TUGAS AKHIR PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR
REST AREA DI JALAN LINGKAR SALATIGA (dengan Pendekatan Green Building )
Diajukan sebagai pelengkap dan syarat guna mencapai gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Disusun Oleh : IKSAN RAHMADAN D300110010
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2015
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KATA PENGANTAR Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang selalu memberikan rahmat, hidayah, serta inayah-Nya dan tak lupa sholawat serta salam selalu tercurah kepada Nabi Besar junjungan kita Muhammad SAW yang telah memberi tauladan yang baik sehingga kita masih berada di jalan-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyusun dan menyelesaikan Laporan Dasar Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Aesitektur (DP3A) ini tanpa hambatan dan rintangan yang terjadi, penulis mengucapkan Alhamdulillah hirobbil’alamin atas rahmat dan hidayah yang diberikan. Dalam hal ini penyusunan banyak-banyak mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak yang telah membantu baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung kepada penyusun sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan laporan Dasar Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur (DP3A) ini dengan baik walaupun masih banyak kekurangan dan jauh kesempurnaan. Untuk itu penyusun ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1.
Bapak Ir. Sri Sunarjono, M.T.,Ph.D selaku Dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2.
Ibu Suryaning Setyowati,ST,MT. selaku Ketua Program Studi Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3.
Ibu Suharyani, ST. selaku Koordinator DP3A Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
4.
Ibu Ir. Indrawati MT selaku pembimbing 1, dan Ibu Suryaning setyowati,ST,MT selaku pembimbing 2 yang telah memberikan saran dan arahannya.
5.
Karyawan perpustakaan, TU dan monitoring Teknik Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
6.
Seluruh teman-teman angkatan 2011 dan semua Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Arsitektur UMS.
7.
Semua pihak yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu.
Semoga Allah SWT memberikan balasan yang setimpal kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan, bimbingan, nasehat, dan doa dalam penyusunan
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laporan DP3A. Dengan penuh harapan semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.
Surakarta, 18 Mei 2015 Penulis
Iksan Rahmadan D30011 0010
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DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN TUGAS AKHIR ..............................................................ii LEMBAR PENILAIAN............................................................................................... iii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN TUGAS AKHIR .............................................................. iv PERNYATAAN ............................................................................................................ v KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................................. vi DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................................. viii DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................... xi DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................ xv ABSTRAKSI .............................................................................................................. xvi BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................ 1 1.1
Pengertian Judul ............................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Arti kata ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2
Latar Belakang ................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Latar belakang umum .................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Latar belakang khusus ................................................................................. 3 1.3
Rumusan Permasalahan.................................................................................... 5
1.4
Tujuan dan Sasaran pembahasan...................................................................... 5
1.5
Lingkup Pembahasan ....................................................................................... 6
1.6
Keluaran / Output ............................................................................................. 7
1.7
Batasan ............................................................................................................. 7
1.8
Metode Pembahasan ......................................................................................... 7
1.9
Sistemaika Pembahasan ................................................................................... 8
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................... 9 2.1.
Rest Area .......................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Pengertian Rest Area .................................................................................. 9 2.1.2. Fungsi Rest Area......................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Kegiatan-kegiatan di dalam Rest Area ..................................................... 10 2.2.
Jenis-jenis Kendaraan yang Masuk ke Rest Area........................................... 12
2.3.
Waktu Pelayanan Rest Area ........................................................................... 12
2.4.
Kebutuhan Ruang ........................................................................................... 12 viii
2.5.
Penentuan Fasilitas Umum ............................................................................. 26
2.6.
Tinjauan Polusi Terhadap Pengemudi Kendaraan ......................................... 30
2.6.1. Kebisingan ................................................................................................ 30 2.6.2. Polusi udara .............................................................................................. 31 2.6.3. Polusi cahaya ............................................................................................ 32 2.7.
Tata Kualitas Lingkungan .............................................................................. 32
2.7.1. Signage dan papan iklan ........................................................................... 33 2.7.2. Pencahayaan pelantaran parkir ................................................................. 34 2.8.
Studi Komparasi ............................................................................................. 35
2.8.1. Rest Area KM 42 Ruas Tol Cikampek ..................................................... 35 2.8.2. Rest Area KM 10 Cibubur ........................................................................ 37 2.8.3. Rest Area Cikampek KM 19 Bekasi, jawa barat ..................................... 39 2.9.
Tinjaun Green Architecture ........................................................................... 42
2.9.1. Sejarah Green Architecture ...................................................................... 42 2.9.2. Pengertian Green Architecture ................................................................. 42 2.10.
Atribut Kota Hijau ...................................................................................... 45
2.11.
