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KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN
PASAR SAPI DENGAN PENERAPAN PRINSIP ARSITEKTUR EKOLOGI DI BOYOLALI TUGAS AKHIR
Diajukan sebagai Syarat untuk Mencapai Gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur Universitas Sebelas Maret
Disusun oleh : LAILATUT MUSYARROFAH I0212045
Dosen Pembimbing : Ir. Ana Hardiana, M.T. Ummul Mustaqimah, S.T., M.T.
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA 2016 commit to user
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KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah, puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas limpahan nikmat dan karunia yang tanpa batas, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini.. Shalawat serta salam semoga tercurahkan kepada Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam. Tugas Akhir Arsitektur dengan judul “Pasar Sapi dengan Penerapan Prinsip Arsitektur Ekologi di Boyolali” ini, dibuat untuk melengkapi tugas yang wajib ditempuh dalam rangka menyelesaikan pendidikan di Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret 2016. Dalam kesempatan ini penulis dengan tulus hati mengucapkan syukur dan terimakasih kepada: 1. Allah Subhanallahu ta’ala, atas semua karunia dan berkah yang diberikan. 2. Amin Sumadyo, S.T., M.T., selaku ketua Program Studi Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. 3. Ir. Ana Hardiana, M.T. dan Ummul Mustaqimah, S.T., M.T., selaku dosen pembimbing, yang selalu memberikan bimbingan, nasehat, waktu, dan kepercayaan yang sangat berarti selama proses penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini. 4. Ir. Widi Suroto, M.T. dan Ir. Suparno, M.T., selaku dosen penguji. 5. Ir. Hari Yuliarso, M.T., selaku Pembimbing Akademik yang sabar dan baik hati. 6. Seluruh keluarga di rumah yang terus memberikan dukungan yang sangat berarti, terkhusus untuk papa, mama, kakak dan adik tercinta. 7. Para teman di Arsitektur UNS 2012 khususnya sahabat-sahabat yang selalu membantu, terimakasih atas waktu dan dukungannya. Keterbatasan waktu tentu membuat penulisan laporan Tugas Akhir ini masih jauh dari kata sempuna. Penulis berharap penulisan ini dapat memberi inspirasi pada generasi mendatang dalam memilih judul tugas akhir yang lebih inovatif dan lebih berani. Karena didalam suatu proses pasti selalu ada tantangan untuk diselesaikan. Semoga penulisan ini memberi manfaat bagi semua pihak yang membacanya. Terima kasih. Surakarta, Oktober 2016
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Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................. ii KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................................... iii DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................................... iv DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................................ ix DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................... xii DAFTAR SKEMA .......................................................................................................... xii BAB I. PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................................. I-1 1.1.
JUDUL ..............................................................................................................I-1
1.2.
PENGERTIAN JUDUL ....................................................................................I-1
1.2.1.
Pasar ..........................................................................................................I-1
1.2.2.
Sapi ...........................................................................................................I-1
1.2.3.
Arsitektur Ekologi .....................................................................................I-1
1.2.4.
Kabupaten Boyolali...................................................................................I-2
1.3.
LATAR BELAKANG ......................................................................................I-2
1.4.
PERMASALAHAN DAN PERSOALAN ........................................................I-4
1.4.1.
Permasalahan ............................................................................................I-4
1.4.2.
Persoalan ...................................................................................................I-5
1.5.
TUJUAN DAN SASARAN ..............................................................................I-5
1.5.1.
Tujuan .......................................................................................................I-5
1.5.2.
Sasaran ......................................................................................................I-5
1.6.
BAHASAN DAN LINGKUP PEMBAHASAN ...............................................I-5
1.6.1.
Batasan ......................................................................................................I-5
1.6.2.
Lingkup Pembahasan ................................................................................I-5
1.7.
METODE PEMBAHASAN .............................................................................I-6
1.7.1.
Tahap Pengolahan Data ............................................................................I-6
1.7.2.
Tahap Analisis...........................................................................................I-7
1.7.3.
Tahap Sintesa ............................................................................................I-7
1.8.
