan Penggemukan dan pembiakan dilakukan dengan sistem intensif yaitu sapi tetap berada di kandang, tidak digembalakan diluar kandang. Digunakan sistem kandang koloni/komunal yaitu model kandang yang menempatkan beberapa ekor ternak secara bebas tanpa diikat dengan norma 3 m2 per ekor sapi. Untuk alas kandang diberikan fiber hasil by product dari pabrik kelapa sawit. Keunggulan Sistem Kandang Koloni adalah (i) Efisiensi penggunaan tenaga kerja, satu orang anak kandang mengelola 100-150 ekor sapi, (ii) Tidak membutuhkan pengamatan khusus terhadap aktivitas reproduksinya karena ternak kawin sendiri dan (iii) Pembersihan feses 3-4 kali dalam 1 tahun.

Gambar 3. Kandang Koloni

Gambar 4. Fiber sebagai alas kandang

PAKAN Daya Dukung Kebun Kelapa Sawit Perkebunan kelapa sawit adalah lumbung bahan pakan yang “tidur” yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal untuk mendukung percepatan peningkatan populasi sapi di Indonesia. Selama ini pelepah sawit yang sudah dipotong hanya diletakkan di antara barisan kelapa sawit, yang akan mengalami dekomposisi alami dengan proses yang cukup lama. Pemanfaatan pelepah kelapa sawit sebagai bahan pakan


memberikan nilai tambah bagi usaha peternakan dan bagi ketersediaan pupuk organik yang lebih cepat dan praktis. Walaupun demikian, jumlah pelepah yang bisa digunakan maksimum hanya 50% dari pelepah yang berasal dari proses panen, sisanya harus tetap berada di kebun untuk mencegah erosi dan untuk mempertahankan iklim mikro tanaman. Dengan asumsi tersebut maka 1 ha kebun kelapa sawit dapat mensuplai hijauan untuk 1 ekor sapi. Sumber pelepah UU.ISS berasal UU.Batang Hari yang jaraknya + 7,2 km. Luas efektif UU.Batang Hari adalah 2.025 Ha sehingga dapat mensuplai hijauan untuk 2.000 ekor sapi. Formula Pakan Melalui pola Integrasi Sawit Sapi, pelepah sawit akan menjadi komponen utama sebagai pengganti hijauan rumput, ditambah dengan by product dari pabrik kelapa sawit berupa bungkil inti sawit, onggok, dedak padi, molasses, garam, dan kapur. Pakan tersebut diberikan 2 kali sehari dengan formula pakan seperti terlihat dalam Tabel 2, sebagai berikut : Pada saat ini penelitian susunan dan komposisi pakan terus menerus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan formulasi yang ideal yang bekerja sama dengan Dinas Peternakan, Balai Penelitian Sapi Potong dan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi.


Berikut ini disajikan proses pembuatan pakan :

Batang Pelepah

Bungkil Inti Sawit Onggok

Mixer

Daun Pelepah

Pengangkutan Pelepah

Cacahan pelepah

Molases

Ransum Siap Makan Gambar 5. Proses Pembuatan Pakan

Tabel 2. Komposisi Pakan

Choper

Dedak

Garam


Pemeliharaan ternak Pemeliharaan ternak yang baik merupakan salah satu tahapan kegiatan penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan integrasi sapi sawit. Kegiatan pemeliharaan mencakup tahapan persiapan dan perawatan. Sapi yang baru tiba di peternakan harus diberi perlakuan khusus utuk mengembalikan kondisi yang menurun akibat stress setelah menempuh perjalanan. Pemberian vitamin dan obat cacing diberikan ketika sapi baru tiba dipeternakan. Periode penggemukan adalah 120-160 hari, dan perlu penanganan khusus seperti dari persiapan kandang, penimbangan, pemotongan kuku, pemandian sampai dengan pemberian multivitamin dan suplemen makanan lainnya untuk meningkatkan vitalitas sapi yang digemukkan. Sapi perlu dikelompokkan berdasarkan ukuran tubuhnya untuk mencegah persaingan agar tidak terjadi sapi yang kecil tidak mendapat jatah pakan. PERKEMBANGAN DAN HASIL Pertambahan Bobot Pengamatan pertumbuhan sapi Bali dan PO dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3 dan Tabel 4. Sapi Bali dan PO yang ada menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kenaikan berat badan. Hal ini akibat adanya perbedaan keseragaman bakalan sapi yang berakibat kenaikan berat badan harian sapi tidak seragam. Bakalan sapi berasal dari kelompok tani yang beragam sehingga seleksi saat penerimaan sapi mutlak harus dilakukan. UU.ISS telah melakukan pengelompokkan sapi berdasarkan kelas seperti terlihat dalam Tabel 3 dan Tabel 4 berikut ini.

Tabel 3. Kolompok Sapi Bali

Tabel 4. Kolompok Sapi PO

Pembiakan Untuk pembiakan, sampai dengan bulan September 2013, induk sapi bali berjumlah 259 ekor yang telah menghasilkan 93 ekor anakan dan terdapat 175 ekor induk yang


dalam keadaan bunting. Sementara itu terdapat induk sapi PO sebanyak 280 ekor yang telah menghasilkan anakan sebanyak 77 ekor dan diantaranya 150 ekor induk dalam keadaan bunting. Sehingga diperoleh 170 ekor anakan (32,1%) dan 325 ekor (61,3%) induk yang bunting. Produksi Kompos Kotoran sapi basah yang dihasilkan per hari per ekor sapi rata-rata 7 kg dan waktu pembongkaran kotoran sapi dilakukan 3 bulan sekali. Selama periode tersebut, sapi tidak dimandikan dan tidak terlihat mengalami penyakit gangguan kulit atau penyakit lainnya. Kompos eks.kotoran sapi yang telah dibongkar, pada saat ini telah dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik pada areal TBM dan TM dengan dosis 50 kg/pokok. Dosis tersebut berdasarkan rekomendasi dari Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, didasarkan dari hasil analisa kotoran sapi oleh laboratorium Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Hasil analisa eks.kotoran sapi dapat dilihat pada tabel 5 dibawah ini : Tabel 5. Hasil Analisa eks.Kotoran Sapi Parameter Nitrogen P2O5 total K2O MgO CaO Fe2O3 S B Cu Mn Zn pH C.Organik Kadar Air

Satuan % % % % % % % Ppm % Ppm % %

Hasil Uji 1,78 0,37 0,36 0,48 1,06 0,19 Negatif 0,05 46 0,01 33 8,82 51,79 64,49

Metode Uji SNI 2803.2010 SNI 2803.2010 SNI 2803.2010 AAS AAS AAS Gravimetri Spektrofotometri AAS AAS AAS Potensiometri Gravimetri SNI 02.2804.2005

Kompos eks.kotoran sapi telah diaplikasikan di Unit Usaha Batanghari (UU.BHR) mulai bulan September 2012 dan berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan rata-rata berat tandan seperti yang terlihat pada tabel 6 berikut ini. Tabel 6. Aplikasi Kotoran Sapi di UU.BHR

Pada saat ini, juga sedang dilakukan penelitian untuk membuat pupuk majemuk organik asal kotoran sapi bekerja sama dengan Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS). Formula Pakan Formula pakan yang dipakai telah beberapa kali mengalami perubahan, dan berikut ini merupakan hasil analisa formula pakan yang dilakukan oleh laboratorium Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi yang dapat dilihat pada tabel 7 berikut ini:

“Oil Palm – Livestock Integration towards a Sustainable and Future Oil Palm Plantatation Management System” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tabel 7. Hasil Analisa Formula Pakan

Uraian

Berat Kering

Abu

%

55,04

7,25

Lemak Kasar Serat kasar 2,80

24,75

Protein Kasar 11,84

Hasil penggunaan komposisi pakan ini berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan berat badan harian sapi. Komposisi pakan ini terus menerus disempurnakan bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi dan Balai Penelitian Sapi Potong Grati untuk mendapatkan komposisi pakan ideal. Pengembangan UU.ISS. Pengadaan sapi bakalan tahap II untuk penggemukan oleh PTP. Nusantara VI (Persero) akan kembali direalisasikan pada bulan November dan Desember 2013 sebanyak 1.000 ekor. Untuk mempercepat upaya pemenuhan target penyediaan daging sapi domestik, selain pengembangan melalui perusahaan BUMN Perkebunan, juga diupayakan dengan menyertakan masyarakat melalui proyek kemitraan terpadu. Proyek kemitraan terpadu penggemukan sapi di PTPN –VI dirancang sebanyak 1.000 ekor untuk Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dan Kabupaten Batanghari. Pertimbangan pemilihan kabupaten ini karena letak geografisnya yang berdekatan dengan lokasi kebun inti (UU. Batanghari) dan UU ISS. Setiap anggota direncanakan mendapat 5 ekor ternak sapi yang bergabung dalam kelompok peternak. KESIMPULAN: 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

Pelepah sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pakan sapi dengan formulasi tambahan konsentrat lain. Peningkatan bobot harian rata-rata bervariasi sesuai kualitas bakalan, untuk sapi Bali dapat mencapai 0,7 – 1,0 kg/hari sedangkan sapi PO dapat mencapai 1,2 kg/hari. Kotoran sapi dapat langsung dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik dengan dosis 50 kg/pokok dan saat ini sedang dalam tahap penelitian pembuatan pupuk majemuk organik yang diperkirakan dapat mengurangi dosis pupuk anorganik. Untuk swasembada, diperlukan upaya aktif penyediaan sapi bakalan untuk penggemukan , penyebaran informasi dan peningkatan ketrampilan/teknik breeding guna mempercepat penyebaran usaha penggemukan ternak sapi. Perlu dikembangkan sistem kemitraan dengan peternak dan petani sekitar perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk ikut dalam program penggemukan dan pembiakan sapi. Untuk itu diperlukan peran serta semua pihak dan institusi yang terkait guna mendukung terlaksananya kegiatan tersebut.