Greenship.................................................................................................... 45
2.11.1 Tepat guna lahan (Appropriate Site Development / ASD) ....................... 46 2.11.2 Efisiensi energi & refrigeran (Energy Efficiency & Refrigerant / EER) . 46 2.11.3 Konservasi air (Water Conservation / WC) ............................................. 46 2.11.4 Sumber dan siklus material (Material Resaurces & Cycle / MRC) ......... 47 2.11.5 Manajemen lingkungan bangunan (Building & Environment Managemen) ..................................................................................................................47 2.11.6 Kualitas udara dan kenyamanan udara (Indoor Air Health & Comfort / IHC)................................... ............................................................................................... 47 2.12.
Vegetasi ...................................................................................................... 55
BAB III GAMBARAN LOKASI ................................................................................. 57 3.1.
Kabupaten Salatiga ......................................................................................... 57
3.1.1. Letak geografis ......................................................................................... 57 3.1.2. Batas wilayah ............................................................................................ 58 3.1.3. Penggguna lahan ....................................................................................... 58 3.1.4. Kondisi iklim setempat ............................................................................. 58
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3.1.5. Jumlah penduduk salatiga ......................................................................... 60 3.2.
Taman Kota Salatiga ...................................................................................... 61
BAB IV PENDEKATAN KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN .... 63 4.1.
Analisa Pemilihan Site ................................................................................... 63
4.2.
Analisa Dan Konsep Tapak ............................................................................ 64
4.2.1 Analisa Site ................................................................................................ 64 4.2.2 Pergerakan matahari .................................................................................. 65 4.2.3 Pencapaian ................................................................................................. 66 4.2.4 Zonifikasi ................................................................................................... 67 4.2.5 Hujan ......................................................................................................... 67 4.2.6 Angin ......................................................................................................... 68 4.2.7 Klimatologi ................................................................................................ 69 4.3.
Analisa dan Konsep Lensekep ....................................................................... 70
4.4.
Analisa dan Konsep Pencahayaan dan Penghawaan ...................................... 74
4.8.1 Pencahayaan .............................................................................................. 74 4.8.2 Penghawaan alami ..................................................................................... 76 4.5.
Analisa dan Konsep Ruang ............................................................................ 78
4.4.1. Hubungan ruang dan organisasi ruang ..................................................... 78 4.4.2. Prediksi jumlah pengguna ........................................................................ 82 4.4.3. Konsep dan kebutuhan ruang parkir ......................................................... 83 4.4.4. Besaran ruang ........................................................................................... 85 4.6.
Analisa dan Konsep Tampilan Arsitektur ...................................................... 89
4.5.1. Analisa dan konsep bentuk ....................................................................... 89 4.7.
Analisa dan Konsep Struktur.......................................................................... 91
4.8.
Analisa dan Konsep Tata Massa .................................................................... 93
4.9.
Analisa dan Konsep Utilitas Lingkungan....................................................... 97
4.9.1 Jaringan air bersih...................................................................................... 97 4.9.2 Jaringan drainase ....................................................................................... 99 4.9.3 Jaringan listrik ......................................................................................... 101 4.9.4 Sistem pengamanan terhadap bahaya kebakaran .................................... 102 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................ 106
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1 SPBU(Stasiun Pengisian Bahan Bakar)......................................................12 Gambar 2.2 Mesin ATM.................................................................................................13 Gambar 2.3 Tempat ibadah.............................................................................................13 Gambar 2.4 Restoran......................................................................................................14 Gambar 2.5 Mini market.................................................................................................14 Gambar 2.6 Cafe.............................................................................................................15 Gambar 2.7 KM/WC.......................................................................................................15 Gambar 2.8 Bengkel.......................................................................................................16 Gambar 2.9 Carwash......................................................................................................16 Gambar 2.10 Resort........................................................................................................17 Gambar 2.11 Apotek / Drug Store..................................................................................17 Gambar 2.12 Klinik........................................................................................................18 Gambar 2.13 Wartel........................................................................................................18 Gambar 2.14 Parkir mobil..............................................................................................19 Gambar 2.15 Parkir sepeda.............................................................................................19 Gambar 2. 16 Pola parkir pararel....................................................................................20 Gambar 2. 