SISTEMATIKA PEMBAHASAN ...................................................................I-7
BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.................................................................................. II-1 2.1.
PASAR HEWAN / TERNAK......................................................................... II-1
2.1.1.
Pengertian Pasar ...................................................................................... II-1
2.1.2.
Jenis-Jenis Pasar...................................................................................... II-1
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2.1.3.
Tahapan Pembangunan Pasar Ternak ..................................................... II-2
2.1.1.
Fasilitas Pasar Ternak ............................................................................. II-3
2.2.
SAPI ................................................................................................................ II-5
2.2.1.
Jenis-jenis Sapi........................................................................................ II-5
2.2.2.
Ukuran/Dimensi Sapi .............................................................................. II-6
2.3.
ARSITEKTUR EKOLOGI ............................................................................. II-8
2.3.1.
Pengertian Arsitektur Ekologi ................................................................. II-8
2.3.2.
Prinsip-prinsip Arsitektur Ekologi .......................................................... II-9
2.3.3.
Keterkaitan Arsitektur Ekologi dengan Biogas..................................... II-11
2.4.
BIOGAS ........................................................................................................ II-12
2.4.1.
Pengertian ............................................................................................. II-12
2.4.2.
Perkembangan Biogas di Jawa Tengah ................................................. II-13
2.4.3.
Proses Pembuatan Biogas ..................................................................... II-13
2.4.4.
Perkembangan Reaktor Biogas ............................................................. II-14
2.5.
RPH ............................................................................................................... II-16
2.5.1.
Pengertian Rumah Potong Hewan ........................................................ II-16
2.5.2.
Syarat-syarat Rumah Potong Hewan .................................................... II-19
2.6.
PRESEDEN .................................................................................................. II-24
2.6.1.
Pasar Sunggingan, Boyolali .................................................................. II-24
2.6.2.
Pasar Ambarawa, Semarang ................................................................. II-26
2.6.3.
Kampung Biogas, Boyolali ................................................................... II-28
2.6.4.
Green Village, Bali ............................................................................... II-31
BAB III. TINJAUAN KABUPATEN BOYOLALI.................................................. III-1 3.1.
PROFIL KABUPATEN BOYOLALI ........................................................... III-1
3.2.
PETERNAKAN BOYOLALI........................................................................ III-2
3.3.
PERSEBARAN PASAR HEWAN ................................................................ III-5
BAB IV. GAMBARAN OBJEK YANG DIRENCANAKAN ................................. IV-1 4.1.
Definisi Fungsi Objek yang Direncanakan .................................................... IV-1
4.1.1
Pemahaman ............................................................................................ IV-1
4.1.2
Fungsi objek yang direncanakan ............................................................ IV-1
4.2.
Struktur Organisasi ........................................................................................ IV-1
4.3. Visi, Misi dan Tujuan Pasar Sapi dengan Penerapan Prinsip-prinsip Arsitektur Ekologi ....................................................................................................................... IV-2 4.3.1.
Visi ......................................................................................................... IV-2
4.3.2.
Misi ........................................................................................................ IV-2
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4.3.3. 4.4.
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Tujuan .................................................................................................... IV-3
Pengguna ........................................................................................................ IV-3
4.4.1.
Users berdasarkan struktur organisasi pasar .......................................... IV-3
4.4.2.
Users berdasarkan pengunjung pasar ..................................................... IV-4
4.5.
Jenis Kegiatan ................................................................................................ IV-4
4.5.1.
Kegiatan jual beli ................................................................................... IV-4
4.5.2.
Kegiatan penunjang................................................................................ IV-4
4.5.3.
Kegiatan pelengkap ................................................................................ IV-5
4.5.4.
Kegiatan pengelola................................................................................. IV-5
4.6.
Alur/proses Penjualan Sapi ............................................................................ IV-5
4.7.
Alur/proses dalam RPH ................................................................................. IV-6
BAB V. ANALISIS KONSEP PERANCANGAN ...................................................... V-1 5.1.
ANALISIS PERUANGAN ............................................................................. V-1
5.1.1.
