KEEFEKTIFAN TEKNIK QUANTUM WRITING DAN CONCEPT MAPPING DALAM PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI MENULIS KARANGAN EKSPOSISI PESERTA DIDIK SMA
ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO 10706251007
Tesis ditulis untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan untuk mendapatkan gelar Magister Pendidikan Program Studi Linguistik Terapan
LINGUISTIK TERAPAN PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA 2012
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ABSTRAK ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO: Keefektifan Teknik Quantum Writing dan Concept Mapping dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik SMA. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 2012.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) keefektifan penggunaan teknik quantum writing, (2) keefektifan penggunaan teknik concept mapping, (3) manakah yang lebih efektif antara teknik concept mapping dan quantum writing, serta (4) manakah yang paling efektif antara teknik quantum writing, concept mapping¸ dan tradisional dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksperimental dengan Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik pembelajaran yang terdiri atas tiga kategori, yaitu teknik quantum writing, concept mapping, dan tradisional. Variabel terikat penelitian ini adalah kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi peserta didik. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah simple cluster random sampling. Pengumpulan data penelitian melalui metode nontes berupa penugasan menulis eksposisi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa lembar penilaian karangan yang disertai rubrik. Validitas instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah validitas isi (content validity) dengan dikonsultasikan kepada ahli (expert judgement). Teknik antarrater digunakan untuk menguji reliabilitas instrumen. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Anava satu jalan yang dilanjutkan dengan Uji Scheffe. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) teknik quantum writing efektif dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai t = 14,307 dan sig (p) < 0,05; (2) teknik concept mapping efektif dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai t = 17,984 dan sig (p) < 0,05; (3) teknik concept mapping lebih efektif daripada teknik quantum writing dengan nilai t = 2,389 dan sig (p) < 0,05; dan (4) terdapat perbedaan penerapan teknik quantum writing, concept mapping, dan tradisional dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai F = 45,257 dan sig (p) < 0,05. Teknik concept mapping paling efektif dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis eksposisi daripada teknik quantum writing dan tradisional. Kata Kunci: Keefektifan, Quantum Writing, Concept Mapping, Eksposisi
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ABSTRACT ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO: The Effectiveness of the Quantum Writing and Concept Mapping Techniques in Improving Senior High School Students Exposition Writing Competence. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Graduate School, Yogyakarta State University, 2012. This research aims to investigate (1) the effectiveness of the quantum writing technique in improving the exposition writing competence of Grade X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, (2) the effectiveness of the concept mapping technique in improving exposition writing competence of Grade X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, (3) which one is more effective between the concept mapping and quantum writing techniques in improving exposition writing competence of Grade X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, and (4) which one is the most effective among the quantum writing, concept mapping, and traditional techniques in improving exposition writing competence of Grade X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul. This study was an experimental study. The experimental design applied the randomized pretest-posttest control group design. There were three variables, namely the independent variables, which were the quantum writing and concept mapping techniques, and the dependent variable, which was students’ exposition writing competence. The simple cluster random technique was utilized to select the sample. The data collecting technique was a non-test conducted by giving an assignment to the students to write the exposition composition. The instrument of the research was the writing rubric. The research instruments had the content validity obtained through expert judgment. An interrater technique was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Scheffe test. The results of the study show that : (1) the quantum writing technique is effective in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by t = 14,307 and (p) < 0.05; (2) the concept mapping technique is effective in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by t = 17,984 and (p) < 0.05; (3) the concept mapping technique is more effective than the quantum writing technique, indicated by t = 2,389 and (p) < 0.05; and (4) there are significant differences between quantum writing, concept mapping, and traditional techniques in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by F = 45,257 and (p) < 0,05. The concept mapping technique is the most effective in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by (p) < 0.05. Keywords : Effectiveness, Quantum Writing, Concept Mapping, Exposition .
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah swt, yang senantiasa melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga tesis ini terselesaikan dengan baik. Tesis ini mengungkapkan perbedaan keefektifan penerapan teknik quantum writing dan concept mapping dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis eksposisi peserta didik SMA. Penulisan tesis ini dapat saya selesaikan karena adanya bantuan berupa arahan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, perkenankanlah saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada yang terhormat: 1. Prof. Soenarto, Ph.D., Direktur Program Pascasarjana. 2. Rektor Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Kaprodi Linguistik Terapan, dan seluruh staf Program Pascasarjana, atas segala kebijaksanaan, perhatian, dan dorongan sehingga penulis selesai studi. 3. Prof. Dr. Pujiati Suyata, selaku pembimbing yang telah banyak membantu, mengarahkan, membimbing, dan memberikan motivasi hingga tesis ini terwujud. 4. Kepala Sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul yang telah mengizinkan penulis untuk melakukan penelitian. 5. Guru Bahasa Indonesia kelas X di SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul atas segala bantuan, perhatian, dan kerjasamanya dalam proses penelitian. 6. Teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya Prodi Linguistik Terapan angkatan 2010 Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan berbagai pihak yang
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tidak bisa saya sebutkan satu per satu, yang telah memberikan dukungan moral sehingga penulis selesai studi. 7. Bapak, Ibu, dan adikku yang senantiasa memberikan doa, motivasi, dan dukungan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan studi dengan lancar. Semoga segala bantuan dan amal baik yang telah diberikan akan mendapat imbalan dan balasan dari Allah swt. Semoga penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat sebagaimana mestinya.