Untuk percepatan upaya mencapai swasembada daging sapi, dibutuhkan stimulasi dari Pemerintah untuk kemudahan mendapatkan ternak bakalan yang murah


ANIMAL ADAPTATION TO DIFFERENT CLIMATES, FEEDS, AND AGRO-FORESTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (Paper given at the International Conference on Oil Palm and Livestock Integration on March 6th, 2014 at the University of Jambi, Indonesia) Bob Orskov Macaulay Land Use Research Institutes, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Adaptation of Ruminants to Different Climates It is a great pleasure for me to have the opportunity to speak at so important a meeting. After many visits, I have some experience of this topic in Indonesia along with that gained in visits to countries in Africa, South America and other parts of Asia. I have been concerned mostly with ruminants and would like to show some pictures which illustrate the title of the lecture.

Adaptation to low oxygen climates This is something I first came across on the Tibetan Plateau in China where they keep a type of cattle called Yak. It is around 3000-4000m above sea level, oxygen level is low but the animals are adapted to it. It is an area where we humans have difficulty in moving fast whereas the yak on the other hand cannot thrive at lower levels where the oxygen concentration is higher. They are normal in their natural habitat.

Adaptation to high temperatures It is often the case that animals from Europe, due to their high milk yields or growth rates, are sold to farmers in the tropics. I have so often seen such animals, unable to adapt to their new environment, panting like dogs, very uncomfortable and eventually dying , or at least in the case of dairy animals, having much decreased milk yield and ceasing to reproduce. On the other hand in countries such as Israel I have seen cattle from cool areas such as Europe being kept, but in air-conditioned housing. They have in effect changed the climate to meet the animals needs. This can work but is generally too expensive for most farmers!


Adaptation to low temperatures As shown above, cattle or goats in Europe do not like high temperatures. Their milk yields are generally higher as they are able to eat more. This also helps to keep them warm as at least 50% of the metabolizable energy has to be dissipated as heat.

Adaptation of Ruminants to Different Feeds

Adaptation to low feed availability. In most parts of the world feed availability varies with climate. In most of Europe extra feedstuffs are harvested in the Summer and stored for use in the Winter. In tropical areas the animals are adapted to store feed as fat in various parts of the body such as the large tails in the Awassi sheep and the hump of the Bos Indicus, Cattle on the whole are less able to cope with long periods of starvation than sheep and goats due to the loss of protein from their bodies. Camels, of course, are the most adapted to periods of starvation, having lived in the dessert for a long time and are able to eat a lot when food is available , storing it in the hump for lean times.

Adaptation to high or low fibre diets. Ruminants have evolved to feed microbes in the rumen so the rumen is generally very large and consequently they can tolerate and consume a lot of fibrous feedstuffs. In Europe, where the animals are often fed a large amount of concentrate, the rumen does not need to be very large so the killing out % of meat of the slaughtered animal is higher. Sometimes these cattle are exported to countries where they are required to eat more fibre and where concentrate is very expensive. Subsequently these animals do not thrive as the rumen is too small to accommodate the quantity necessary in a high fibre diet.

Adaptation to wet areas Here, of course we must consider the buffaloes – they are so well adapted to heir environment. Often the grass they feed in or near rivers is low in nitrogen but the buffaloes have adapted to be efficient in recycling urea to the rumen for the microbes, consequently urinary N is lower. They even recycle purines which in other ruminants are normally execreted.


Adaptation of Ruminants to Different Agro-Forestry Management Systems Adaption to grazing under coconut trees I first became involved with this in Sri Lanka where we found to our surprise that the owners of coconut plantations let small farmers graze their cattle under the trees at no charge! We did an experiment to measure the effect of the grazing on the coconut yield and found it increased by 20%. Simply by grazing the water holding capacity of the soil increased. No need to charge!

Adaptation to grazing under oil palm trees This is probably the

topic of most interest to this meeting, being a subject

where you already have much experience. I became involved with grazing under oil palms in Malaysia some years ago and here the yield of oil palms increased by about 20% when cattle and goats grazed under them. So what about Sumatra? I have a little experience with colleagues from Yogyakarta and the principles would seem to be the same! I believe in Indonesia you have between 5 and 10 million ha. in oil palm and then to my surprise I learn that you import thousands of cattle from Australia to fatten on large farms on relatively costly good quality feedstuffs. I can’t help wondering why you don’t graze more cattle under oil palms! It seems to me that Indonesia should be exporting cattle rather than importing them.

Perhaps one day someone will tell me the answer.


Pak DAHLAN


FEEDING STRATEGIES FOR CATTLE-OILPALM INTEGRATION SYSTEM - GANTI 1

A.R. Alimon1and M. W. Zahari2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu,Kelantan,Malaysia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Malaysia imports more than 70% of her requirements for beef. Among the many strategies to increase cattle production in Malaysia includes raising beef cattle under oil plantation, a system commonly called integration system. By definition, integration means having one or more activities that complement each other with the objective of increasing productivity from same area of land. In livestock-tree crops integration system, animals are placed under the tree crops whereby they can partly obtain their feed from undergrowths (grasses, weeds and shrubs) whether permanently grazed or partially during the day, while the tree crops benefit through manure input, less weeds and improved soil texture. Grazing the under growths reduces the costs of feeding the animals and at the same time keeping the grass and weeds down. Typically, integration system makes full use of the land under crops and improving the soil through manure fertilization and weeding. However, there no standard rules and guidelines to achieve optimum integration as there are other factors to consider, such as the stocking rate, amount of feed supplementation, and the type of animals. Traditionally, it has been accepted that plantation crops like oil palm, rubber, treefruits and coconuts are suitable , verily because these tree when mature have higher canopy than cattle such that cattle are not able to reach for the leaves, hence avoiding damage to the tree crops. However, the age of these tree-crops are important as at the early non-productive stage this practice may not feasible as most of the leaves of tree crops are palatable to cattle, goats and sheep. Animals under integration system are subject to various environmental conditions and variable and inconsistent supply of forages. Weatherconditions affect the yield of forages under the trees. Under tropical conditions, rainy season encourages growth of forage under the oil palm plantation, while dry and drought slows down the growing process, hence the supply of forages may be limited. Furthermore, the plants that are able to grow under oil palm are usually shade tolerant, subsequently limited to few species, some of which are not palatable.Shade tolerant plants tend to be slow growing and low dry matter yield. It is inevitable that cattle or other ruminants need to be supplemented to ensure they get sufficient energy and protein for maintenance and growth. Under integration system the choice of concentrate is important so that the costs of feeding can be reduced. Usually cattle under oil palm are supplemented with by-products of oil palm milling, such as palm kernel cake, palmoil decanter cake and palm oil sludge. While these products are easily available the costs can vary due to transportation. In all, with proper management, careful rotational grazing and some supplementation cattle-oil palm integration can contribute to the added income from the same area of crops. Keywords: integration, oil palm plantation, beef cattle, forages, undergrowths, nutrient intake


Pak LUKI


INTAKE, DIGESTION AND METABOLISM OF CATTLE FED LOW QUALITY FORAGE SUPPLEMENTED WITH PALM KERNEL MEAL MarsetyoA, D.P. PoppiB and S.R. McLennanC A

