Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky

Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta

Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky

Magisterská diplomová práce

Petra Brdečková

2012

Petra Brdečková

2012

Masaryk University Faculty of Arts

Department of English and American Studies

English-language Translation

Petra Brdečková

Comparing the Quality of Translations of Specialised Texts Depending on the Translators' Level of Expertise Master’s Diploma Thesis

Supervisor: Ing. Lucie Šnytová

2012

I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my supervisor for her helpful guidance, support and patience. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their encouragement.

TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2. Classification of texts ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 Text and Discourse............................................................................................. 3 2.2 Text typology ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Classification of chosen texts according to Newmark ................................ 8 2.3 Specialised texts and technical style .................................................................. 8 3. Problems in Specialised texts ................................................................................. 12 3.1 Linguistic problems.......................................................................................... 12 3.2 Textual problems.............................................................................................. 14 3.3 Extralinguistic and cultural problems .............................................................. 16 4. The PACTE Group................................................................................................. 18 4.1 Research of the PACTE Group ........................................................................ 18 4.2 Results .............................................................................................................. 22 5. Research Design and Methodology ....................................................................... 25 5.1 Experimental Universe ..................................................................................... 25 5.2 Questionnaire on Knowledge about Translation .............................................. 27 5.2.1 Dynamic vs. static approach according to Nida ........................................ 28 5.3 Rich Points ....................................................................................................... 30 5.3.1 Rich Points in IT text ................................................................................ 31 5.3.2 Rich Points in the automotive text ............................................................ 33 5.3.3 Rich Points in the Finance Text ................................................................ 34 5.4 Acceptability .................................................................................................... 35 5.5 Questionnaire on Translation Problems ........................................................... 36 5.6 Total time taken ............................................................................................... 37 5.7 Translation Brief .............................................................................................. 38 5.8 Criteria of Scientific Standards ........................................................................ 38 6. Evaluation of the questionnaires ............................................................................ 41 6.1 Evaluation of the Questionnaire on the Knowledge about Translation ........... 41 6.2 Evaluation of the Questionnaire on Problems of Translation .......................... 55 7. Analysis and discussion of translations ................................................................. 60 7.1 Analysis and discussion – IT text .................................................................... 60 7.1.2 Discussion on selected Rich Points ........................................................... 62 7.2 Analysis and discussion – Automotive text ..................................................... 67 7.2.1 Discussion on selected Rich Points ........................................................... 68 7.3 Analysis and discussion – Finance................................................................... 73 7.3.1 Discussion on selected Rich Points ........................................................... 74 7.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 78 8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 81 9. Appendix ................................................................................................................ 84 10. Bibliography....................................................................................................... 129 Résumé ..................................................................................................................... 136 Resumé ..................................................................................................................... 137

1. INTRODUCTION The inspiration for my thesis arose from the increasing need to translate various specialised texts from English into Czech. In the present world of globalisation, clients can be represented by diverse institutions such as European Union bodies or a government, international companies or individual persons. Whenever I spoke about a specialised translation with a professional working in a certain field, I heard the same thing. They preferred to translate the text themselves rather than have it assigned to a professional translator. Surprisingly, it was not because of financial reasons. They simply claimed that a translation produced by an expert translator would not be accurate. Gradually, I began to wonder where the truth was and whether we really need expert translators. That was the incentive why I decided to choose this topic.

The present study will be based on specialised translations from English into Czech, done by three groups of subjects, namely expert translators, professionals working in the respective field of expertise and students of translation. I chose short texts from fields of information technology, automotive industry and finance. A number of translation problems (Rich Points) will be identified in each text. The main objective of my thesis is to analyse translations of these Rich Points and find out what the overall quality of translations is like and how the acceptability is going to differ in relation to competencies of the subject groups. Main emphasis will be of course laid on terminology. I will use the PACTE Group´s quantitative method of Acceptability. Based on two questionnaires, tendencies in translating (dynamic versus static approach) or relationship between time taken and quality will be analysed.

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I am aware that my thesis can only present tentative results because I plan to gather maximum of 5 translations from each subject group per a text. This sample is rather limited but I hope that the obtained results will serve as a starting point to further research on quality of specialised translations.