Analisis Jenis Kegiatan ........................................................................... V-1
5.1.2.
Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang...................................................................... V-3
5.1.3.
Pola Kegiatan .......................................................................................... V-7
5.1.4.
Luasan Ruang........................................................................................ V-11
5.2.
ANALISIS PENATAAN LOKASI DAN TAPAK ...................................... V-16
5.2.1
Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi ..................................................................... V-16
5.2.1
Analisa Pencapaian ............................................................................... V-19
5.2.2
Analisa Faktor Klimatologi ................................................................... V-22
5.2.3
Analisa View ......................................................................................... V-25
5.2.4
Analisa Kebisingan ............................................................................... V-27
5.2.5
Analisa Penzoningan Akhir .................................................................. V-29
5.2.6
Analisa Vegetasi ................................................................................... V-30
5.3.
ANALISIS TATANAN MASSA DAN BENTUK....................................... V-34
5.3.1
Analisa Tatanan Massa dan Sirkulasi Bangunan .................................. V-34
5.3.2
Analisa Bentuk Bangunan ..................................................................... V-36
5.3.3
Analisa Material dan Warna ................................................................. V-39
5.3.4
Analisa Interior Bangunan .................................................................... V-41
5.4.
ANALISIS SISTEM STRUKTUR ............................................................... V-42
5.5.
ANALISA SISTEM JARINGAN LISTRIK DAN KOMUNIKASI ............ V-46
5.5.1.
Analisa Sistem Panel Surya .................................................................. V-46
5.5.2.
Analisa Sistem Jaringan Listrik ............................................................ V-46
5.5.3.
Analisa Sistem Pencahayaan ................................................................. V-47
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5.5.4.
Analisa Sistem Penghawaan ................................................................. V-48
5.5.5.
Analisa Sistem Komunikasi .................................................................. V-50
5.6.
ANALISA PENGGUNAAN AIR ................................................................ V-50
5.6.1.
Analisa Pengolahan Air Hujan .............................................................. V-50
5.6.2.
Analisa Sistem Air Bersih ..................................................................... V-51
5.6.3.
Analisa Sistem Air Kotor ...................................................................... V-53
5.6.4.
Analisa Sistem Pemadam Kebakaran.................................................... V-53
5.7.
ANALISA PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH ...................................................... V-54
5.7.1.
Analisa Pengolahan Limbah Kotoran Sapi ........................................... V-54
5.7.2.
Analisa Pengelolaan Sampah ................................................................ V-56
5.8.
ANALISA PENANGKAL PETIR................................................................ V-56
BAB VI. KONSEP PERANCANGAN ...................................................................... VI-1 6.1.
KONSEP PERUANGAN .............................................................................. VI-1
6.2.
KONSEP PENATAAN LOKASI DAN TAPAK .......................................... VI-4
6.2.1
Konsep Pemilihan Lokasi ...................................................................... VI-5
6.2.2
Konsep Pencapaian ................................................................................ VI-5
6.2.3
Konsep Faktor Klimatologi .................................................................... VI-6
6.2.4
Konsep View .......................................................................................... VI-8
6.2.5
Konsep Kebisingan ................................................................................ VI-8
6.2.6
Konsep Penzoningan Akhir ................................................................... VI-9
6.2.7
Konsep Pola Hubungan Ruang .............................................................. VI-9
6.2.8
Konsep Vegetasi .................................................................................. VI-12
6.3.
KONSEP TATANAN MASSA DAN BENTUK ........................................ VI-13
6.3.1
Konsep Tatanan Massa dan Sirkulasi Bangunan ................................. VI-13
6.3.2
Konsep Bentuk Bangunan .................................................................... VI-14
6.3.3
Konsep Material dan Warna ................................................................ VI-16
6.3.4
Konsep Interior Bangunan ................................................................... VI-18
6.4.
KONSEP SISTEM STRUKTUR ................................................................. VI-19
6.5.
KONSEP SISTEM JARINGAN LISTRIK DAN KOMUNIKASI ............. VI-24
6.5.1.