Department of Animal Sciences, Tadulako University Palu, Central Sulawesi, 94118, Indonesia, phone :+6281325642336 Email address: [email protected] B School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Queensland, Australia C The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia Abstract Palm kernel meal (PKM) is moderately high in protein content, relatively inexpensive, leading to its widespread use as a protein supplement for beef cattle. However, due to its high lipid content, it can potentially depress the intake and digestion of the forage component of a diet when fed as a supplement presumably through changes in the rumen microbial population. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing intake of PKM on feed intake and digestion and on by cattle. Five Santa Gertrudis crossbred steers (body weight (W) 310±12 (SE) kg) were allocated randomly to five different level of PKM (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0% W, dry matter (DM) basis) in an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square, with three runs. Each run consisted of a 14 d adaptation period in pens and a 7 d collection period in metabolism cages. Steers received Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum and drinking water was available at all times. Parameters measured include feed intake, digestibility, rumen ammonia (NH3-N) concentration and pH and plasm urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration in the blood. Data were analysed using Genstat a general linear model. The result showed that PKM supplement was low palatability with most steers consuming less than 0.5% W/d. The daily hay DM intake declined linearly (P<0.05) from 2.03%W/d to 0.79%W/d, with increasing PKM supplementation. The daily total DM intake was not changed (P>0.05) by PKM supplementation with mean value 1.76% W/d. There was a significant quadratic effect of increasing intake of PKM (P<0.01) supplement on the total digestibility of OM (OMD) or NDF (NDFD). There was no significant effects on rumen NH3-N concentration, rumen pH and PUN of increasing the intake of PKM with the mean values of 44.85 mg/L, 6.93 and 4.49 mg/d, respectively. In short, PKM supplementation on steers fed low quality associated with the depression of hay intake and therefore failed to increase digestibe organic matter intake which may associated high lipid content of PKM. Key word : digestion, intake, palm kernel meal INTRODUCTION Ruminants given tropical forages as single diet often encounter low metabolisable energy (ME) intake which then resulted in the low of animal performance due to a low voluntary intake and low digestibility of forage. The underlying causes of this low voluntary intake and low digestibility of forage by ruminants include physical and metabolic constraints such as nutrient imbalances,


high indigestible fibre content in the diet, low gut capacity and inability of tissues to metabolise all available nutrients (Forbes, 1996). Under conditions of nutrient deficiency, supplementary feeding with concentrates provides one option to increase both microbial growth in the rumen, and also nutrient intake by the animal (Nolan et al., 1986; Orskov, 1999). Many factors to consider in choosing concentrates for ruminants including price, availability and animal acceptability. The use of PKM as supplements for ruminants not only provides relatively inexpensive feed but also provides an option for rectifying nutrient deficiencies. PKM is the main by-product of palm kernel oil extraction from the nut of the palm tree (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). This product contains medium crude protein that suitable for cattle feedstuff. PKM is also high potential feed to contribute current cattle feed requirement and to support beef self suffifiency program in Indonesia. This is because Indonesia as the the largest producer and exporter of palm oil and its byproduct, due to the expanding of cultivation of palm tree and remendous growth of the oil palm industry. About 2.3 million tons of PKM are produced per year (FAO, 2012). However, the use of PKM as ruminant feed is often restricted by its high fibrous and lipid content. Previous study (Mak et al., 1985) indicated that PKM contain high residual kernel oil, which might cause rancidity and thus affect palatability. This experiment is therefore to examine the effect of increasing level of PKM on cattle fed low quality forage on intake, digestion and metabolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental design, animals and diets The experiment was conducted at the University of Queensland Mt Cotton Research Farm (153 014’East, 27 053’South) Queensland, Australia. Five Santa Gertrudis crossbred steers, approximately 20-22 months of age and weighing 310  12 (SE) kg were allocated to PKM level on the basis of unfasted liveweight. Prior to experiment, there was an acclimatisation phase of 15 d pre-adaptation period in which the steers became accustomed to their supplements. At the beggining of this period, steers were injected with Ivomec (10 g/L Ivermectin, Merck and Co. Inc. White House Station, New Jersey USA) to control of internal and external parasites. The experimental design used was an incomplete 5x5 Latin Squares which consited of five levels of supplement feeding equivalent to 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 % W of PKM as treatment and repeated 3 runs, so there was one steer per treatment level per run. Steers were allocated randomly to a different level of PKM in each run and were fed their diet in individual pens over a 14 d adaptation period and an individual metabolism crates for 7 d collection period. At the comencement of the preliminary and collection period, the steers were weighed to adjust the new weight with PKM allocation. The allocation of PKM offered was based on dry matter content of PKM. The hay was offered ad libitum and given two times a day in two different portions at 0800 h and 1200 h. The PKM were given once a day at 0730 h and given separately to the hay. Fresh drinking water provided at all times.

Measuremet and Chemical analysis


Feed intake was measured on daily basis, while sub-samples of the hay and PKM offered to all steers each day during the collection period were collected and bulked then analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), analysis (AOAC, 1990) and NDF and ADF (Goering and Van Soest, 1970). However, sub-samples of feed offered and hay and PKM refused each animal were taken every day and analysed for DM content (AOAC, 1990) and ether extract (EE) content by using a solvent extraction unit (Soxtec HT6, Tecator, Sweden). The digestibility of OM and NDF were determined using the data of feed intake and faecal output which was measured by total collection into individual trays placed under the metabolism crates. The samples rumen of fluid for measurement of NH3-N concentration and pH were taken 3 h after feeding on the last day of collection period each run by inserting a plastic tube from the mouth down into the rumen. The rumen fluid samples were withdrawed by using a small vacuum pump. pH of ruminal fluid was measured and recorded immediately from the fresh fluid after sampling. The concentration of NH3N of rumen fluid was measured from a 20 mL of sub-sample containing 0.2 mL placed in tubes (10 mL capacity). A distillation method using a Buchi 321 distillation unit and an automatic titrator was used to determine the concentration of NH3-N of rumen fluid. The blood were taken from the jugular vein of each steer at 3 h after feeding on the last day of the collection period of each run to determine plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). The urea concentration in the samples was then calculated using the formula proposed by Tiffany et al. (1972) from the regression of the line. Statistical analysis The effects of PKM supplementation were analysed by general linear models with pen, run, and supplement level as terms using Genstat 6th edition program (Lawes Agricultural Trust, 2002). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical composition of feed The hay used for experiment consited of 882 g DM, 912 g OM, 74 g CP, 699 g ash-free NDF, 386 g ash-free ADF and 16 g EE/kg DM. PKM comprised of 864 g, 959 g OM, 17.6 g CP, 626 g NDF, 378 g ADF and 108 g EE/kg DM. Intake, digestion and metabolism Intakes of PKM were highly variable with most steers consuming less than 0.5% W/d. No animals showed any signs of ill-health during experimental periods. The mean DM intakes for the three control steers during the collection period was 1.89  0.12% W/d. The daily hay DM intake declined linearly (P<0.05) with increasing PKM supplementation. The daily total DM intake was not changed (P>0.05) by PKM supplementation. It was observed that all steers showed poor acceptability of PKM and could not reach the allocated level, even at the low rates of feeding. Previous study (Baumont, 1996) suggested that the failure of an animal to consume the required level


of supplement may be attributed to the low palatability of a supplement. PKM contain high residual kernel oil, which might cause rancidity and thus affect palatability (Mak et al., 1985). McDonald et al. (1995) noted that PKM is dry, gritty and has low protein and a poor amino acid balance, which causes the feed to be unpalatable. In addition, Salam Abdullah and Rajion (1997), reported that PKM contains anti-nutritional factors such as saponins, copper and phytic acid, which may affect animal acceptability and metabolism. In addition, The high lipid content in PKM (108 g/kg DM), may have inhibited rumen fermentation and thus fibre digestion, which in turn, may have led to the decrease of basal diet intake. There was a significant quadratic effect of increasing intake of PKM (P<0.01) supplement on OMD or NDFD. The individual values for total OMD and NDFD are given in Table 1. An initial increase in OMD and NDFD were observed for the low level of PKM intake, which was presumably a result of a higher digestible substrate supply, such as carbohydrate and protein in supplemented steers compared to control steers. The estimated mean OMD and NDFD of PKM were 67 and 70%, respectively. The mean OMD and NDFD were 60.4 and 65.2%, respectively for hay only, which suggests that the supplements had higher digestibility values than hay. However, OMD and NDFD declined at the higher intake of supplements which may have been associated with the high lipid content of the mixed diet. Earlier study (McLennan et al., 1998) demonstrated that when lipid is above 5% of total DM intake there is a depression in hay digestibility. Devendra and Lewis (1974) suggested that the depression in fibre digestibility in conjunction with the high lipid intake was from physical coating of fibre by lipid and therefore microbes had difficulty accessing the feed. There was no significant effect of PKM supplementation on rumen NH3-N concentration (P>0.05) for samples taken 3 h after feeding. The mean values of NH3N concentration of rumen fluid were 44.8  0.62 mg/L. There are several possible reasons for the failure of the supplements to increase rumen NH3-N concentration, including the possible effect of the high fat content of the supplements. Several authors have shown that ruminal NH3-N concentration decreased as more fat was fed to sheep (Van Nevel et al., 1993; Broudiscou et al., 1994). It is possible that the high fat content may inhibit microbial access to feed, thereby reducing N release. Hindle (1995) found that rumen degradation of the protein fraction of PKM was also low. The oil content of PKM is also high (8-10%) (Hindle, 1995). The heat generated by the expeller process is another factor which may reduce the degradability of proteins in PKM in the rumen (Kempton et al., 1977). Similarly, pH of rumen fluid values was not significantly affected by dietary treatments which ranged from 6.9-7.1 and were well within the suggested normal range (Theodorou and France, 1993) of 6-7. Within this pH range the cellulolytic bacteria would be expected to function efficiently (Hegarty et al., 1996). The effect of PKM supplementation on PUN concentration is shown in Table 1. The average concentration of PUN of three control steers was 4.10 mg/dL. PUN concentration was not affected significantly (P>0.05) by increasing the proportion of PKM in the diet. PUN concentration was associated with concentration of NH3-N in the rumen and absorption of ammonia across the rumen wall. However, in the current experiment, no significant effect of increasing PKM intake on rumen NH3-N concentration. CONCLUSIONS