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2. CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTS Definition of text types is anything but easy. Since various types of texts are used in this study, it is useful to delineate the text typology which can provide me with the ground for handling the texts in terms of terminology and their classification. Texts can be of course ―naturally divided simply into non-literary and literary texts or technical and non-technical texts, but this approach does not seem very useful, because the resulting categories are far too broad to be of any real value.‖ (NokkonenPirttilampi: 8)

2.1 TEXT AND DISCOURSE Before we move on to discussing some of the established text typologies, the terms text and discourse should be explained.

―A text is sentence in combination, in contrast with discourse which is the use of utterances in combination.‖ (Widdowson in Bell 1991: 149) ―The two terms text and discourse are sometimes used interchangeably in the literature. For some linguists, again, text refers to written language and discourse to spoken language. For others, still, texts may be spoken or written, and they may

involve one

or

more

text

producers, which then leave discourse for other uses.‖ (Virtanen 1992: 2)

Virtanen (1992: 3) also adopts ―the British view of text as discourse without context, and discourse, correspondingly, as text and its situational context.‖ In other words, text is often seen as the product of process while discourse is often seen as the process of text production (Trosborg 1997). Another definition says:

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―A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive.‖ (Halliday and Hasan 1976: 23)

For the purposes of this study, the terms discourse and text are used interchangeably and these two terms refer to written texts only.

2.2 TEXT TYPOLOGY The first attempt to classify texts was made by Katharina Reiss in 1976. Her suggestion of text-types was based on Karl Buhler’s tripartite model of language functions (informative, expressive, and vocative). Accordingly, Reiss´ text typology follows as: content-focused (informative), form-focused (expressive) and appealfocused (operative). She also suggested a fourth category of the audio-medial text type (Reiss 2004: 24-27).

Hatim and Mason´s text typology is described in their book called Discourse and the Translator (1990). Three text types were introduced: expository, argumentative and instructional texts. In argumentative texts, the contextual focus is on the evaluation of relations between concepts (Hatim and Mason 1990: 154). The contextual focus in expository texts is on analysis or synthesis. Expository texts are further divided into descriptive and narrative texts. ―In place of concepts, description handles objects or situations, while narrative texts arrange actions and events in a particular order.‖ (Hatim and Mason, 1990: 154-155) Focus of the instructional text type is on the formation of future behaviour (Hatim and Mason 1990: 156). According to Hatim and Mason (1990: 140) is the text-type ―a conceptual framework which enables us to classify texts in

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terms of communicative intentions serving an overall purpose.‖ These intentions are (a) to claim reader´s attention, (b) to announce a topic, (c) to express support for a project and (c) to justify by argument.

Another text typology was proposed by Peter Newmark in 1991. His typology meets the purposes of my study in the most appropriate way; especially in terms of clearly stated language functions, examples of texts belonging to each category and also the categorization of text styles. Newark’s typology will be therefore explained more in detail and demonstrated by particular examples of the texts to be translated. As well as Reiss, Newmark too based his text typology on Buhler’s functional theory of language and distinguishes three main functions: 1) expressive, 2) Informative and 3) vocative.

Function

Expressive

Informative

Vocative

Core Author´s status Type

Writer Sacred Novels, plays and poetry Autobiography

Truth Anonymous Scientific nonevaluative texts Technological nonevaluative texts Industrial nonevaluative texts Economic nonevaluative texts Commercial nonevaluative texts

Readership Anonymous Notices

Essays Political speeches, legal documents Personal correspondence Table 1: Newmark 1988: 40

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Instructions Propaganda Publicity Popular fiction

The expressive function Expressive function concerns mainly the mind of the speaker or the writer who try to express their feeling without expecting any response from the reader. Examples of expressive function are serious imaginative literature (poetry, short stories, novels and plays), authoritative statements (political speeches, legal documents, scientific and philosophical work etc.) and autobiography, essays and personal correspondence (Newmark 1988: 39).

The Informative function According to Newmark (1988: 40), ―the core of the informative function of language is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. For the purposes of translation, typical informative texts are concerned with any topic of knowledge, but texts about literary subjects, as they often express value-judgements, are apt to learn towards expressiveness‖. Newmark also formulated four types of style.

Style

Used for

Characterised by

Formal, non-emotive, technical style

Academic papers

Neutral or informal style with defined technical terms Informal, warm style

Textbooks

Familiar, non-technical style

Popular journalism

Passives, present and perfect tenses, literal language, Latinised vocabulary, jargon, compound words, no metaphors 1st person plurals, presents tenses, dynamic and active verbs, basic metaphors Simple grammatical structures, wide range of simple vocabulary, illustrations, stock metaphors Surprising metaphors, short sentences, unconventional punctuation, colloquialism etc.