Konsep Sistem Panel Surya ................................................................. VI-24
6.5.2.
Konsep Sistem Jaringan Listrik ........................................................... VI-26
6.5.3.
Konsep Sistem Pencahayaan ................................................................ VI-27
6.5.4.
Konsep Sistem Penghawaan ................................................................ VI-28
6.5.5.
Konsep Sistem Komunikasi ................................................................. VI-29
6.6.
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KONSEP PENGGUNAAN AIR ................................................................. VI-29
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6.6.1.
Konsep Pengolahan Air Hujan ............................................................. VI-29
6.6.2.
Konsep Sistem Air Bersih .................................................................... VI-30
6.6.3.
Konsep Sistem Air Kotor ..................................................................... VI-30
6.6.4.
Konsep Sistem Pemadam Kebakaran................................................... VI-31
6.7.
KONSEP PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH ....................................................... VI-31
6.7.1.
Konsep Pengolahan Limbah Kotoran Sapi .......................................... VI-31
6.7.2.
Konsep Pengelolaan Sampah ............................................................... VI-35
6.8.
KONSEP PENANGKAL PETIR................................................................. VI-36
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................................... xiv LAMPIRAN................................................................................................................... xvii
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1. Berbagai pengukuran ukuran tubuh pada ternak sapi ............................... II-7 Gambar 2.2. Cara pengukuran lingkar dada menggunakan pita ukur ........................... II-7 Gambar 2.3. Cara pengukuran tinggi gumba dengan tongkat ukur ............................... II-7 Gambar 2.4. Proses Pembuatan Biogas ....................................................................... II-12 Gambar 2.5. Fixed dome reactor ................................................................................. II-15 Gambar 2.6. Floated Drum reactor ............................................................................. II-16 Gambar 2.7. Lokasi Pasar Sunggingan, Boyolali ........................................................ II-24 Gambar 2.8. Sisi pasar yang menjual anak sapi .......................................................... II-24 Gambar 2.9. Suasana Pasar Sunggingan ..................................................................... II-25 Gambar 2.10. Pasar Hewan Ambarawa ....................................................................... II-26 Gambar 2.11. Pasar hewan Ambarawa........................................................................ II-27 Gambar 2.12. Pembuatan Digester .............................................................................. II-29 Gambar 2.13. Bak Penampung Gas ............................................................................. II-29 Gambar 2.14. Bak Output............................................................................................ II-30 Gambar 2.15. Green Village ........................................................................................ II-31 Gambar 2.16. Jembatan ............................................................................................... II-31 Gambar 2.17. Pengerjaan konstruksi bangunan .......................................................... II-32 Gambar 2.18. Sambungan bambu ............................................................................... II-33 Gambar 3.1. Peta Boyolali ........................................................................................... III-1 Gambar 3.2. Jumlah Sapi Potong, Sapi Perah dan Kerbau Menurut Jenis Kelamin Tahun 2013 ............................................................................................................................... III-3 Gambar 3.3. Penyebaran Sapi dan Kerbau Kabupaten Boyolali .................................. III-5 Gambar 3.4. Persebaran Pasar Hewan di Boyolali ....................................................... III-6 Gambar 5.1. Rencata Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Boyolali (Rencana Kawasan Strategis) ....................................................................................................................... V-17 Gambar 5.2. Lokasi tapak............................................................................................ V-18 Gambar 5.3. Batas-batas pada tapak............................................................................ V-18 Gambar 5.4. Lokasi tapak............................................................................................ V-19 Gambar 5.5. Analisis Pencapaian ................................................................................ V-21 Gambar 5.6. Penentuan ME dan SE ............................................................................ V-22 Gambar 5.7. Analisa Angin ......................................................................................... V-23 Gambar 5.8. Penzoningan Angin................................................................................. V-23 commit to user Gambar 5.9. Penyinaran matahari ............................................................................... V-24