There was the low palatability of PKM supplement which are associated with high rates of substitution for PKM at all level. This may be associated with the impact of the high lipid content of PKM and their effect rumen fermentation. Although the total tract digestibility of OM and NDF increased at low levels of supplementation, further increases failed to increase the digestibility values. As a consequence, the overall digestible organic matter intake were not increased by PKM supplementation, suggesting no advantage in terms of nutrient supply attributable to this supplement with low quality roughage. REFERENCES AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th edn. (Association of Official analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA) Baumont, R. 1996. Palatability and feeding behaviour in ruminants. A review. Ann. Zootech. 45:385-400. Broudiscou, L., S. Pochet and C. Poncet. 1994. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on feed degradation and microbial synthesis in the rumen of ciliate-free and refaunated sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 49:189-202. Devendra, C. and D. Lewis. 1974. Fat in the ruminant diet: review. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 44:917-938. FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Forbes, J.M. 1996. Integration of regularly signals controlling forage intake in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 74:3029-3035. Goering, H.K. and P.J. Van Soest, 1970. Forage fibre analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agriculture Handbook No. 379. (USDA, Agricultural Research Service: Washington, DC) Hegarty, R., I. Godwin and J.V. Nolan. 1996. Animal Metabolism, Digestion and Nutrition. Department of Animal Science. The University of New England. Armidale, Australia. Hindle, V.A., A. Steg, A.M. van Vuuren and J. Vroons-de Bruin. 1995. Rumen degradation and post-ruminal digestion of palm kernel by-products in dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci.Tech. 51:103-121. Kempton, T.J., J.V. Nolan and R.A. Leng 1977. Principles for the use of non-protein nitrogen and by-pass proteins in diets of ruminants. Word Anim. Rev., 22:210. Lawes Agricultural Trust, 2002. Genstat 6th Edition for Windows. Version 6.1. Numerical Algorithms Group. Oxford. Mak, T.K., R.I. Hutagalung, T. Togimin and S. Dass. 1985. Performance of Hereford crossbred and Kedah-Kelantan cattle fed a palm kernel cake-based ration. Pertanika, 8:53-57. McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Greenhalgh, and C.A. Morgan. 1995. Animal Nutrition. 5th Ed. Longmans, London England. McLennan S.R., A.W. Plasto, V.J. Doogan and R.D. Dillon. 1998. Whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal supplements for cattle given a hay-based diet. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 22:111-114. Nolan, J.V., G.J. Lee, D.W. Hennessy and R.A. Leng 1986. Metabolic responses to supplementation in growing ruminants consuming low digestibility fibrous diets. In: Nuclear and Related Techniques in Animal Production and Health. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. pp. 439-455.


Orskov, E.R. 1999. Supplement strategies for ruminants and management of feeding to maximise utilisation of roughages. Prev. Vet. Med. 38:179-185. Salam Abdullah, A. and M.A. Rajion. 1997. Dietary factors affecting entero-hepatic function of ruminants in the tropics. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 69:79-90. Theodorou, M.K. and J. France. 1993. Rumen microorganism and their interactions. In: Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, Eds. J.M. Forbes and J. France. CAB International, Wallingford, England. pp.145-163. Tiffany, T.O., J.M. Jansen, C.A. Burtis, J.B. Overton and C.D. Scott. 1972. Enzymatic kinetic rate and end-point analysis of substrate by use of a Gem SAEC fast analyzer. Clin. Chem. 18:829-840. Van Nevel, C., D. Demeyer and S. De Smet 1993. Digestion in defaunated and refaunated sheep fed soybean oil hydrolysate or crushed roasted soybeans. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 41:205-219. Tabel 1. Effect of feeding supplements of palm kernel meal (PKM) on the intake of hay dry matter intake (HDMI), total dry matter intake (TDMI), organic matter digestibility (OMD), neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD), rumen NH3-N, rumen fluid pH and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) , by steers fed Rhodes grass hay over a 7 d collection period PKM Rumen Intake HDMI TDMI OMD NDFD RumenNH3- fluid PUN (%W/d) (%W/d) (% W/d) (%) (%) N (mg/L) pH (mg/d) 0.00 1.66 1.66 58.8 64.3 40.9 7.3 3.2 0.00 1.98 1.98 61.5 64.7 41.3 7.2 3.5 0.00 2.03 2.03 61.0 66.5 42.7 7.3 3.4 0.07 1.94 2.01 64.0 67.7 43.4 7.2 3.4 0.12 1.88 2.00 65.8 68.1 48.7 6.5 4.3 0.18 1.48 1.66 65.9 68.5 44.4 7.2 3.8 0.19 1.78 1.97 65.9 70.0 43.9 6.8 3.9 0.21 1.52 1.72 68.9 71.3 45.3 6.4 4.3 0.23 1.41 1.64 66.9 69.1 48.4 6.8 4.0 0.25 1.13 1.37 66.4 68.9 43.6 7.1 4.9 0.29 1.43 1.72 67.3 69.7 46.4 6.4 6.2 0.33 1.39 1.73 65.8 68.6 47.7 7.3 4.8 0.49 1.24 1.72 63.9 66.1 44.4 6.8 5.1 0.57 0.97 1.54 63.8 65.9 44.4 6.8 6.0 0.72 0.79 1.65 63.3 64.7 47.2 6.9 6.6 PL 0.10 <0.01 <0.01 0.13 0.12 0.01 0.23 PQ 0.22 0.14 0.21 0.26 <0.01 <0.01 0.36 *= Observed probability for linear (L) or quadratic (Q) effects of increasing PKM = Probability relationship used in bold PALM OIL SUSTAINABILITY PARTNERSHIP: IMPLEMENTATION AND CONNECTION WITH FARMERS INCOME


Ernawati HD and Zakky Fathoni Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jambi Jl. Raya Jambi - Muara Bulian Km 12, Mendalo Darat, Jambi 36361 0741-583051; [email protected] Abstract Partnership is a business strategy that performed by two or more parties in a certain period to obtain the benefits together with the principle of mutual need and mutual rearing. The study aims to observe and assess the implementation of the oil palm agribusiness partnerships and analyze the level of farmers' income. This research used a survey method. Descriptive analysis is used in data analysis, to provide an overview of the implementation of partnerships applied by oil palm plantation companies in Jambi Province. The results showed that agribusiness partnerships that implemented by the palm oil company basically has managed to create independent farmers who can canalize the aspirations of farmers, both in KKPA and PIR Trans pattern. Empirically, the maximum value and benefit aspects of process management partnerships as an indicator of the level of performance partnerships oil palm plantation companies in Jambi Province is quite high, has reached 82.5%. But these facts have not been fully supported by a partnership of cooperation actors, in the sense that the level of achievement of the implementation aspects of the value of partnership firm activities and performance of oil palm plantations has reached approximately 71%

Kata kunci : Oil Palm Agribusiness, Partnership, Income

BACKGROUND Agribusiness partnership is a form of cooperation between small and mediumsized businesses or large businesses along with business coaching and development by medium / large businesses with the principle of mutual need, mutually reinforcing and mutually beneficial. Agribusiness partnership aims to 1) increase the income of small businesses and communities, 2) increase the benefit for the acquisition of partnership actors, 3) improve equity and the empowerment of communities and small businesses, 4) improve rural economic growth and national territory, 5) expand job opportunities and 6) increase the resilience of the national economy. Partnership of oil palm plantation companies and industries in Jambi Province has started with a design such as PIR, creditor and is now famous for its independent partnerships (partnerships that historically generation II / PRP), which form partnerships that have developed between the company (core) with farmers via cooperatives (plasma). When cooperative or farmer stronger, the corporate exploitation to the farmers are not much and vice versa if the farmer or cooperative