17 Pola parkir sudut 30°...............................................................................20 Gambar 2. 18 Pola parkir sudut 45°..............................................................................21 Gambar 2. 19 Pola parkir sudut 60°...............................................................................22 Gambar 2. 20 Pola parkir sudut 90°...............................................................................23 Gambar 2.21 Pola parkir tegak lurus..............................................................................24 Gambar 2.22 Ukuran bus / truk......................................................................................25 Gambar2. 23 Ukuran mobil............................................................................................25 Gambar 2.24 Ukuran sepeda motor................................................................................25 Gambar 2.25 Ukuran sepeda ..........................................................................................26 Gambar 2. 26 Bentuk dan ukuran alat pompa di SPBU.................................................27 Gambar 2. 27 Posisi 1 dan 2 mobil yang mengisi bahan bakar bersamaan..................27 Gambar 2. 28 Tata letak gerbang masuk dan keluar di SPBU.......................................27 Gambar 2. 29 Ukuran orang saat beribadah sholat.........................................................28 Gambar 2. 30 Ukuran untuk toilet orang normal............................................................29 Gambar 2. 31 Ukuran untuk orang cacat........................................................................29
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xii Gambar 2. 32 Ukuran dan jarak untuk rak toko..............................................................30 Gambar 2. 33 Ukuran dan jarak pandang ......................................................................30 Gambar 2. 34 Signage.....................................................................................................33 Gambar 2. 35 Papan Signage..........................................................................................34 Gambar 2. 36 Tempat istirahat di Rest Area Km 42.....................................................36 Gambar 2. 37 Food court di Rest Area Km 42 .............................................................36 Gambar 2. 38 Kantin di Rest Area Km 42 ....................................................................37 Gambar 2. 39 SPBU KM 10 cibubur..............................................................................37 Gambar 2. 40 Cibubur Square KM 10 Cibubur..............................................................38 Gambar 2. 41 Restoran KM 10 Cibubur.........................................................................38 Gambar 2. 42 Foodcourt KM 10 Cibubur.....................................................................38 Gambar 2.43 Area parkir KM 10 Cibubur.....................................................................39 Gambar 2.44 SPBU KM 19 Cikampek...........................................................................40 Gambar 2.45 Minimarket KM 19 Cikampek..................................................................40 Gambar 2.46 Cafe KM 19 Cikampek.............................................................................41 Gambar 2.47 Parkir KM 19 Cikampek...........................................................................41 Gambar 2. 48 Eco Tower ..............................................................................................43 Gambar 2. 49 Gerakan udara masuk ruangan................................................................48 Gambar 2. 50 Tipe bukaan atas......................................................................................48 Gambar 2. 51 Penggunaan Daylighting.........................................................................50 Gambar 2. 52 Penggunaan Daylighting untuk penerangan ruang.................................50 Gambar 2. 53 solar panel...............................................................................................51 Gambar 2. 54 Orientasi bangunan terhadap sinar matahari...........................................52 Gambar 2. 55 Croos ventilation.....................................................................................53 Gambar 2. 56 Sun shading.............................................................................................54 Gambar 2. 57 Macam-macam bentuk Shading..............................................................54 Gambar 2. 58 Penggunaan vegetasi untuk penyejuk ruang...........................................55 Gambar 2. 59 Vegetasi sebagai elemen struktur............................................................55 Gambar 3.1 Peta Kabupaten Salatiga............................................................................57 Gambar 3.2 Lokasi .......................................................................................................59 Gambar 3.3 Site..............................................................................................................60 Gambar 3.4 Site Taman kota P2KH...............................................................................61 Gambar 3.5 Site plan Taman kota P2KH.......................................................................62
xiii Gambar 4.1 Citra Satelit Site .........................................................................................64 Gambar 4.2 Batas timur Site .........................................................................................64 Gambar 4.3 Batas Barat Site .........................................................................................65 Gambar 4.4 Arah pergerakan matahari..........................................................................65 Gambar 4.5 Analisa & Konsep Pencapaian ..................................................................67 Gambar 4.6 Zonifikasi....................................................................................................67 Gambar 4.7 Vegetasi untuk mengatasi Kebisingan ......................................................68 Gambar 4.8 Tanaman perdu ..........................................................................................79 Gambar 4. 9 konsep pemanfaatan air hujan ..................................................................68 Gambar 4. 10 Pemanfaatan vegetasi mereduksi angin kuat.......................................... 69 Gambar 4. 11 Pemanfaatan vegetasi pemecah angin..................................................... 69 Gambar 4.12 Analisa & Konsep Klimatologi................................................................ 70 Gambar 4. 13 Pola lanscep............................................................................................ 71 Gambar 4. 14 Bambu Cina............................................................................................ 72 Gambar 4. 15 Tanaman Sansevieria ..............................................................................72 Gambar 4. 