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Gambar 5.10. Penzoningan matahari........................................................................... V-25 Gambar 5.11. View dari tapak..................................................................................... V-26 Gambar 5.12. View ke tapak ....................................................................................... V-26 Gambar 5.13. Penzoningan View ................................................................................ V-27 Gambar 5.14. Analisis Kebisingan .............................................................................. V-28 Gambar 5.15. Penzoningan Kebisingan ...................................................................... V-29 Gambar 5.17. Tanaman bambu ................................................................................... V-31 Gambar 5.18. Pohon angsana ...................................................................................... V-32 Gambar 5.19. Pohon palem raja .................................................................................. V-32 Gambar 5.20. Pohon cemara kipas .............................................................................. V-33 Gambar 5.21. Lidah mertua ......................................................................................... V-33 Gambar 5.22. Tatanan Massa ...................................................................................... V-34 Gambar 5.23. Sirkulasi ................................................................................................ V-36 Gambar 5.24. Layout kandang .................................................................................... V-37 Gambar 5.25. Penataan layout ..................................................................................... V-37 Gambar 5.26. Alternatif sirkulasi ................................................................................ V-38 Gambar 5.27. Efektivitas ruang ................................................................................... V-38 Gambar 5.28. Penempatan kandang jepit .................................................................... V-39 Gambar 5.29. Jendela .................................................................................................. V-47 Gambar 5.30. Bouvenlight .......................................................................................... V-48 Gambar 5.31. Lampu LED .......................................................................................... V-48 Gambar 5.32. Penggunaan AC Hydrokarbon .............................................................. V-50 Gambar 6.1. Lokasi tapak............................................................................................. VI-5 Gambar 6.2. Akses masuk ............................................................................................ VI-5 Gambar 6.3. Akses keluar ............................................................................................ VI-6 Gambar 6.4. Penggunaan pohon angsana dan pohon bambu sebagai barrier ............... VI-7 Gambar 6.5. Penggunaan panel surya dan bukaan pada bangunan .............................. VI-7 Gambar 6.6. Orientasi bangunan .................................................................................. VI-8 Gambar 6.7. Penggunaan pohon angsana sebagai barrier ............................................ VI-9 Gambar 6.8. Penzoningan akhir ................................................................................... VI-9 Gambar 6.9. Pola hubungan ruang zona pengelola .................................................... VI-10 Gambar 6.10. Pola hubungan ruang zona jual beli sapi ............................................. VI-10 Gambar 6.11. Pola hubungan ruang zona perawatan sapi .......................................... VI-11 Gambar 6.12. Pola hubungan ruang zona meet bussines centre ................................. VI-11
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Gambar 6.13. Pola hubungan ruang zona pengolahan limbah ................................... VI-12
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Gambar 6.14. Tatanan Massa ..................................................................................... VI-13 Gambar 6.15. Sirkulasi ............................................................................................... VI-14 Gambar 6.16. Massa zona jual beli ............................................................................ VI-15 Gambar 6.17. Massa zona perawatan ......................................................................... VI-16 Gambar 6.18. Pembebanan ......................................................................................... VI-19 Gambar 6.19. Detail konstruksi .................................................................................. VI-20 Gambar 6.20. Pondasi bambu ..................................................................................... VI-20 Gambar 6.21. Lantai bambu ....................................................................................... VI-21 Gambar 6.22. Dinding bambu .................................................................................... VI-21 Gambar 6.23. Pintu dan jendela bambu...................................................................... VI-22 Gambar 6.24. Rangka atap bambu ............................................................................. VI-22 Gambar 6.25. Atap bambu ......................................................................................... VI-23 Gambar 6.26. Potongan bambu .................................................................................. VI-23 Gambar 6.27. Cara memotong ................................................................................... VI-23 Gambar 6.28. Aplikasi sambungan pasak .................................................................. VI-24 Gambar 6.29. Contoh sambungan .............................................................................. VI-24 Gambar 6.30. Tampilan panel surya polycrystalline .................................................. VI-26 Gambar 6.31. Contoh penjernihan air sederhana ....................................................... VI-30 Gambar 6.32. Pengolahan pupuk dari darah sapi ....................................................... VI-35 Gambar 6.33. Tong sampah organic dan anorganik ................................................... VI-35 Gambar 6.34. Penempatan ruang pengolahan kompos............................................... VI-36