are weak, the partnership will give more benefits to oil palm company that will be reflected from the letter of partnership agreement. Asymmetrical and exploitative practices in plantation business partnership relationships, such as decision-making in business activity is determined more by the core companies or other parties (such as governments) that have greater strength, also not optimal on distribution of value-added benefits that should be enjoyed by the farmers make the imbalance of the system led to a partnership. Farmers only act as a complement to the partnership structure Farmer participation, both individually and collectively are still very rare (especially in post-harvest activities) due to limitations in the ability of farmers to follow a high-tech process. Meanwhile, the development of the plantation business partnership is needed, because: 1) the demands of society (local) including redistributing business opportunities, asset production, business benefits to farmers, 2) the global challenges of conducting plantation business, which is "seized" that controls the downstream industry and seize the largest margin industrial production inputs burden of production costs of farmers and planters. The challenges which are faced in the development of plantation system in the framework of the development of agribusiness among others are the limited supply of data and information technology, resources and markets, lack of support and initiatives from various related functions at all levels in the growing interest and participation of the community and the business world. Other challenges in agribusiness development are lack of support infrastructure such as roads, ports, means of communication and transportation in the area of development; tariff and non-tariff barriers, including the application of international trade standards are more rigorous; institutional planters who have established businesses, as well as the emergence of a new competitor countries. In the processing and quality product aspects, the challenges are the absence of an integrated policy between upstream and downstream globally, unavailability of commodities development road map that agreed by all parties and being the reference for them. Product which has good quality still not received proportional incentives/ reasonable, strict demand of consumer for quality requirements, and the low interest of investors to develop the downstream industry since the absence of guarantee for certainty of sustainable business. In the institutional aspect, the challenges are the community cultures that still individuals in managing their plantation, the demand to increase government revenue as VAT for primary products estates, levies, and charges. Other challenges in institutional aspects are absence of institutional commodity with authority / full authority in the development of commodity; and absence of commodity fund raising policies for commodities. METHOD


The design used in this study is descriptive verification, the research aims to gain an overview of the characteristics of the study variables and conduct a careful examination of all variables/indicators of oil palm agribusiness partnerships. Descriptive analysis used to provide an overview of the implementation of the partnership implemented by oil palm plantation companies in Jambi Province. Data analysis is performed by describing the gross income derived by farmers participating in the partnership PIR Trans oil palm plantation company PT. Agrowiyana and PT. KiranaSekernan.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A successful of partnership business strategy is largely determined by the compliance between the partners in running the business ethics. Detailed implementation partnership PIR-Trans (PT Agrowiyana) and creditor (PT Kirana Sekernan) with plasma farmers can be explained as follows:

Tabel 1. Aspects and Indicators of Implementation on KKPA and PIR Trans Patterns

Variable No.. Implementation Partnership 1. Conversion smallholding

Partnership PIR-Trans Before the conversion was not charged loan payments. After the conversion gets 30% cost burden for installment credit.

2. Determination Bank credit can be MOU transferred from the account of the cooperative / plasma to account for distribution to the plasma core in the form of agricultural inputs are channeled through the company. 3. Distribution smallholding

KKPA Before the conversion is charged to credit payments begin on the first harvest. After the conversion gets 30% cost burden for installment credit.

Bank credit can be transferred from the account of the cooperative / plasma to account for distribution to the plasma core in the form of agricultural inputs are channeled through the company.

Determining plots by means Distribution plots established by drawn from a stretch of up cooperatives in collaboration with


to individuals.

the company.

4. Installment / credit smallholding

Installment loans with 30% of the cutting garden products smallholders and farmers receive 70% of the gardens, lasted until the end of the loan installments.

Installment loans with 70% of the cutting garden products smallholders and farmers receive 30% of the garden, done before the conversion. After conversion, the farmer receives 70% and 30% of the product is cut garden installment payment credit.

5. Institutional

PIR Trans has a cooperative 5 to 5 sub units, in cooperation with companies in the areas of: sales TBS, payment for farmers, interest-free loans, and credit deposit.

Patterns KKPA cooperate with one cooperative in the areas of: sales TBS, payment for farmers, lending money without interest, channeling subsidized and non-subsidized fertilizer, and credit deposit. Provide basic food and some snacks.

6. FFB pricing

67% PIR Trans farmers are All farmers KKPA pattern was satisfied with the price set quite satisfied with the price set by by Disbun, 33% other Disbun farmers want the price as high FFB time before the global crisis hit.

7. Production

Production smallholding very varied, due to maintenance activities of each farmer is different.

Production has roughly the same, due to the maintenance of the garden to harvest simultaneously in a single stretch.

8. Payment Systems

Payments or the sale of TBS depend on each KUD, there are 2 weeks and there is 1 month.

Payments or the sale of FFB performed 1 month and salary taken by the head of each farmer groups with payment details and pieces if it has debt, credit, or other purchases through the cooperative.

The income of the farmers is the revenue from the oil palm production that is sold to palm oil factory. It will be processed and produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and palm kernel. One of the most decisive factors on farmers income is the production of oil palm.


Differences in income received by farmers PIR-Trans and KKPA patterns due to the difference in average production, where the average farmer production PIRTrans is greater than the average production of KKPA. The difference is due to the production of the differences between the applications of patterns during maintenance until harvest. In this case a partnership with farmers PIR-Trans plantation company more profitable for farmers in terms of production. Tabel 2. Farmers Average Revenue Per Month PIR-Trans and KKPA

Variables Receipts (IDR) Cost (Rp) Revenue (IDR)

PIR-Trans

KKPA

Difference

5,529,893

5,392,992

136,901

443,597

414,280

29,317

5,086,296

4,978,712

107,584

In its application, the company has always been help farmers to increase production. The company always supervise and provide necessary assistance to farmers to increase production or also to assist farmers in overcoming problems that can interfere with the production of Oil Palm. In addition KUD also plays an active role as an intermediary between the company and farmers. KUD also can help farmers so that farmers can apply for a loan to be able to expand its land bank so that production also increased. In KKPA patterns, the company conducts surveillance on farmers while harvesting, while in a maintenance company did not provide special assistance for farmers to increase production of oil palm. KUD also plays an active role as an intermediary between farmers and companies, it is just the location of the garden with KUD far enough to make farmers cooperatives when it comes to sharing only. Conditions of KKPA farmer who worked in his garden together in one plot also affects farmers' production. In this case,farmers’ creditor patterns always share equally the amount of production obtained in each expanse. So, the amount of production that farmers obtained is relatively similar.

CONCLUSION Agribusiness partnerships implemented by the palm oil company has managed to create independent farmers who can channel the aspirations of farmers, both the


pattern KKPA and PIR Trans. Farmers 'income who has become participants in partnership oil palm plantation companies in Jambi Province is quite high, as demonstrated by the average income of farmers PIR Trans and farmers' income patterns each creditor per month or $ 571.80 USD 5,086,296 and USD 4,978,712 or $ 559.71 (calculated based on the value of $ 1 = USD $ 8895.24 in October 2011). REFERENCE Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2007. Prospek dan Arah Pengembangan Agribisnis Kelapa Sawit. Edisi Kedua. Departemen Pertanian. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, 2007. Pedoman Umum Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan (Kelapa Sawit, Karet dan Kakao). Departemen Pertanian. Ernawati HD., 1994. Peranan PIR Khusus II Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Sungai Bahar dalam Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Batang Hari. Tesis Program Pascasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung. Ernawati HD., 2012. Implementasi Kemitraan Agribisnis Kelapa Sawit dan Analisis Pendapatan Petani Peserta Di Provinsi Jambi. Penelitian Disertasi Doktor, Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung. Herman Haeruman, 2001. Kemitraan dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi lokal: Bunga Rampai. Jakarta: Yayasan Mitra Pembangunan Desa-Kota. Iyung Pahan, 2010. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu hingga Hilir. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. Mohammad Jafar Hafsah. 2000. Kemitraan Usaha: Konsepsi dan Strategi. Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor : 33/Permentan/OT.140/7/2006 tentang Pengembangan Perkebunan Melalui Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan. Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 26 Juli 2006. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 1997 tentang Kemitraan. Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 November 1997. Rante Tondok, A., 1997. Peranan Perkebunan Besar Sebagai Mitra Perkebunan Rakyat. Majalah media Perkebunan, Nomor 15 April 1997. Sihombing, R.S.M, 2004. Kemitraan usaha dalam Pemberdayaan UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) (Studi tentang pelaksanaan kemitraan usaha dalam upaya memberdayakan UKM tenun ulos di Kabupaten Toba Samosir, Sumatera Utara). Tesis Pascasarjana Administrasi Negara Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Soepadiyo Mangoensoekarjo dan Haryono Semangun, 2005. Manajemen Agrobisnis Kelapa Sawit. Gadjah Mada University Press.