Popular science and art books

Table 2: Newmark 1988: 40-41

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The vocative function The core of this function is the reader, or rather the readership. Purpose of the function is to influence people so they act in the way intended by the text (Newmark 1988: 41). Most important is the relationship between the readership and the writer which is induced for instance by grammatical forms of address, infinitives, imperatives, commands, requests of persuasion etc. Secondly, these texts must be written in a way that the readership comprehend them immediately.

Newmark (1988: 42) naturally realizes that only ―few texts are purely expressive, informative or vocative: most include all three functions, with an emphasis on one of the three.‖ Like Newmark, also Halliday and Hasan confirm this multifunctionality:

―The problem is that, however the typology is set up, any real text will display features of more than one type. This multifunctionality is the rule rather than the exception, and anyuseful typology of texts will have to be able to accommodate such diversity.‖ (Halliday and Hasan 1990: 138)

Besides the categorization of text types according to language functions, Newmark suggests to divide texts by topic into three broad categories: literary texts, institutional and scientific texts. Literary texts are important in their imaginative connotations; institutional texts include politics, commerce or finance. Scientific texts then include all areas of science and technology (Newmark 1988: 151).

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2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CHOSEN TEXTS ACCORDING TO NEWMARK Each of the texts is concerned with a topic of knowledge (either IT, automotive or finance) and thus the predominant language function is informative. All three texts were taken over from the internet and their authors are unknown. The IT and automotive text can be considered as technological non-evaluative texts and the finance text can be classified as economic non-evaluative texts. Most characteristic for the three texts is neutral or informal style with defined technical terms, even though Newmark assigned this style mainly to writing textbooks. Very often are used present simple tense and dynamic verbs. In terms of Newark’s further broad division of texts by topic, our texts would be regarded as institutional texts.

2.3 SPECIALISED TEXTS AND TECHNICAL STYLE Following chapter discusses main features of technical writings. This study is dealing only with specialised texts. Therefore, I believe that taking a look at basic principles of technical style will help me to prepare for the translations´ analysis.

The aim of a specialised text is to express given information precisely, clearly and in a complex way. These texts typically include terms and expressions belonging to specific fields, they are explicit, written, accurate, non-emotive, etc. (Grygová, in Knittlová 2010: 206). Similarly, Herman (1993: 13) says: ―A translation of technical prose, though non-literal, should convey the exact meaning of the original texts as directly as possible. Purposeful ambiguities, ungrammatical constructions and sound combinations which call attention to themselves are the province of literary translation.‖

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The form of a specialised text is usually simplified, avoids synonyms and variations. Such simplification is present both at lexical and syntactic level. Certain degree of stereotypical formulations even contributes to an unambiguity of the meaning and is rather welcome in specialised texts (Grygová, in Knittová 2010: 208).

Principal goals of specialised writing according to Herman (1993) are correctness (accuracy), clarity and concision. ―Correctness means accurate recreation of the ideas and technical terms of the original in the target language.‖ (Herman 1993: 18) He moreover suggests that in order to fulfil the goal of correctness, a translator should be also able to correct possible mistakes in the original document and produce an accurate text in the target language. That of course implies that a translator must have good knowledge about the subject (Herman 1993: 18). The principle of clarity means that the reader must be able to understand the text. It follows that also stylistics is important in technical writings. ―If the syntactical and lexical features of the source and target languages differ, clarity often requires that the sentence in the target language be completely recast.‖ (Herman 1993: 18) Concision means that every idea of the original is transferred. For that reason, the first draft of translation might be rather wordy. Subsequently, ―words that do not contribute to meaning or clarity can be eliminated‖. (Herman 1993: 17)

Newmark further suggests three kinds of technical style (Newmark 1988: 153): 1) Academic – including transferred Latin and Greek words; 2) Professional – formal terms used by experts;

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3) Popular – layman vocabulary that can include familiar alternative terms.

Original texts used for the purposes of this study are written in professional/popular style. On the one hand, words and terms such as vehicles, balance sheet or suspension coils are used, but on the other hand idiomatic expressions such as sitting on the shelves, with a minimum of fuss or keep down the clutter occur in these texts as well.