16 Bunga sepatu........................................................................................... 73 Gambar 4. 17 Bunga krisan........................................................................................... 73 Gambar 4.18 Ukuran pedestrian ....................................................................................74 Gambar 4. 19 Pencahayaan alami.................................................................................. 75 Gambar 4. 20 Pencahayaan alami .................................................................................75 Gambar 4. 21 Penghawaan alami................................................................................. 77 Gambar 4. 22 Hubungan ruang...................................................................................... 78 Gambar 4. 23 Organisasi ruang makro.......................................................................... 78 Gambar 4. 24 Hubungan ruang restoran ........................................................................79 Gambar 4. 25 Organisasi ruang restoran...................................................................... 79 Gambar 4. 26 Hubungan ruang klinik........................................................................... 79 Gambar 4. 27 Organisasi ruang klinik ...........................................................................80 Gambar 4. 28 Hubungan ruang pengelola .....................................................................80 Gambar 4. 29 Organisasi ruang Pengelola ....................................................................80 Gambar 4. 30 Hubungan ruang minimarket ..................................................................81 Gambar 4. 31 Organisasi ruang minimarket.................................................................. 81 Gambar 4. 32 Hubungan ruang penginapan / Resort......................................................81 Gambar 4. 33 Organisasi ruang penginapan / Resort.....................................................82 Gambar 4. 34 Konsep peletakan tempat parkir .............................................................83
xiv Gambar 4. 35 Contoh bangunan alam ..........................................................................89 Gambar 4. 36 airpot gas station,texas ...........................................................................89 Gambar 4. 37 Konsep bentuk........................................................................................90 Gambar 4. 38 Penerapan konsep interior pada penginapan.......................................... 90 Gambar 4. 39 Penerapan konsep interior kamar pada penginapan ...............................91 Gambar 4. 40 Pondasi sumuran....................................................................................91 Gambar 4. 41 Pondasi menerus....................................................................................92 Gambar 4. 42 Dinding masif (Hebel)............................................................................93 Gambar 4. 43 Secondary Skin.......................................................................................93 Gambar 4. 44 Konsep tata massa..................................................................................97 Gambar 4.45 pola distribusi air bersih dengan system Down Feed.............................. 98 Gambar 4.46 Distribusi air bersih dengan system Down Feed .....................................98 Gambar 4.47 Sistem pembuangan air kotor.................................................................. 99 Gambar 4.48 Dump Conservation Water ....................................................................100 Gambar 4.49 Utilitas Lingkungan................................................................................101 Gambar 4.50 Jaringan Listrik ......................................................................................102 Gambar 4.51 Fire Alrm System................................................................................... 103 Gambar 4.52 Sprinkler System Alrm.......................................................................... 104 Gambar 4.53 Exhauseter .............................................................................................104 Gambar 4.54 Hose Rock ..............................................................................................105 Gambar 4.55 Hidrant ..................................................................................................105
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Ukuran standar ruang parkir sudut 30°...........................................................21 Tabel 2.2 Ukuran standar parkir sudut 45°.....................................................................22 Tabel 2.3 Ukuran standar parkir sudut 60°.....................................................................22 Tabel 2.4 Ukuran standar parkir sudut 90°.....................................................................23 Tabel 2.5 Penentuan Satuan Ruang Parkir (SRP)...........................................................24 Tabel 2.6 Luasan Fasilitas SPBU...................................................................................26 Tabel 2.7 Luasan Mushola dan Telepon Umum ...........................................................28 Tabel 2.8 Kuat pencahyaan ............................................................................................35 Tabel 3.1 data jumlah penduduk kota salatiga ...............................................................60 Tabel 3.2 Data pengunjung taman kota Salatiga ...........................................................62 Tabel 4. 1 Besaran Ruang .............................................................................................85 Tabel 4. 2 Tabel macam-macam pola penataan massa .................................................94
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Rest Area di jalan Lingkar Salatiga (dengan Pendekatan Green Building) Disusun Oleh Iksan Rahmadan (D300110010)
ABSTRAKSI Rest Area merupakan tempat beristirahat sejenak untuk melepaskan kelelahan,kejenuhan,ataupun pergi ke toilet selama dalam perjalanan jarak jauh. Kota salatiga sebuah kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Kota ini berbatasan sepenuhnya dengan Kabupaten Semarang. Salatiga terletak 49 km
sebelah
selatan Kota Semarang atau 52 km sebelah utara Kota Surakarta, dan berada di jalan negara yang menghubungan Semarang-Surakarta. Kota ini berada di lereng timur Gunung Merbabu, sehingga membuat kota ini berudara cukup sejuk. Lokasi terletak di Jalan Lingkar Salatiga yang merupakan jalan alternatif yang menghubungkan antara kota salatiga dengan kota semarang. Konsep-konsep yang di terapkan dalam perencanaan ini adalah menyediakan tempat, dan fasilitas di dalam Rest Area untuk para pengguna jalan yang melewati jalan lingkar salatiga. Rest Area ini menggunakan konsep dari 8 Atribut Kota hijau salah satunya Green Building yang di terapkan pada Rest Area dengan memaksimalkan pencahyaan di dalam ruangan.
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