Sunarko. 2009. Budidaya dan Pengelolaan Kebun Kelapa Sawit dengan Sistem Kemitraan. Penerbit PT. AgroMedia Pustaka, Jakarta. Undang Fadjar. 2006. Kemitraan Usaha Perkebunan: Perubahan Struktur yang Belum Lengkap. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi. Volume 24 No. 1, Juli 2006: 46 - 60. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2004 tentang Perkebunan. Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tang


VOLUNTARY PAPERS


AGRONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS


ACCOMPLISHMENT TECHNIQUE TO DELIBERATE AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED and WATER BALANCE OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Salwati and Lutfi Izhar Jambi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology Abstract Water balance is a part of the hydrological cycle. Water balance means a process that contains of rainfall as an input and evapotranspiration as one of the outputs. Water balance calculation includes total precipitation on the crop canopy surface and reduced by surface runoff, interception and evapotranspiration by the crop canopy. The water balance calculation result is the infiltration into the soil and becomes soil water content (SWC). This SWC will be used to predict whether the soil still has a reserve of water during seasons. Soil water content is affected by climate condition and soil characteristic. The water balance calculation will provide recommendation whether the land should be treated by a special treatment to overcome water shortages in that area. One of the special treatments could be a "rorak" (gully), placed between oil palm trees with a specific dimension and synchronized with field conditions. This research studies the effects of "rorak" to soil water storage, evapotranspiration and surface runoff. Measurement of soil water content using a sensor that uses the principle of electrical resistance that produces electrical impedance (kΩ) shows the soil water content decreased with time at a depth of 000-100 cm. In contrast to the 100-200 cm depth, soil moisture content increased with time. The control treatment without "rorak" had the highest water loss due to surface runoff that occurred. Although the highest soil moisture storage in the treatment of B-2 which had the largest number of "rorak" where there was a rorak between each line of palm trees, but it had also the highest evapotranspiration. Key words: water balance, interception, soil water content, evapotranspiration


THE IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PLANTATIONS EXPANTION ON FISH DIVERSITY: THE CASE STUDY ON JAMBI LOWLAND AREA Hajar Setyaji1 and Metha Monica2 1)

Agriculture Faculty, 2)Animal Husbandry Faculty, University of Jambi email: [email protected] Abstract

The palm oil sector has created in the past few decades millions of jobs, and is still expanding. Over the next decade for example, the Indonesian government plans to double the annual production of palm oil, creating new jobs for an estimated 1.3 million households. Since 2009 Indonesia become the largest production of crude palm oil on the world. In other hand the transformation of tropical peat forest into palm oil plantations will lead to loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity and will affect the social and cultural basis of forest dependent communities. The aims of the research were to know the impacts of palm oil plantation on fish diversity on lowland area at Jambi Province. Research based on three month (January-March 2013) survey of fisherman yield of fish variety and water quality measurement on three location (Kemantan, Sei Kemantan, Sungai Bengkal District of Tebo, Sei Bahar at Nyogan Mestong District of Muaro Jambi, and Batang Pengabuan river at Muara Papalik District of Tanjung Jabung Barat). Parameter of water quality i.e. nitrate, phosphor, BOD,COD, pH and Total Density solid . Yield of the research showed that water quality on kemantan river better than Seibahar and BatangPengabuan rivers so Kemantan river still good of fish diversity, SeiBaharriver at Nyoganstill fairly and BatangPengabuan at MuaraPapalik has poor on fish diversity. Keywords: oil Palm, fish diversity, lowland


DEVELOPMENT PATTERN OF OIL PALM-CATTLE INTEGRATION IN PTPN VI JAMBI PROVINCE Bustami & Sari Yanti Hayanti Jambi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Email : [email protected]

Abstract Oil palm plantations in Jambi have the potential feed source reasonably available forage grass and the rest of the plantation crops. PTPN VI is a state-owned oil palm companies were commissioned to develop the area under plantation farms. The basic consideration is the development of much of the literature that states that cattle - oil palm integration and achieve mutually beneficial goals and SelfSufficiency Program Beef Buffalo 2014. Development began in February 2012 as many as 50 of cattle seed. Maintenance system is intensive with model development "Grati system". Capacities the cage is 25 individuals (24 females and one stud). The technology used aims to maximize waste palm oil as the main source of feed. Concept cattle business is oil - palm waste is a major source of feed and compost fertilizer products which are directly used to plant oil palm. The results obtained by the integration will increase the cattle population and production of compost. This paper aims to provide information integration development pattern of palm cow in PTPN VI in supporting the achievement of Self-Sufficiency Program Beef and Ox Year 2014. Keywords : Integration, Oil Palm, Cattle, Grati System, Feed and Compost


LIVESTOCK GRAZING CAPACITY OF OIL PALM PLANTATION AREA IN WEST TANJUNG JABUNG Zubir & Sari Yanti Hayanti Jambi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract Oil palm plantations has developed rapidly, including in West Tanjung Jabung. Converting forest, grazing fields, and other land use into oil palm plantations unstoppable. Therefore the another use of land only utilize interrupted or the rest of them. It also occurs in cattle grazing paddock . Vast oil palm plantation becomes a potential alternative fields for grazier . This study aims to determine the capacities of grazing cattle in oil palm plantations. The activities located in the Purwodadi, Tebing Tinggi district, West Tanjung Jabung. Measurements were made through a tile sampling were 1 m2. Purposive sampling is done according to the age of oil, land topography and vegetation diversity. The results showed that the grazing capacities in oil palm plantations in the research location was 0.48 LSU/ha. There is a fairly high variation between land on grazing capacity, that were 0.15 to 1.26 LSU/ha. The younger oil palm plantation, Uneven heights, and has a lot of parts that lower surface will have higher capacities. The twelve plantation old, uniform grows and has been located at a higher altitude have lower capacities . Keywords : cattle, oil palm, grazing capacity


Management Aspects


THE EXPOSURE OF FORMULA ALTERNATIVE OF COMPLETE FEED TECHNOLOGY BASED ON PLANTATION BY PRODUCT AND OIL PALM INDUSTRY BIOMASS FOR FATTENING BEEF CATTLE Wahyuni, D.S., R. A. Gopar, Santoso, N. Adianto, S. Martono Center for Agricultural Farming Production Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Application of Technology (BPPT) Phone: 085691850044 Corresponding E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Food agriculture and plantation sector has the potential to be a resource which are byproduct and biomass that can be utilized for the development of animal livestock. One of the biomass which is the most in Indonesia is oil palm. Most of the potential of these resources have not been optimally, especially as animal feed. Oil palm industrial byproducts that have not been used optimally consist of fronds, leaves, palm oil sludge, palm kernel meal and palm oil meal. Most of these byproducts contain high crude fiber. Therefore, when these are single given to ruminant, it will cause animal nutritions deficiency (Jalaluddin et al., 1991). Effort which is made to solve this problem is utilization of complete feed technology based on byproducts and oil palm industry biomass and also Nutritech feed supplement (BPPT development supplement). The aim of this study was to obtain efficient complete feed formula for fattening beef cattle. Method of complete feed formulation technology that was used was the method of trial and error (excel). The A complete feed formula with crude protein (20.30%) and TDN (71.07%) was an efficient formula for fattening beef cattle . Keywords : Formula, Complete Feed, byproduct, Oil Palm, Beef Cattle


INHIBITING SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUMAND ESCHERICIA COLI BY ORGANIC ACID SALT FROM SILAGE OF PALM OIL BY PRODUCTS Windu Negara1, M. Ridla2, A.D. Lubis2, Rahma I.A1, I. Wayan A1 1. Center for Agriculture Production Technology, BPPT.615bld, LAPTIABPUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Ph: 021 7560536 ext 7213. Email: [email protected] 2. Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agriculture Production Technology.

Abstract Organic acid can be used as an alternative to substitute antibiotic (Revington, 2002). Organic acid can reduce toxic substance that produced by bacteria, reducing the colony of pathogenic bacteria in intestine, preventing the intestinal epithelial cells damage (Lopez et al. 1995; Griggs dan Jacob 2005; Gunal et al. 2006), and increasing chicken performance (Denli et al. 2003; Leeson et al. 2005). Salmonella typhimurium and Eschericia coli are pathogenic bacterias that often founded in chicken digestive tract. The aims of this research was to assesst the effectiveness of organic acid salt from silage of oil palm by products to inhibit Salmonella typhimurium and Eschericia coli In Vitro. Organic acids obtained from complete feed silage based palm oil by products (Tabel 1). Organic acid salts made by reacting organic acids with bases (NaOH, KOH, CaOH, and ZnO). Agar well method (Cintas et al., 1995) was used to assess the inhibition effect of organic acid salts againt 106 CFU/ml Salmonella typhimurium and Eschericia coli. The experiment conducted with completely randomized design with 2 factor and 3 replicates, the first factor was kind of bases (NaOH, KOH, CaOH, and ZnO) with concentration 1 N and the second factor was doses of organic acids salt 12.5 %, 25 % and 50 %.