Even though terminology makes up perhaps only 5-10% of a text (Newmark 1988: 160), it is definitely one of the most distinctive and important features of specialised texts. Set phrases and nomenclature exist within specific fields and a general tendency to nominalisation and multiverbization exist (Grygová 2010). Equally characteristic is also a process of internationalisation which goes in hand with the overall development of the fields and societies. When translating a specialised text, certain shifts must inevitably occur (Popovič 1977: 191). The extent of these shifts is dependent on stylistic level of languages. Even though the main purpose of a specialised translation is to transmit technical information, the aesthetics, stylistics should not be forgotten. Even a translator of specialised texts must be able to deal for example with metaphors (Popovič 1977: 191).

The issue of a stylistic level and translation of terms will be discussed in later chapters on evaluation of the collected translations. Generally, I expect the translations produced by professionals working in the field to be more precise in regards of

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translating terms and less accurate in terms of stylistics. Professional translators are then expected to be more advanced in terms of stylistic formulation.

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3. PROBLEMS IN SPECIALISED TEXTS A translator might come across various problems when translating a specialised text. The four broad categories of translation problems that are taken into account in the present study are linguistic, textual or extralinguistic problems and problems of intentionality. All of these are explained in detail in following subchapters.

3.1 LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS ―Translation problems can also arise from structural differences in the vocabulary, syntax and suprasegmental features of the two languages. Some of these linguistic translation problems are restricted to language pairs, as might be the case of cognates or false friends, one-to-many ore one-to-zero equivalences.‖ (Nord 1997: 66)

The linguistic category of translation problems classification in the present study includes problems relating to lexis and problems with re-formulation. For that reason, suprasegmental features as suggested by Nord (stress, accent and intonation – Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 2000: 465) are excluded from the further explanation of linguistic problems. One of the lexical problems described by Nord (1997) is a situation, in which a source language word has many translations in the target language. Contrary, a word in a source language might happen to have no corresponding word carrying the same meaning in the target language. Cruse recognises four different types meaning in words and utterances (in Baker 1992:13).

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1. Propositional meaning describes a relationship between the word and what it refers to. It seems to me that this type of a meaning corresponds with denotation. Following this description, ―when a translation is described as inaccurate, it is often the propositional meaning that is being called into question‖. (Baker 1992: 13) This kind of a meaning will be most probably referred to later in my study when the analysis of linguistic problems at lexical level is carried. Quite a few linguistic problems were selected in each text and it is highly possible that some of the translation solutions will be classified as inaccurate, therefore semiacceptable or even unacceptable. However even Baker (1992: 17) says that it is almost impossible to define propositional meaning of a word or an utterance with absolute certainty because ―in the majority of cases, words have blurred edges; their meanings are, to a large content, negotiable and are only realized in specific context.‖

2. Expressive meaning, as opposed to the propositional meaning, cannot be judged as accurate or inaccurate. This type of a meaning is connotative and expresses the speaker´s feelings, attitudes, etc. ―Two or more words or utterances can therefore have the same propositional meaning but differ in their expressive meaning.‖ (Baker 1192: 13) These words can be synonyms or near synonyms of the same language or even words from two different languages. Also some words might have both propositional and expressive meanings, while other is purely expressive or propositional. Neglecting the right meaning of a word in context need not always have a direct impact on the information content;

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nevertheless, it might reduce its forcefulness which is rather essential for some types of texts.

3. Presupposed meaning is in fact a collocational meaning which ―arises from restrictions on what other words or expressions we expect to see before or after a particular lexical unit.‖ (Baker 1992: 14)

4. Evoked meaning is to a large extent connected to register, i.e. ―a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific situation.‖ (Baker 1992: 15)

3.2 TEXTUAL PROBLEMS Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) define text as a communicative occurrence which meets seven standards (cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality and intertextuality). The two following subchapters focus on cohesion and coherence because ―the cohesion of surface texts and the underlying coherence of textual worlds are the most obvious standards of textuality.‖ (Beaugrande and Dressler: 113) The two categories are also included in the portfolio that I use for the classification of translation problems in the three specialised texts. Intertextuality is a subject of interest to this study as well and was already discussed in chapter 2.2.

