LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

• Third level

– Fourth level » Fifth level

Lely Riawati, ST., MT

LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

LCA will not whichtext product or process is the • Click to determine edit Master styles most cost effective or works the best. – Second level The information developed in an LCA study should be used • Third level of a more comprehensive decision as one component Fourth level the trade-offs with cost and process–assessing » Fifth level performance, e.g., Life Cycle Management.


• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level


Life Cycleto Management (LCM) is the application of life • Click edit Master text styles cycle thinking to modern business practice, with the aim to – Second level manage the total life cycle of an organization’s product and • Third level services toward more sustainable consumption and Fourth level production–(Jensen and Remmen 2004). » Fifth level


•• As environmental awareness increases, Click to edit Master text styles industries and businesses are assessing how their activities affect the – Second level environment. • Third level have responded to this awareness by • Many businesses – Fourth level products and using “greener” providing “greener” processes » Fifth level • Many companies have found it advantageous to explore ways of moving beyond compliance using pollution prevention strategies and environmental management systems to improve their environmental performance. One such tool is LCA ( Life Cycle Assessment )

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT A Technique that tries to identify, measure and characterize •different Click to edit Master text impacts stylesassociates to each potensial environmental one the stages of life cycle of a product. – of Second level • Thirdtolevel A technique assess the environmental aspects and potential – Fourth level impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by: » Fifth level

• Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases

• Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified inputs and releases • Interpreting the results to help decision-makers make a more informed decision.


•

“Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the Click to edit Master impacts text styles potential environmental of a product system throughout its life cycle” – Second level level an environmental profile of the system! This• Third establishes – Fourth level encompasses processes » Fifth all level

 It and environmental releases beginning with the extraction of raw materials and the production of energy used to create the product through the use and final disposition of the product.  When deciding between two or more alternatives, LCA can help decision-makers compare all major environmental impacts caused by products, processes, or services.


LCA is theto scientifically basedtext measurement • Click edit Master styles of a product’s environmental impacts throughout its life cycle – – Second level from raw materials extraction through manufacture, • Third level shipping, use or reuse. – Fourth level » Fifth level


• •Click edit Master text styles Someto products have a dominating environmental load in production, – Second level some in use, some in disposal: • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level

Examples:

Examples:

Examples:

books, furniture, art etc.

cars, television, airco etc.

Ni-Cd batteries, household chemicals, fireworks etc.

Full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Primary • Third Resources

level

– Fourth level » Fifth level

Extraction & Processing

Production

Use

Reuse/Re cycle

Disposal

Emissions & Waste

Life cycle - kapas

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Saling Terkait satu sama lain

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

• Click to edit Master text styles M, E

M, E

M, E

M, E

– Second Ma terilevel al Ma nufac ture

Ra w Mat erial Ac quisit ion

Proc ess ing

• Third level

W

& As sem bly

W – Fourth level » Fifth level

M, E

Us e & Serv ice

W

W

M, E

Re tirem ent & Rec overy

T reat ment Dis pos al

W

W

re u s e

rema nufac ture

c lo sed-loop recy cle

o pe n -lo o p re cy cle

M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution W

= Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution

LCA AIMS • Understand the flows of matter and energy • Click to editinMaster styles involved the textproduct, material, – Second level process, packaging, etc manufacturing • Third level • Find out what – Fourth levelare the environmentally critical points » Fifth level • Prevent or remove them using other materials or systems

BENEFITS OF LCA  Develop a systematic evaluation of the environmental consequences associated with a given product.  Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific products/processes to help gain stakeholder (state, community, etc.) – Second level acceptance for a planned action. • Third level  Quantify environmental releases to air, water, and land in relation to each – Fourth level life cycle stage and/or major contributing process. » Fifth level  Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impacts between life cycle stages and environmental media.  Assess the human and ecological effects of material consumption and environmental releases to the local community, region, and world.  Compare the health and ecological impacts between two or more rival products/processes or identify the impacts of a specific product or process.  Identify impacts to one or more specific environmental areas of concern

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WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA?