Keywords: palm oil, silage, organic acid


FERMENTED PALM OIL SLUDGE BY TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM AS BROILER FEED1 Nurhayati, Ella Hendalia, Mairizal, Resmi, Nelwida Faculty of Animal Science, University of Jambi Jl. Raya Jambi – Ma. Bulian KM 15 Mendalo, Jambi Corresponding author : Nurhayati ([email protected]) Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of fermented palm oil sludge by Trichoderman harzianum as broiler feed on chicken performance. It was conducted in 2 steps; the first step was fermentation palm oil sludge with different level of Trichoderman harzianum (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%) and replicate 4 times. The parameters were crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and ash. The second step was feeding trial based on the result of the first step. The second step used a hundred 2 days old broiler chicken and lasted for 5 weeks. The experiment was assigned into Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments, 5 replications, and 5 chickens in each replicate. The treatments were different level of fermented palm oil sludge in the ration (T0 = ration contained 0% of fermented palm oil sludge as a control group, T1 = ration contained 5% of fermented palm oil sludge, T2 = ration contained 10% of fermented palm oil sludge dan T3 = ration contained 15% of fermented palm oil sludge). Rations were formulated to meet the broiler chicken requirement, isoprotein, and isocalorie. Measured parameters were feed consumption, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Results of this study showed that fermentation used 2 % Trichoderman harzianum resulted better quality of fermented POS. Then, offered fermented palm oil sludge into the broiler chicken did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the feed consumption, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that fermentation palm oil sludge using 2 % of Trichoderma harzianum produced better quality than other levels. Fermented palm oil sludge by Trichoderma harzianum might feed to the broiler chicken up to 15 % without any adverse effect to the performance. Keywords : broiler performance, fermented palm oil sludge, harzianum

Trichoderma


FERMENTATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL WITH TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM AND ASPERGILLUS NIGER AS SOURCE OF PREBIOTIC AND PROBIOTIC CARRIER

Ella Hendalia, Rahmi Dianita and Fahmida Manin Faculty of Animal Science Jambi University E-mail: [email protected] HP: 08127414150 Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermenting Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) using T. harzianum, A. niger and its combination as source of prebiotics and probiotics carrier. The experiments were performed using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment were fermenting PKM with T. Harzianum ( PKM - T ) , A. niger ( PKM - A ), combination of T. harzianum + A.niger (PKM - TA ) and unfermented PKM as control (PKM). Variables measured were the chemical characteristics of fermented BIS and the growth of colonies of Lactic Acid Bacteria on fermented PKM. The data were processed using SPSS 16, with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that fermentation of PKM could decrease the content of crude fiber, NDF and hemicellulose (β-mannan) (P <0.05), as well as increase the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P <0.05). No different result between fermented PKM using two molds compare with one mold. Concluded that fermenting PKM with T. harzianum, A. niger and the mixture of both can be used as source of prebiotic as well as probiotic carrier. Keywords :

Palm kernel meal , Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, Prebiotics


SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS


DOES SISKA BECOME AN IDEAL MODEL OF PALM OIL FARMING ? Edison Dept. of Agribusiness Agriculture Faculty University of Jambi [email protected]

Abstracts Palm oil plantation in the Province of Jambi developed rapidly, it recorded from 574.514 ha and about 65,5% of the area of the plantation is smallholder. Efforts to address the issues facing farmers continue to be organized in order to increase the efficiency and value added of plantation. It is required the Jambi palm oil must be more competitive in the market and the farmer income. One of these efforts is by implementing the pattern of SISKA. The issues facing oil palm farmers is risk and uncertainty. Therefore, it becomes the big issues for this paper and whether the pattern of SISKA can be made into a model ideal for oil palm farmers? Keywords : SISKA, ideal model, and Palm Oil farming


PATTERNS OF LIVESTOCK AND AGRICULTURE INTEGRATED PALM OIL TO INCREASE THE INCOME Latifa Siswati Faculty Of Agriculture , Lancang Kuning University` Abstract This study aims to determine a. the income of farmers and livestock integrated farming palm plantation. b.how the capacity of oil palm plantations owned by the people for the cattle . This study used a survey method . The unit of analysis is the family livestock farmers who do farm palm plantations . Intake of sample villages were selected by purposive sampling on the basis of certain considerations , the village contained cattle farming and palm oil plantations . Selected from the village family samples taken by purposive sampling criteria that families do cattle farming and palm oil plantations . Capacity study results from the midrib forage , forage leaves and weeds for the people of respondents palm ownership can be maintained 213.9 livestock units . This can meet the needs of cattle feed by farmers mix farming .livestock Income Rp 1,050,000 , -/per head of the family . From the results of the income from oil palm plantations on the Kampar Regency folk Rp 2.608.888/ha/per head of household , the income of Rp 3,658.888 -/per integrated farming households. Keywords ; patterns , integrated farming , livestock , oil palm people , income


LINGKAGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN INDONESIAN DOWNSTREAM PALM OIL INDUSTRY Saad Murdy1, Saidin Nainggolan1 and Ardhiyan Saputra1 1

Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University E-mail : [email protected] Abstract

Globalization flows and trade liberalization have brought the economy across countries depend on each other . Globalization and liberalization have led to too many challenges and opportunities that require the countries in the world held various adjustments and policy measures to deal with it. Some countries have managed to take advantage of globalization and liberalization that occurred with capitalize upon the opportunities that arise . The world Organization Trade (WTO) is an international effort in realizing the trade liberalization targeted with clear rules for the purpose of enhancing mutual prosperity . It is recognized that in the end if you want to realize sustainable economic growth , the whole country should be interconnected and conduct international trade. This situation encourages the countries in the world to join in a multilateral trade cooperation mechanism as a means to achieve a rational negotiate the interests of each lead on one occasion the arrangement of international trade . Keywords : Globalization, liberalization, international trade


LINGKAGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN INDONESIAN UPSTREAM PALM OIL INDUSTRY 1 1

Ardhiyan Saputra, 1 Saidin Nainggolan and 1Adlaida Malik

Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract For Indonesia, the liberalization of the economy is not a new item. Liberalization has been initiated since the late 1970s in an effort to increase national economic growth . The liberalization sounds harder since Indonesia declared themselves to be members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with the enactment of Law no . 1994 November 7th , 1994 on the ratification of the establishment of the WTO , and WTO agreements legally binding for Indonesia. That is , Indonesia is obliged to fulfill all the obligations that are required , as well entitled to exploit the opportunities offered by these agreements . Keywords : Liberalization, economic growth, agreements


SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF OIL PALM-BEEF CATTLE INTEGRATION IN PELALAWAN REGENCY RIAU, INDONESIA Rofiq M. N., S.Martono, M. Surachman, Herdis. Centre for the Agriculture Production Technology, The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), LAPTIAB 615 Bld. Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia [email protected]. Abstract Pelalawan regency in Riau has wide oil palm plantation with area 334.603 hectare in 2012 which it is potential for developing oil palm livestock integration system. High rate of beef cattle population growth 21.5% still had not enough to meet meat consumption of people in Pelalawan Regency (BPS Kab. Pelalawan, 2012). Oil palm plantation in Pelalawan regency supply a lot of feed ingredient such as oil palm frond (OPF) and leaf, forage cover crops and some waste from oil palm processing. There are some problems in oil palm-beef cattle integration. Beef cattle production in oil palm plantation suspected of giving negative effect on oil palm product because of decline in oil palm productivity. This review gives a solution with sustainable design of the integration. Sustainable design for oil palm-beef cattle integration related to all aspect for production include controlled grazing, feed supplement biotechnology, health and reproduction management, oil palm plant management, fertilizer management, weed land controlling and oil palm harvest management. Sustainable design of the integration could be analyzed by SWOT analysis to a comprehensive solution for some problem which was caused by integration and to get an optimum advantage from potential of the integration. In conclusion, sustainable design would be able to maintaine the integration system continously.

Keywords: Sustainable design, Oil palm, Beef cattle, Integration, Pelalawan.


BALI CATTLE BREEDING PATTERN OF FARMER IN OIL PALM PLANTATION AREA IN WEST TANJUNG JABUNG, JAMBI Bustami & Masito Jambi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Jl. Samarinda Paal V Kotabaru, Jambi Email : [email protected] Bali cattle is one of Indonesian native cattle cow that was a cross of the bull that has been going on for years. The benefits of cattle for human life can be classified in terms of economic, social and cultural nourishment. Farm business success is largely determined by three factors are equally important, namely: 1) breeding (breeders culture, seeds), 2) feeding (feed), and 3) management (governance). However, if viewed from the total cost of production in an effort petenakan, then the contribution of feed is the highest of about 75% of them. The purpose of this study was to describe the governance, maintenance of existing beef cattle in the resource group in the village fortune Purwodadi, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi province. Has obtained show the feed given to cattle in the form of a field of grass under the palm trees of the company. Herd of cattle on grass and allowed to consume on the plantation. Results of chest circumference, body weight and "body condition score", including livestock development in good condition and suitable as seed. Keywords: maintenance, bali cattle


POSTERS


OIL PALM TRUNK AS FEED RESOURCE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BEEF PRODUCTION UNDER OIL PALM PLANTATION 1

M. Wan Zahari.,

2

Nikkhoo,M. and 3Alimon, A.R.