Cohesion Beaugrande and Dressler (1981: 48) suggest that ―the stability of the text as system is upheld via a continuity of occurrences.‖ It means that various occurrences are

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related to each other and access some other occurrences through syntax. Consequently, cohesion is understood as a ―sticking together‖ as for the function of syntax in communication reflected via surface elements (Beaugrande and Dressler 1981:48). Units of syntax that can be employed in a short span of time are the phrase, clause and the sentence. Some of the other devices that are important in longer stretches of texts and that contribute to stability and economy, are recurrence (straightforward repetition), partial recurrence (shifts to different classes), parallelism (repetition of structures and addition of new elements), paraphrase (repetition of content in other words), ellipsis (repetition with a certain surface omission), etc. (Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 49). Since only relatively short specialised articles are used in this study, predominantly cohesion within a phrase or clause will be taken into notice. However, should any problems regarding cohesion in the overall text appear, this fact will be also noticed.

Coherence Beaugrande (1980) defines coherence as the procedures which ensure conceptual connectivity, including (a) logical relations, (b) organisation of events, objects and situations, and (c) continuity in human experience (in Hatim and Mason 1990: 195). Beaugrande and Dressler (1981: 84) also say: ―Many expressions have several virtual meanings, but under normal conditions, only one sense in a text.‖ A reader can only understand a text if ―there is a continuity of senses among the knowledge activated by the expression of the text.‖ (Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 84) Therefore concepts and relations are the key notions here.

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3.3 EXTRALINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS Terms Sharkas (2009) says that technical terms pose three main problems: lexical, conceptual and stylistic. The conceptual problem is represented also by terminology that plays the most substantial part in the assessment of the translations´ adequacy in this study. It is thus essential that the translator is ideally familiar with the specific terminology and knows how to deal with it. The problem that lies within the translating terms is according to Newmark (1988: 152) as follows: ―Contrary to popular belief, even BSI (British Standards Institution) standardised terms may have more than one meaning in one field, as well as in two or more fields.‖ Especially in technical translations, concept-words can bear various senses in various technologies. Other terms may have different meanings when used in various collocations (Newmark 1988: 152).

Several means exist that can be used for translating terminology (Vinay and Darbelnet 1995). The first one is to use borrowing from the source text. For example in IT texts, words such as malware or freeware have successfully made it into Czech lexicon. Another possibility is to translate terms literally, i.e. to use a word-by-word translation. This strategy might truly work in certain cases. For example an expression braking components can be translated word-by-word without distortion of the meaning in the Czech language. However, using this notion universally might cause distortion of meaning or might even result in having no meaning at all. For instance, it is not possible to translate a term book value literary because the translation into Czech would lack any sense.

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IT and automotive areas are great examples of fields that are evolving very quickly and it is therefore essential that a translator willing to translate these texts stays updated (Poltan: 2008, p. 5). Great advantages to translators are parallel texts that can be nowadays easily found on the internet. They can help translators to find the most suitable ―vocabulary and stylistic features that tend to be used.‖ (Chesterman 2002: 73)

Cultural problems Newmark (1988: 94) claims that ―where there is a cultural focus, there is a translation problem due to the cultural gap or distance between the source and target languages.‖ He also suggests various categories of cultural problems, such as ecology, material culture, social culture, organisations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, gestures or habits. Cultural words are easily recognised because mostly they describe common things but cannot be translated literary. We can find an example of a cultural problem almost in every translation. According to Nord (1997: 66), ―cultural translations problems are a result of the differences in the norms and conventions guiding verbal and non-verbal behaviour in the two cultures involved‖. Examples of cultural references can be names, institutions, foreign units or idioms, such as pounds, miles, a model of a car called Vauxhall Vivaro, an institution called Center for Automotive Research or an idiom sitting on the shelves, etc. Sharkas (2009) for instance suggests various kinds of dealing with idioms: (1) using an idiom of similar meaning and form; (2) using an idiom of similar meaning but of different form; (3) paraphrasing; (4) omission, and (5) compensation.

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4. THE PACTE GROUP The general concept of my own research including methodology, research design and indicators of acceptability is based on An Empirical – Experimental Study of Translation Competence which was carried out by a Spanish academic PACTE Group. Main outline of their study will be described in the following chapter.