1. Product project development and improvement • Click tooredit Master text styles 2. Strategic planning – Second level 3. Public policy making • Third level 4. Marketing and eco-declarations – Fourth level » Fifth level

VARIANS OF LCA

Cradle-to-Grave • Click to edit: Master text styles Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from – Second level resource extraction ('cradle') to use phase and • Third disposal phaselevel ('grave'). – Fourth level » Fifth level

Cradle-to-Gate : Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a partial product lifecycle from resource extraction ( cradle) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer)

VARIANS OF LCA

Cradle-to-Cradle • Click to edit :Master text styles a specific kind of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the – Second levelstep for end-of-life disposal • Third level the product is a recycling process. It is a method used to – Fourth level minimize the environmental impact of products by » Fifth levelproduction, operation, and disposal employing sustainable practices and aims to incorporate social responsibility into product development Gate-to-Gate a partial LCA looking at onlyone value-added process in the entire production chain.

VARIANS OF LCA Wheel-to-Wheel : the specific LCA used for transport fuels and vehicles. The •firstClick editincorporates Master text styles stage,to which the feed stock or fuel production and processing and fuel delivery or energy – Second level transmission, and is called the"upstream" stage, while the • Third level stage that deals with vehicle operation itself is sometimes – Fourth level called the "downstream"stage. » Fifth level

Ecology-based : a methodology that quantitatively takes into account regulating and supporting services during the life cycle of economic goods and products.It was designed to provide a guide to wise management of human activities by understanding the direct and indirect impacts on ecological resources and surrounding ecosystems

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME


LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME  Dalam suatu sistem industri terdapat input (material-material yang diambil dari lingkungan ) dan output (akan dibuang ke lingkungan kembali)  akan memberikan dampak ke lingkungan  INPUT : Pengambilan – Second levelmaterial yang berlebihan akan menyebabkan semakin berkurangnya persediaan material • Third level  OUTPUT : hasil keluaran dari sistem industri yang bisa berupa limbah – Fourth level (padat, cair, udara) akan banyak memberi dampak negatif ke lingkungan » Fifth level  LCA berusaha untuk melakukan evaluasi untuk minimumkan pengambilan material dari lingkungan dan juga meminimumkan limbah industri.  LCA adalah untuk membandingkan semua kemungkinan kerusakan lingkungan yang dapat diakibatkan dari suatu produk maupun proses, agar dapat dipilih produk maupun proses yang mempunyai dampak paling minimum.


SCHEMA ISO 14000


Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040 The LCA methodology is standardised by a series of ISO • Click to edit Master text styles standards and includes the following phases – – Second 1. Goal andlevel scope definition (ISO 14041) Third level – 2.• Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041) – Fourth level – 3. Impact Assessment (ISO 14042) » Fifth level – 4. Interpretation (ISO 14043)

The LCA process


The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping 1. Goal Definition and Scoping  Pada tahap ini mencakup deskripsi dari metode yang diaplikasikan untuk memperkirakan potensi dampak lingkungan dan dampak mana yang akan – Second level ruang lingkup dan batasan dari pembahasan. diperhitungkan  Menentukan  Penentuan fungsional unit sangat penting bila life-cycle assessment ditujukan • Third level untuk membandingkan produk ( ada asumsi ekivalensi dari kedua produk)


– Fourth level » Fifth level hal-hal sbb Pada tahap ini dijelaskan mengenai a. b. c. d.

Alasan untuk melaksanakan LCA Penentuan produk, proses, maupun pelayanan dari obyek yang diamati Pemilihan unit fungsional dari produk Penentuan pilihan tentang batasan sistem, termasuk batasan ruang maupun waktu.Batasan sistem menentukan unit proses mana yang tercakup dalam pembahasan LCAdan batasan tersebut harus mencerminkan tujuan dari pembahasan.

LCA of Lamps helps us make SMART decisions

Using LCA, greatest environmental impact by far, is the • Click tothe edit Master text styles energy efficiency of the lamp, which supplants coal fired – Second level of climate change pollution). power (largest source • Third level – Fourth level CONCLUSION » Fifth level The best environmental choice is the lowest mercury, most efficient, & longest life lamp.