1

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked bag 36, Pengkalan Chepa, 61000 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 2 Department of Molecular Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Mazandaran University, Iran. 3 Tropical Institute of Malaysia (ITA), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia [email protected] ABSTRACT Oil palm trunk (OPT) is only available after oil palms are felled for replanting at an age of about 25 – 30 years. Feeling activities are commonly practiced, allowing OPT to be constantly available all year round. The biomass consists mainly 45% of vascular bundles and 55% of parenchyma tissues. The recovery of the parenchyma tissue is about 38%. The moisture content in the core, middle and outer portion are about 83%, 75% and 68% respectively. OPT can be collected and processed into animal feeds, apart from producing pulp, paper and composite panels. For economic reason, direct feeding of shredded OPT to beef cattle raised at the shredding site is encouraged. OPT can also be chipped and preserved in the form of silagebefore feeding. Excellent fermentation could be achieved at a low pH (3.2) and good production of lactic acid. The preservation of OPT as silage depends upon the production of sufficient acids to inhibit the activity of undesirable microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. For small scale operation, air-tight plastic drum barrels are suitable for ensiling process while vertical or bunker concrete silos are recommended for large scale operation.OPT silage can be utilized for feeding after 21 days of controlled fermentation but with advances in microbial treatment it can be reduced to less than 14 days. Without any treatment, the DM digestibility of OPT is comparable to rice straw. The parenchyma portion is an excellent source of roughage for beef cattle in feedlots. The biomass is readily consumed by the animals, even feeding level higher than 50%. The nutritive value of OPT can be further enhanced by physical, chemical or biological treatments. OPT-based ration can be formulated for feeding beef cattle and the maximum level of inclusion is suggested to be 30%.Our experience in making OPT silage in a jumbo bag (total weight 200 kg) and the advantages in maximizing OPT as one of the ingredients in the total mix ration (TMR) for beef cattle raised under oil palm are discussed. Keywords: Oil palm trunk, Beef cattle, Silage, Fermentation


MANIPULATION OF RUMEN FOR EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF OIL PALM BY-PRODUCTS Anjas Asmara Samsudin Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] Abstract Research on rumen microorganisms has contributed greatly to our knowledge of anaerobic microflora, and has also influenced feeding practices and modelling of nutrition in ruminants. Animal nutritionists have been working on improving the nutrient of ruminant by manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance fibrous feed digestibility. The use of oil palm fronds has been successfully used to replace tropical forages in ruminant producers in Malaysia. It is however contains high fibre content that could limit the intake by the ruminants. This limitation can be reduced by manipulation of the rumen microbial population by introducing a few component or compound into the rumen. Feed additives, plant secondary compound and dietary lipids can act as a potent modifier of ruminal fermentation as they are found to be toxic to protozoa that will give direct impact on the population the rumen protozoa. The population of rumen bacteria was affected by the presence of rumen protozoa. Therefore the reduction in protozoa number will lead to the increased in bacteria population, due to decreased in protozoal predation. A good example that came out of our gut microbiology laboratory at UPM, Serdang is the study on the effects of the dietary oils on the rumen microbial populations. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of olive oil (OL), palm olein oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SF), all differing in the concentration of C-18 fatty acids on the protozoa population in goats. At the same time, the number of total bacterial population and fibre-degrading bacteria were also determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids that is abundant present in sunflower oil seems to have an effect in reducing the number of rumen microorganisms compared to saturated long-chain fatty acids. This condition has caused reduction in fibredegrading bacteria by the increased level of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. It is however, different responses towards C-18 fatty acids have been demonstrated in this study where high number of general bacterial, F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens population have been recorded in OL, while in PO, all the three fibre-degrading bacteria were present in high number as compared to SF group. It is also demonstrated that the used of dietary oils has increased the number of bacteria and reduced the rumen protozoal population as compared to the control group. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, which is abundant in sunflower oil seems to have higher level of microbial toxicity compared to saturated long-chain fatty acids. Based on the present experiment conducted in our laboratory, it can be concluded that oils supplementation did improved ruminal microorganism population particularly by reducing the ruminal protozoa growth. The population of general bacteria and also some of the fibre-degrading bacteria are remarkably increased by the supplementation of olive oil, palm olein oil and sunflower oil. With the high number of the fibredegrading bacteria in the rumen, therefore it would help the ruminant to fully utilise the used of oil-palm frond as a basal diet. Keywords: oil palm by product, rumen manipulation


SUPPLEMENTATION OF PERLAWIT (PERMEN LUMPUR SAWIT) AND TEMULAWAK COMBINATION TO IMPROVE BALI’S CATTLE PRODUCTIVITY Sri Arnita Abutani, M. Afdal, Ulil Amri, Zafrullah Zein Departemen of Animal Science ,Jambi University 0741-582907 Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the response of supplementation of perlawit and temulawak combination on productivity of Bali cattle. There are twelve Bali cattles allocated into four treatments, P1 (Perlawit A + 15 % temulawak), P2 (Perlawit B + 20% temulawak), P3 (Perlawit C + 25% temulawak) and P4 (Perlawit D + 30% temulawak) in Randomized Block Design. Perlawit block contains palm oil sludge, molasses, rice brain , corn, limestone, urea, salt, TSP, cement, mineral mix. The variables that are going to collect are the ration of dry matter intake, body weight gain, ration eficiency and the production cost of perlawit - temulawak kg/block. Results showed that supplementation of perlawit and temulawak combination had same effect in ration dry mater intake, body weight gain and ration eficiency. However, perlawit A and 15% temulawak combination can used to farmer, because the cost of perlawit and temulawak combination lower than another formula.

Keywords : Palm Oil Sludge, Temulawak, suplement block, body weight gain


LIST OF PARTICIPANTS No

Participant

Institution

1

Dr. Revis Asra,

University of Jambi

2

Dr. Drh. Sri Wigati, MSc

University of Jambi

3

Diyan Afriyanti

Juanda University

4

Drh. Nur Adianto

BPPT

5

Ruslan Abdul Gopar, SPt.

BPPT

6

Prof. Dr. Ir. Kustantinah, DEA

Universitas Gajah Mada

7

Ir. Sri Anita Abutani, MS

Universitas Jambi

8

Dr. Ir. Teja Kaswari, MSc,

Universitas Jambi

9

Ir. Surhaini, MP

THP Universitas Jambi

10

Ir. Indriyani, MP

THP Universitas Jambi

11

Dewi Fortuna

Universitas Jambi

12

H. Defrizal, ST. MM

Politeknik Jambi

13

Johannes Simatupang

KUI Universitas Jambi

14

Yanuar Fitri

Universitas Jambi

15

Margarettha

Universitas Jambi

16

Ir. Suhessy Syarif, MP

Universitas Jambi

17

Jul Andayani SPt, MP

Universitas Jambi

18

Dr. Ir. Jalius, MSi

Universitas Jambi

19

Dr. Ir. Suryono, MSi

Universitas Jambi

20

Jaya Putra Jahidin, SPt

Universitas Jambi

21

Dr. Drh. Hj. Fahmida Manin, MP

Universitas Jambi

22

Ir. Gusniwati, M.P.

Universitas Jambi

23

Dr. Lizawati, SP, MSi.

Universitas Jambi

24

Dra. Evita, MS

Universitas Jambi

25

Ir. Jasminarni, MSi.

Universitas Jambi

26

Trias Novita, SP, MSi.

Universitas Jambi

27

Ir Tiur Hermawati, MP

Universitas Jambi

28

Ir Neliyati,Msi

Universitas Jambi

29

Dr Ir. Adriani, MSi

Universitas Jambi

30

Ir. Farizaldi, MP

Universitas Jambi


31

Ir. Sri Novianti, MP

Universitas Jambi

32

Drh Pudji Rahayu, MP

Universitas Jambi

33

Ir. Ermadani, M,Sc

Universitas Jambi

34

Arsyad

Universitas Jambi

35

Dr. Ir. Hamzah. M.Si

Universitas Jambi

36

Raja Sharah Fatricia, SE., M.Sc

Universitas Jambi

37

Bambang Hariyadi

Universitas Jambi

38

Zakky Fathoni

Universitas Jambi

39

Dr. Sunarti

Universitas Jambi

40

Heri Junaedi

Universitas Jambi

41

Safrianto

Kel Tani Ridho Ilahi Desa Suko Awin Jaya

42

Zul Akmal Pangeran


43

Arman


44

Dr. Made Deviani Duadja

Fakultas Pertanian

45

Basri

UNJA

46

Melky Susandro

UNJA

47

Julius Sembiring

UNJA

48

Haria Veronita

UNJA

49

Rina Noviana Sudiono

UNJA

50

M. Nurhuda Nugraha

Institut Pertanian Bogor

51

Bayu Aji Pamungkas


52

Zulfahmi



LIST OF COMMITTEE No

Name

Remark

1

Afdhal

Coordinator Committee

2

Rahmi Dianita

Committee

3

Yetno

Committee

4

Upik Yelianti

Committee

5

Ellis Kartika

Committee



Malaysia UPM (Prof. Dahlan Ismail) Malaysia UPM (Prof. A.R. Alimon) IPB (Prof. Luki Abdullah) Tadulako University (Prof. Marsetyo)

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