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1. Jenis-jenis sapi .............................................................................................. II-5 Tabel 2.2. Ukuran Tubuh Sapi ....................................................................................... II-7 Tabel 3.1. Profil Kabupaten Boyolali ............................................................................ III-2 Tabel 3.2. Jumlah Sapi dan Kerbau Pada 1 Mei 2013 Menurut Kecamatan dan Jenis Kelamin (ekor) ............................................................................................................... III-4 Tabel 5.1. Analisa Kebutuhan Ruang pada Pasar........................................................... V-4 Tabel 5.3. Perhitungan Luasan Ruang Zona Jual Beli Hewan ..................................... V-12 Tabel 5.4. Perhitungan Luasan Ruang Zona Perawatan ............................................... V-12 Tabel 5.5. Perhitungan Luasan Ruang Zona Meet Bussiness Centre ........................... V-13 Tabel 5.6. Perhitungan Luasan Ruang Zona Pengolahan Limbah ............................... V-14 Tabel 5.7. Perhitungan Luasan Ruang Zona Penunjang............................................... V-15 Tabel 5.8. Perhitungan Luasan Ruang.......................................................................... V-16 Tabel 5.9. Analisa material .......................................................................................... V-39 Tabel 5.10. Kelebihan dan kekurangan sumber air ...................................................... V-52 Tabel 5.11. Analisa penangkal petir ............................................................................. V-56 Tabel 6.1. Konsep peruangan ........................................................................................ VI-1 Tabel 6.2. Konsep vegetasi ......................................................................................... VI-12 Tabel 6.3. Konsep material bangunan ......................................................................... VI-16 Tabel 6.4. Konsep Interior........................................................................................... VI-18 Tabel 6.5. Jenis –jenis panel surya .............................................................................. VI-25 Tabel 6.6. Pembagian wilayah jangkauan listrik ......................................................... VI-26 Tabel 6.7. Konsep aplikasi pencahayaan alami dan buatan ........................................ VI-27 Tabel 6.8. Tabel Penggunaan sistem penghawaan pada bangunan ............................. VI-28 Tabel 6.9. Penggunaan sumber air .............................................................................. VI-30 Tabel 6.10. Kandungan Bahan Kering dan Volume Gas yang Dihasilkan Tiap Jenis Kotoran ........................................................................................................................ VI-31 Tabel 6.11. Konversi Biogas dan Penggunaannya ...................................................... VI-32
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DAFTAR SKEMA Skema 4.1. Struktur Organisasi Pasar Sapi ................................................................... IV-2 Skema 5.1. Pola kegiatan sapi ........................................................................................ V-7 Skema 5.2. Pola kegiatan penjual ................................................................................... V-7 Skema 5.3. Pola kegiatan blantik ................................................................................... V-8 Skema 5.4. Pola kegiatan pembeli.................................................................................. V-8 Skema 5.5. Pola kegiatan pengelola ............................................................................... V-8 Skema 5.6. Pola kegiatan pengelolaan sampah .............................................................. V-9 Skema 5.7. Pola kegiatan business centre ...................................................................... V-9 Skema 5.8. Pola kegiatan petugas keamanan ................................................................. V-9 Skema 5.9. Pola kegiatan petugas rumah makan ......................................................... V-10 Skema 5.10. Pola kegiatan petugas parkir .................................................................... V-10 Skema 5.11. Pola kegiatan petugas kebersihan ............................................................ V-10 Skema 5.12. Skema panel surya ................................................................................... V-46 Skema 5.13. Distribusi listrik ....................................................................................... V-47 Skema 5.14. Pengolahan air hujan ............................................................................... V-51 Skema 5.15. Distribusi air bersih ................................................................................. V-53 Skema 5.16. Distribusi air kotor ................................................................................... V-53 Skema 5.17. Pengolahan biogas ................................................................................... V-55 Skema 5.18. Pengolahan sampah ................................................................................. V-56 Skema 6.1. Pengelolaan air kotor ................................................................................ VI-31
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