The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping 1. Goal Definition and Scoping - contoh  Permasalahan pemilihan antara lampu pijar dengan fluorescent bulb dalam penerangan rumah tangga  penghematan energi. Permasalahan lain yang – Second level bulb tidak sepenuhnya ramah lingkungan (penggunaan muncul adalah fluorescent raksa pada bohlam yang akan dilepas ke lingkungan ketika sudah tidak terpakai) • Third level  Pembakaran batubara merupakan penyumbang terbesar dalam lepasnya raksa ke – Fourth atmosfer (lampu pijarlevel memerlukan energi yang lebih besar  penggunaan lampu pijar mengakibatkan lepasnya » Fifth level raksa yang lebih banyak ke udara daripada penggunaan fluorescent bulb ).  Banyaknya raksa terlepas tergantung pada batasan sistem yang dipilih  Sistem (pembahasan) yang lebih sempit memerlukan sedikit data dan analisis yang singkat, tetapi mungkin mengabaikan hal sebenarnya penting dalam sistem tersebut.


The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.

• Click to edit Master text styles Scope: Woodenlevel Pencil (T = Transportation) – Second • Third levelFlow Diagram Process Lumber

Forest

T

– FourthT level Lumber Manufacture Mill » Fifth level

T

Retailer

T

Use

T

T

Sharpening

T

(Electricity)

Graphite

T Brass

End of Life (Landfill)

Rubber

Packaging

T

Scope: Mechanical Pencil PE = Polyethylene

• ClickPPto= Polypropylene edit Master text styles Both materials are plastic polymers (large – Second molecules) used to level make many products.

• Third level T T Oil

– Fourth level PE / PP» Fifth level Manufacture

www.germes-online.com

T

T Retailer

T Use

T

(Landfill)

Rubber

T Graphite

T Packaging

T Spring

End of Life

T = Transportation

Function & Functional Unit • Click to edit Master text styles Function Example Service provided by a – Second level system • Third level What it does! – Fourth level » FifthUnit level Functional Gives the function a number value Allows comparison between products Reference point

Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil Function = “Writing” Functional Unit = “1 meter of writing”

FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Definitionto of functional unit, initialtext systemstyles boundaries and procedural •• Click edit Master

aspects

– Second level

 Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function,

• Third level for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 – disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison Fourth level of 1 carton and 1 bottle. » Fifth level  Functional unit is basis for comparison

The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis 2. Inventory Analysis


 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (misal : – Second levellimbah,dan emisi, yang terjadi dan digunakan sepanjang produk, produk samping, daur hidupnya. • Third level  Langkah ini membutuhkan porsi waktu dan data paling banyak di antara langkah– Fourth level langkah yang lain. Fifth level aliran bahan dan energi yang mengkuantifikasikan  Satu set data dan» perhitungan input dan output dari life cycle suatu produk  kuantitas yang objektif dengan menggunakan neraca massa dan neraca energi  Kadang terdapat penilaian subjektif terkait asumsi yang diambil.

The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Environment

• Third level – Fourth level System » Fifth level

Functional Outputs

Inputs Emissions/ Wastes Subsystems


Inputs • Click to edit Master text stylesOutputs

What is needed to make – Second level substance! •the Third level 1. Energy– Fourth level » Fifth level 2. Materials 3. Labor

What comes out of the system! 1. Products (electricity, materials, goods, services) 2. Waste 3. Emissions 4. Co-products


En ironmental burdens are thentext quantified for each subsystem • vClick to edit Master styles according to the formula

– Second level

i

B  bc x  j j , i i – Fourth level

• Third level

» Fifth level

i 1

– Where bcj,i is burden j from activity i and xi is a mass or energy flow associated with that activity

The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis Example : The systemto in this has one • Click editexample Master textfunctional styles output and each activity i from extraction of raw materials to final disposal – Second level generates a certain amount of CO2 and CH4. • Third level – Fourth x2 x3 x1 level x4 Extracti » Fifth Production Use Disposal level FU on CO2 = 0.2 kg/t CO2 = 0.3 kg/t CO2 = 0.1kg/t CO2 = 0.1kg/t CH4 = 0.1 kg/t

CH4 = 0.1 kg/t CH4 = 0.1kg/t CH4 = 0.3kg/t

x1 = 2t/tFU

x2 = 1.5t/tFU x3 = 1t/tFU x4 = 0.5 t/tFU

The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis Using the Burdens equation the total • Click to Environmental edit Master text styles

environmental burdens per functional unit related to the – Second emissions of level CO2 and CH4 are therefore • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level