Yogyakarta, Mei 2012 Penulis,
Anggit Aruwiyantoko
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DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL.......................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.............................................................................................. ii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iv PERNYATAAN ................................................................................................................. v LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................. vi KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................... vii DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................ xii DAFATAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... xiv BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................................... 1 B. Identifikasi Masalah ............................................................................................ 8 C. Pembatasan Masalah ........................................................................................... 9 D. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................... 9 E. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................... 10 F. Manfaat penelitian .............................................................................................. 11 BAB II LANDASAN TEORI ........................................................................................... 12 A. Kajian Teoretis ................................................................................................... 12 1. Kompetensi Menulis .................................................................................... 12 a. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................... 12 b. Tujuan dan Manfaat Menulis ................................................................ 15 c. Kompetensi Menulis Peserta Didik SMA ............................................ 16 2. Tinjauan tentang Karangan Eksposisi .......................................................... 20 a. Pengertian Eksposisi ............................................................................. 20 b. Teknik Penulisan Eksposisi .................................................................. 21 c. Struktur dan Syarat Menulis Eksposisi ................................................. 22 3. Teknik Quantum Writing ............................................................................. 23 a. Pengertian Teknik Quantum Writing ................................................... 23 b. Tujuan Pembelajaran Quantum Writing ............................................... 24 c. Langkah-langkah teknik Quantum Writing .......................................... 24 d. Tahapan Teknik Quantum Writing ....................................................... 26 4. Teknik Concept Mapping............................................................................. 28 a. Pengertian Concept Mapping ............................................................... 28 b. Cara Membuat Concept Mapping......................................................... 30 c. Macam-macam Concept Mapping........................................................ 31 d. Teknik Concept Mapping Dalam Menulis ........................................... 35 5. Penilaian Pembelajaran Menulis .................................................................. 37 a. Pengertian Penilaian ............................................................................. 37 b. Fungsi dan Tujuan Penilaian ................................................................ 41 c. Macam Evaluasi atau Penilaian ............................................................ 44
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d. Karakter dan Kriteria Penilaian Tulisan ............................................... 46 B. Kajian Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan .......................................................................... 50 C. Kerangka Pikir .............................................................................................................. 52 D. Hipotesis ....................................................................................................................... 56 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN.................................................................................... 57 A. Desain Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 57 B. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................................................... 58 C. Subjek dan Sampel Penelitian ...................................................................................... 59 D. Variabel Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 60 1. Identifikasi Variabel ............................................................................................... 60 2. Definisi Operasional Variabel ................................................................................ 60 E. Prosedur Eksperimen .................................................................................................... 62 1. Praeksperimen ........................................................................................................ 62 2. Eksperimen ............................................................................................................. 62 F. Teknik dan Instrumen Pengumpulan Data .................................................................... 66 1. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ..................................................................................... 66 2. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................ 67 G. Validitas dan Reliabilitas Instrumen ............................................................................ 68 1. Validitas Instrumen................................................................................................. 68 2. Reliabilitas Instrumen ............................................................................................. 69 H. Teknik Analisis Data .................................................................................................... 69 1. Uji Prasyarat Analisis ............................................................................................. 70 a. Normalitas ....................................................................................................... 70 b. Homogenitas Varians ...................................................................................... 70 2. Analisis Data........................................................................................................... 71 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN ........................................................................................ 73 A. Deskripsi Data ....................................................................................................... 73 1. Praeksperimen ................................................................................................. 73 2. Deskripsi Kemampuan Awal .......................................................................... 76 3. Deskripsi Perlakuan ........................................................................................ 85 4. Deskripsi Data Postes Kompetensi Menulis Eksposisi ................................... 94 B. Analisis Data ........................................................................................................ 103 1. Pengujian Asumsi .......................................................................................... 103 2. Pengujian Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 105 C. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................... 114 1. Teknik Quantum Writing Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik ................................................... 117 2. Teknik Concept Mapping Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik ................................................... 119 3. Teknik Concept Mapping Lebih Efektif daripada Teknik Quantum Writing dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ...................... 120 4. Teknik Concept Mapping Paling Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi
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Menulis Karangan Peserta Didik ................................................................... 122 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................................ 125 A. Simpulan .............................................................................................................. 125 B. Implikasi ............................................................................................................... 126 C. Keterbatasan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 127 D. Saran ..................................................................................................................... 128 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................................... 129 LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................................... 133