4.1 RESEARCH OF THE PACTE GROUP The project was commenced by an Exploratory studies on Translation Competence in June 2000, and was followed by pilot tests on Translation Competence in 2004. The experiment itself started in October 2005 and took approximately a year. Subsequently, data collected from the experiment on Translation Competence were being analysed from 2006 to 2011. The PACTE Group (2006) formulated two general hypotheses: 1) the degree of expertise of the translator influences the translation process and the translation product. 2) Expertise is defined in terms of a) years of experience translating, b) main source of income coming from translation and c) experience in a variety of fields. As an experimental universe were chosen professionals working with foreign languages (direct and inverse translations were carried out in six different language combinations), specifically 35 professional translators and 24 teachers of foreign languages. Regarding the Translation Competence Research Design, independent and dependent variables were defined by the PACTE Group. The independent variable represents a degree of expertise in translation. Two categories of expertise were distinguished, one for translators, who were supposed to have six or more year of professional translating experience of various texts, and one for teachers, who were

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required to have six or more years of professional teaching experience, but no experience of translation. Dependent variables as well as their indicators are listed below:

1. Knowledge of translation - Dynamic index and coherence coefficient 2. Efficacy of the process - Total time taken, time taken at each stage of the translation process (Orientation, Development, Revision) 3. Decision-making - Types and sequences of actions 4. Translation project - Dynamic index and coherence coefficient 5. Problem-solving - Nature of problems identified - Conceptualization of problems - Subject´s degree of satisfaction with the solution found, degree of difficulty of the text 6. Use of instrumental resources Table 3: PACTE Group 2009

A very specific role played an Indicator of Acceptability that was used for measuring all of the above mentioned variables.

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Data collected by the PACTE Group are complex and comprehensive. Besides texts and translations, both direct and inverse, data from Initial questionnaire, Knowledge of Translation Questionnaire and Translation Problems Questionnaire were obtained. The Translation Knowledge Questionnaire consisted of five pair questions that reflect a static/dynamic contrast. The respondents could choose their answers from a scale: I strongly disagree (1 point), I disagree (2 point), I agree (3 points) or I strongly agree (4 points). Purpose of these questions was to calculate the dynamic index of the translators. Questions about translation problems, difficulty of the text or any other questions relating to the text were asked in the Translation Problems Questionnaire. Above that, translation protocols Proxy and Catamsia were used, which enabled them to observe whether the translator found an immediate, non-immediate or no solution to the translation problem, if the solution was a final or just a temporary one, or when the translator made a pause, used on-line consultation or any other technologies or if he/she made any kinds of corrections (P – pause, PS – provisional solution, DS – definitive solution, CON – consultation). Based on these observations, the authors were able to analyze which kind of a support (internal or external) the translator used. Additionally, each participant went through a Retrospective interview and was also directly observed while translating. Part of the Problem-solving variable was a selection of representative translation problems, so called ―Rich Points‖. The same types of Rich Points were used for both direct and inverse translations and for all possible language combinations. Here are five Categories of Translation Problems used by the PACTE Group (2011).

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Linguistic: lexis and morphosyntax, problems of comprehension or reexpression Textual: coherence, cohesion, text type, genre and style, references Extralinguistic: cultural, encyclopaedic and subject-domain knowledge Intentionality: difficulty in understanding information in the source text Relating to the translation brief and/or the target-text reader.

Speaking about Translation Problems that can occur in texts, it was needed to develop a methodology for assessing and evaluating these problems. A very effective tool for measuring the ―quality‖ of translations, efficacy of the process or for measuring the subjects´ expertise in translation that the PACTE Group used in their experiment was an Indicator of Acceptability. Three parameters and three values of acceptability were recognised.

PARAMETERS

VALUES

Meaning of the source text

Acceptable solutions

Function of the target text

Semi-acceptable solutions

Language use

Non-acceptable solutions

Table 4: PACTE 2009

PACTE Group (2009) explains the concept of values of acceptability in a following way: ―Acceptable solutions (A) activate all relevant connotations in the source text, Semi-acceptable (SA) activate some of the relevant connotations in the source text and also maintain the coherence of the target text and Non-acceptable

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solutions (NA) do not activate any of the connotations in the source text or those solutions that it does activate are not coherent‖.