BCO2 = ∑bcCO2 . xi = (0.2)2+(0.3)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.1)0.5 →BCO2 = 1.0 kg/tFU

BCH4 = ∑bcCH4 . xi = (0.1)2+(0.1)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.3)0.5 →BCH4 = 0.6 kg/tFU

The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis 2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen - contoh

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level  Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (

The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis 2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level  Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (

The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment 3. Impact Assessment  Kumpulan bahan/material yang terkandung dari setiap bahan yang digunakan atau yang dikeluarkan.  Mengubah – Second tiap elemen level dalam inventarisasi  kualitatif terhadap kondisi lingkungan  memperkirakan dampak lingkungan yang merupakan akibat dari • Third emisi dan bahan level yang digunakan – Fourth level  Memperkirakan dampak lingkungan dari semua input dan output dari tahap sebelumnya » Fifth level


The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment

The environmental quantified in “Inventory Analysis” • Click to editburdens Master text styles are translated into the related environmental impacts. This is – Second level carried out within the following steps • Third level – Classification – Fourth level Characterisation » Fifth level

– – Normalisation – Valuation


Classification • Click to edit Master text styles – Involves the aggregation of environmental burdens into a – Second levelof environmental impact categories to smaller number indicate • Thirdtheir levelpotential impacts on human and ecological health and thelevel extent of resource depletion. The – Fourth aggregation is done on the basis of the potential impacts » Fifth level of the burdens so that one burden can be associated with a number of impacts; eg Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) contribute to both global warming and ozone depletion. The approach used most widely for classification of the impacts is known as ‘problem oriented’, whereby the burdens are aggregated according to their relative contributions to the environmental effects they may have


impacts in LCA are •TheClick tomost editcommonly Masterconsidered text styles – – – – – – – – –

Non-renewable resource depletion Second level Global warming • Third level Ozone depletion – Fourth level Acidification » Fifth level Eutrophication Photochemical oxidant formation Human toxicity Aquatic toxicity


• Click to edit Master text styles Characterisation

– Involves the quantification of the impact of interest – Second relative to level a reference substance. In the example we • Third level examined we look at the Global Warming Potential of the – Fourth level relative to CO2 emissions. Takes place Products life cycle Fifth level using the»formula

j

E k   ec k , j B j j 1

eck,j represents the relative contribution of burden Bj to impact Ek


Normalisation • Click to edit

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–– The impacts can be normalised with respect to Second level the total emissions or extractions in a certain area • Third level over–aFourth givenlevel period of time. This can help to asses the extent tolevel which an activity contributes to the » Fifth regional or global environmental impacts. Should be interpreted with care due to lack of reliable data.


Valuation • Click to

edit Master text styles

– impact – Each Second level is assigned a weight which indicates its relative importance. As a result • Third level the environmental impacts are aggregated – Fourth level into a single environmental impact function EI » Fifth level

k

EI   wk E k 1

Where wk is the relative importance of impact Ek


Valuation • Click to

edit Master text styles

– A number of problems at philosophical and – Second level practical level in the realisation of this and • Third there is level no consensus on the best way to – Fourth level aggregate the environmental impacts into a » Fifth level single EI figure. – Some people argue that valuation should not be carried out at all as it obscures information and that considering the impact in a disaggregated form enhances the transparency of the decision making based on LCA results


The LCA process – 4. Interpretation

•4. Interpretation Click to edit Master text styles

 Mengkaji hasil dari tahap-tahap sebelumnya untuk menentukan dampak utama. – Second level  Menganalisis • Thirdbeberapa level alternatif proses untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan – Fourth level  Pertimbangkan desain proses yang berwawasan lingkungan dan » Fifth level mendekatikonsep ekologi industry.  Interpretasikan dari langkah sebelumnya (bisa disertakan saran untuk langkah perbaikan)  Bila untuk membandingkan produk  rekomendasi produk yang paling ramah terhadap lingkungan.  Jika analisis satu produk  saran untuk memodifikasi produk


SELAMAT BELAJAR

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

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