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Penilaian Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ............................... 67 Tabel 2 Ringkasan Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen ......................................................... 69 Tabel 3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Pretes.................................................................................. 74 Tabel 4 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Pretes .............................................................................. 75 Tabel 5 Hasil Uji Anava Pretes ......................................................................................... 76 Tabel 6 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1................... 77 Tabel 7 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .................................................................. 77 Tabel 8 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ..................... 78 Tabel 9 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2................... 79 Tabel 10 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................................ 80 Tabel 11 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................... 81 Tabel 12 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol .......................... 82 Tabel 13 Skor Pretes Kelompok Kontrol .......................................................................... 83 Tabel 14 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol............................. 84 Tabel 15 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................ 94 Tabel 16 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................................ 95 Tabel 17 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .................. 96 Tabel 18 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................ 97 Tabel 19 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................................ 98 Tabel 20 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 .................. 99 Tabel 21 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ......................... 100 Tabel 22 Skor Postes Kelompok Kontrol ........................................................................ 101 Tabel 23 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ........................... 102 Tabel 24 Hasil Uji Normalitas Kelompok Postes ............................................................ 104 Tabel 25 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Kelompok Postes......................................................... 105 Tabel 26 Hasil Uji Anava Postes ..................................................................................... 106 Tabel 27 Hasil Uji Beda Pretes-Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................... 107 Tabel 28 Hasil Uji Beda Pretes-Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................... 109 Tabel 29 Hasil Uji Beda Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 dan Eksperimen 1 ................. 110 Tabel 30 Rangkuman Hasil Uji Anava Postes ................................................................. 112 Tabel 31 Rangkuman Hasil Uji Scheffe .......................................................................... 112
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 Peta Konsep Pohon Jaringan ............................................................................ 32 Gambar 2 Peta Konsep Rantai Kejadian ........................................................................... 33 Gambar 3 Peta Konsep Siklus ........................................................................................... 34 Gambar 4 Peta Konsep Laba-laba ..................................................................................... 34 Gambar 5 Desain Penelitian .............................................................................................. 58 Gambar 6 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .............. 78 Gambar 7 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 .............. 80 Gambar 8 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ........................ 83 Gambar 9 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .............. 95 Gambar 10 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ............ 98 Gambar 11 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol .................... 101
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Silabus .......................................................................................................... 133 Lampiran 2 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran ............................................................. 135 Lampiran 3 Skor Uji Coba Instrumen Penilai 1 ............................................................... 141 Lampiran 4 Skor Uji Coba instrument Penilai 2 .............................................................. 142 Lampiran 5 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen .................................................................. 143 Lampiran 6 Jadwal Pengambilan Data ............................................................................. 145 Lampiran 7 Skor Pretes Kelompok Kontrol..................................................................... 146 Lampiran 8 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ........................................................... 147 Lampiran 9 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ........................................................... 148 Lampiran 10 Skor Postes Kelompok Kontrol .................................................................. 149 Lampiran 11 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ........................................................ 150 Lampiran 12 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ........................................................ 151 Lampiran 13 Ringkasan Skor Pretes ................................................................................ 152 Lampiran 14 Ringkasan Skor Postes ............................................................................... 153 Lampiran 15 Nilai Rata-rata Tiap Perlakuan ................................................................... 154 Lampiran 16 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Kontrol ........................................................... 155 Lampiran 17 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................. 156 Lampiran 18 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................. 157 Lampiran 19 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Kontrol .......................................................... 158 Lampiran 20 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1................................................. 159 Lampiran 21 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2................................................. 160 Lampiran 22 Hasil Uji Normalitas Pretes ........................................................................ 161 Lampiran 23 Hasil Uji Homogenitas dan Anava Pretes .................................................. 162 Lampiran 24 Hasil Uji Normalitas Postes........................................................................ 163 Lampiran 25 Hasil Uji Homogenitas dan Anava Postes .................................................. 164 Lampiran 26 Hasil Uji-t Pretes-Postes ............................................................................. 165 Lampiran 27 Hasil Uji-t Postes Eksperimen 1 dan 2 ....................................................... 166 Lampiran 28 Hasil Uji Scheffe ........................................................................................ 167 Lampiran 29 Lembar Penilaian Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ......................................... 168 Lampiran 30 Lembar Observasi Penerapan Teknik Pembelajaran .................................. 169 Lampiran 31 Surat-surat Perizinan .................................................................................. 171 Lampiran 32 Foto-foto Penelitian .................................................................................... 179 Lampiran 33 Contoh Hasil Karangan Peserta Didik ........................................................ 186
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