Meaning

Function

Language

Category

Numeric value

A A A A A SA A SA A A 1 A SA SA SA A A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A A NA A SA NA A NA A A NA SA SA 0.5 SA SA A SA SA SA SA A SA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A NA NA NA 0 SA SA NA etc. Table 5: PACTE Group 2009

4.2 RESULTS By analyzing data from the Translation knowledge questionnaire, the ―subject´s implicit knowledge about principles of translation and aspects of professional translation practise‖ (PACTE Group 2011: 21) was found out. Teachers´ translations were much less dynamic than the translations from professional translators. It means that teachers tended to stick to linguistic and literal concept when translating, while professional translators inclined to use more of a communicative and functional concept. However, there was no considerable difference between the two groups in terms of coherence. The coherent coefficient was calculated following the formula suma

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S – suma D or suma D – suma S, and maximum coherence (suma 4-5), average coherence (suma 2-3) and no coherence (suma 0-1) categories were determined. Next variable which was measured was an Efficacy of the Process, i.e. acceptability, total time taken, time taken at each stage and acceptability. According to the analysis, there was no difference between the 15 best translators and 15 best teachers. There was a positive relationship between the total time taken and the acceptability both in translators and teachers. In another words, the more time spent on the translation, the better it was. Nevertheless, no correlation was observed between acceptability and time taken at each stage. The overall acceptability of translations in both groups is described as follows: ―Results (PACTE 2008, 2009) showed that the group of translators obtained more acceptable results in their translations than the group of foreign-language teachers, both in direct and inverse translation. The difference in the acceptability of the results obtained in both groups is much greater in direct translation.‖ (PACTE Group 2011: 12) In terms of Decision-making were authors of the experiment interested in whether internal or external support was sought by the two groups of participants. To be able to collect such data, Proxy and Catamsia recordings were used. Internal support was then more characteristic for teachers and Predominantly internal support for translators. Also, External support was used much more often in inverse translation by both groups and Predominantly external support was used only a little more often in inverse translation by both groups. (PACTE Group 2008) Generally speaking, Predominantly internal support led to better results and more acceptable solutions. Dynamic index was also measured for the variable Translation project, reflecting the approach to the translation of a specific text. However, ―no significant differences

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were found between translators and foreign-language teachers as regards their overall approach to the translation of a text, i.e. both groups´ approaches to their translation was dynamic. (PACTE Group 2011: 15) Teachers´ translations were in average slightly less dynamic (87.5% direct translation and 75% inverse translation) than translations from professionals translators (85.71% direct translation and 85.71 inverse translations). Both experimental groups were also coherent in their translations, even though translators were more coherent than teachers.

Dynamic Translation Index This index was created by crossing data from the Dynamic index of Knowledge of Translation, the Dynamic index of Translation project and the Dynamic index of Translation project for Rich points. As a result, translators were found to be more dynamic than teachers. Considering the Dynamic Translation index and Acceptability of solutions, there was an overall tendency observed: ‖both the Dynamic Translation Index and Acceptability were seen to move in the same direction, i.e. as one increased, so did the other. There is thus a correlation between the Dynamic Translation Index and Acceptability.‖ (PACTE Group 2011: 26) This conclusion actually says that the dynamic approach determines the acceptability of translations in a positive way.

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5. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY As I mentioned in the previous chapter, the empirical-experimental research of the PACTE Group provided me with great inspiration. Methodology, research design and the acceptability assessment of my research are very much based on the methods used by the PACTE Group. However, the scope of their research was extremely large and due to the limited technical background, resources and also a time factor, it was impossible to carry out all of the experiments or focus on all of the variables. Moreover, the PACTE Group´s research was primarily focused on research into translation competence as well as its acquisition in written translation. My research does not intend to look into acquiring translation competence, but rather into how the acceptability of translations is going to differ in relation to the translation competences of a subject group. Besides that, translating tendencies of subject groups and the relationship between acceptability and total translating time will be looked at. In this chapter, I will describe in detail all parts of my research, such as selection of subject groups, Questionnaire on Translation Knowledge, Rich Points in particular specialised texts, Indicator of Acceptability, Questionnaire on Translation Problems and Total translating time.

