KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Ketimpangan Pendapatan dan Kesempatan di Indonesia Kunta W.D. Nugraha Peneliti Senior Badan Kebijakan Fiskal, Kementerian Keuangan
Konferensi INFID Jakarta, 26 – 27 November 2013 CRICOS #00212K
KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Topik • Ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia • Menuju pendapatan final • Pengaruh pendapatan non-market, bantuan sosial dan subsidi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan d t • Kesimpulan
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Semakin tinggi pertumbuhan ekonomi, semakin tinggi pula ketimpangan pendapatan
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Beberapa konsep penting
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Menuju pendapatan final
Gross income
Income tax
All market income
Net income
Wages/sala Business & nonries business income
Financial income
Consumpti on of own production
Income in-kind
Actual income
Taxes on production
Final income
Disposable i income
Income after t taxes
Benefits inkind
Cash transfers CRICOS #00212K
KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Definisi cash transfers dan benefits in-kind Items 1 Cash Cash Transfers Transfers Education ‐ BOS ‐ Scholarship
Health ‐ Basic Health
Definition
Grants for operational school for 41.9 million students Grants for poor students ‐ 2.4 million students in SD&SMP ‐ 0.9 million students in SMA ‐ 0.2 million students in Univ Grants for operational of Puskesmas
Items 2 Subsidies Energy ‐ Fuel ‐ Electricity
Food ‐ Fertilizer
Definition
Price subsidy on unleaded, diesel, kerosene and gas Price subsidy on electricity below 6,600 Watt
Price subsidy on fertilizer
‐ Paddy
Price subsidy on paddy
‐ Rice
Price subsidy for poor household for 15 kg/month
‐ Standard Hospital St d d H it l Grants for standard hospital G t f t d dh it l Social Security ‐ Conditional
‐ Unconditional
Grants for poor household for 720,000 households Grants for poor household for 19,1 million households
Public Service Obligation ‐ Train (KAI) Ship (Pelni) Price subsidy for KAI, Pelni, ‐ Posindo and Antara ‐ Post Office ‐ News Agency 3 Public Spending ‐ Education ‐ Health
Central and local expenditure on Central and local expenditure on education Central and local expenditure on health
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Pengaruh pendapatan non-market sangat besar, terutama untuk kelompok paling miskin (US$ using PPP 2008)
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Cash transfers and benefits in-kind cenderung propoor, kecuali subsidi (US$ using PPP 2008)
Deciles Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest
Benefits In‐Kind
Cash Transfers
Subsidies
Health
Education
121.7 87.1 83.4 41.2 19.8 19.7 19.5 18.5 18.8 16.4
294.9 224.6 233.9 253.3 269.3 279.0 301.0 350.0 424.1 656.2
51.7 52.3 41.9 45.3 37.7 37.5 33.8 29.6 30.5 17.5
266.7 173.0 169.8 167.6 169.6 170.5 177.1 180.4 187.9 208.4
Total 735.0 537.0 529.1 507.4 496.5 506.6 531.5 578.5 661.3 898.5 8
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Education, basic health and social security are pro-poor (US$ using PPP 2008) Ed Education i Deciles Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest
B i H lh Basic Health
BOS
Scholarships
Puskesmas
Hospital
14.1 14.2 14.1 13.6 13.3 13.3 13.8 13.4 13.6 13.4
19.7 2.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
1.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.5
7.0 6.7 5.3 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.3 2.5
SSocial Security i lS i Un‐ Conditional conditional 63.5 61.8 61.5 19.6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
15.6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ CRICOS #00212K
KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Semua subsidi adalah pro-rich, kecuali beras (US$ using PPP 2008) Energy Deciles Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest
Food
Fuel
Electricity
Fertilizer Rice/Paddy
171.3 125.8 130.5 141.1 149.4 153.5 163.9 194.9 235.1 374.6
90.8 67.2 71.6 80.0 88.5 94.0 104.6 121.3 153.7 238.3
18.3 15.6 16.3 17.4 17.5 18.0 19.5 21.4 24.0 32.7
12.4 14.7 14.0 13.2 12.0 11.5 11.0 9.9 8.3 5.6
Public P bli Service Obligation 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.9 5.0 CRICOS #00212K
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Subsidi BBM adalah pro-rich (US$ using PPP 2008)
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Distribusi pendapatan per kapita cenderung menyempit, % Market Income Market Income Deciles
Gross All Market Net Income Income Income
Market Income and Non‐Market Income Market Income and Non‐Market Income Actual Income
Income Disposible After Taxes Income
Final Income
LLowestt Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth i hh Ninth Highest
1.5 15 3.5 4.6 5.6 6.7 7.9 9.4 11.3 11 3 14.7 34.8
1.5 15 3.5 4.6 5.7 6.8 8.1 9.6 11.5 11 15.0 33.7
2.2 22 4.2 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.1 9.6 11.4 11 14.5 32.0
8.1 81 6.8 7.1 7.6 8.2 8.5 9.2 10.2 10 2 12.1 22.2
8.8 88 7.5 6.9 7.4 8.0 8.4 9.1 10.1 10 1 11.9 21.9
9.3 93 7.8 7.2 7.5 7.9 8.3 9.0 9.9 99 11.7 21.4
9.7 97 7.9 7.4 7.7 8.1 8.4 9.0 10.0 10 0 11.7 20.1
Total
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
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40
30
30
30
20
20
20
10
10
10
0
0
0
Gross income
Equality line
Actual income
Equality line
Final income
Highest
40
Ninth
40
Eighth
50
Seventh
50
Sixth
50
Fifth
60
Fourth
60
Third
60
Second
70
Highest
70
Ninth
70
Eighth
80
Seventh
80
Sixth
80
Fifth
90
Fourth
90
Third
100
Second
100
90
Lowest
100
Lowest
Perbaikan distribusi pendapatan dapat dilihat pada Lorentz Curve
Equality line
Gross Income
Actual Income
Final Income
Gini Coefficient
0.42
0.21
0.17
Percentile Ratios P90/P50 P10/P50
3.39 0.34
2.06 0.83
1.82 0.87
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Kesimpulan (1)
• Non Non-market market income – Ignoring the non-market income component seriously overestimates the degree of income inequality. inequality – For example: Indonesian official Gini coefficient in 2008 is 0.35 0 35 using household consumption consumption, but I found that Gini coefficient can be 0.21 using household market and non-market income
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KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Kesimpulan (2)
• Cash transfers and benefits in-kind in kind – Government programs in health and education improve income distribution distribution, but not subsidies subsidies. – Most of subsidies are price subsidies which apply to all consumers and rich households consume more more.
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Policy Responses • Calculation of income inequality need to accommodate non-market income to avoid misleading results which could lead p poor p policy. y • Maintaining and increasing further cash transfers and public pub c spe spending d go on health ea t a and d educat education. o • Reform the subsidy system from price subsidies to targeted subsidies or other pro-poor pro poor programs.
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T i k ih Terimakasih
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