5.1 EXPERIMENTAL UNIVERSE I am going to work with translations from three different subject groups: expert translators, professionals working in the certain field and students of translation. Defining expertise is a very substantial part of every research. For my purposes, I will distinguish between two types of expertise according to Jääskeläinen (2011): absolute and relative. Absolute expertise concerns experienced professional translators

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and relative category of expertise applies to students and professionals working in a field, who do not necessarily have such extended experience either in translating or in the specific field. It would be of course better to think only upon absolute expertise, however, it is likely that I find only such professionals willing to translate the texts who have different level of English knowledge and dissimilar working experience. Therefore, setting the criteria for example to at least minimum of 5 years of experience would be quite impossible both for students and professionals in the field. Nevertheless, according to Professor Riitta Jääskeläinen, it is not conceivable to define expertise as such but it is rather essential to define our own criteria of expertise. Regarding expert translators, minimal experience of translating is five years and the translator is required to make his or her living mainly through translating. Only translators who work independently will be asked to translate the texts. Translation agencies very often employ external translators of disputable quality or people who lack basic linguistic education. By excluding these agencies, I would like to avoid possible distortion of collected data. I will first try to address translators who were recommended to me and subsequently search the internet if needed. I will also try to address only such translators, who do not accept texts from one particular field only. Defining the expertise of professionals working in the field is extremely difficult. Naturally, I do not know all of them personally and I am not able to judge their level of English knowledge. However, they are required to be university graduates who use English language at work, some of them are even working abroad and their communicative language is English. Generally, the minimum level of English required for the group of working professionals is upper intermediate.

26

As for students, I will ask only those who are in their final year of Translation Studies (Master degree). Some of these students might have already experience of translating various kinds of texts, nevertheless not extensive.

5.2 QUESTIONNAIRE ON KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TRANSLATION The Translation Knowledge Questionnaire is entirely taken over from the PACTE Group. The first five questions are dynamic-oriented and the second five questions are static. Respondents can choose from following answers: I strongly disagree (1), I disagree (2), I agree (3) or I strongly agree (4). I was originally thinking about offering only answers yes or no; however, just these two answers would not provide any space for eventual slight contradictions in respondent´s answers to the pair questions. For example, item a) is dynamic and item b) is static. Together, they are a pair question: a) A text should be translated in different ways depending on who the target reader is. b) The aim of every translation is to produce a text as close in form to the original as possible. For an ideal dynamic approach, answer to the item a) would be I strongly agree, i.e. number four. Accordingly, answer to the item b) would be I strongly disagree, i.e. number one. However, other possible combinations would be 4; 2, 3; 1 and 3; 2. Similarly, numbers for static approach to translation would be 1;4, 1;3, 2;4 or 2;3. Table 1 shows the Dynamic Index in terms of categories of dynamism and Values of scales.

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Answers to Dynamic/Static questions

Categories of Dynamism

4;4

4;3

3;4

3;3

0 points of dynamism

2;2

2;1

1;2

1;1

4;2

3;2

0.5 points of dynamism

4;1

3;1

1 point of dynamism

2;4

2;3

- 0.5 points of dynamism

1;4

1;3

- 1 point of dynamism

Table 6: PACTE Group 2009

Based on the points of dynamism, dynamic value for the three groups of subjects will be calculated. A few segments will be chosen and analysed in each text in order to track dynamic or static approach. This is only to reflect whether the respondents´ answers tend to correspond with the real translation approach. This assessment will not be based on any quantitative method and thus the evaluation will be merely subjective.

5.2.1 DYNAMIC VS. STATIC APPROACH ACCORDING TO NIDA The concept of dynamic and static approach is based on Nida´s two basic orientations in translation (Nida 1964). He distinguishes between formal equivalence (which corresponds with the term static approach here) and dynamic equivalence. According to Nida, ―there has been a marked shift of emphasis from the formal to the dynamic dimension‖ (Nida 1964: 160). However, as he mentions later, formalequivalence translations ―are often perfectly valid translations of certain types of

28

messages for certain types of audiences‖ (Nida 1964: 166). In other words, Nida does not say that one or the other approach is bad. Nevertheless, he confirms that the most important test of a translation is that it does not read as translation and that correspondence in meaning is more significant than correspondence in style (Nida 1964: 163-164). As explained in chapter 5.2 on Translation Knowledge Questionnaire, each of the translators will be asked to fill in the above mentioned questionnaire in order to determine what their translating tendencies are. The two concepts are more closely explained below.

A formal equivalence translation is oriented on the source text. Features of such translation are: reproduction of grammatical units (nouns are translated by nouns and verbs by verbs, phrases and sentences are intact, all formal indicators such as punctuation or paragraphs are preserved), consistency in word usage, etc. Formal equivalence can be thus required when translating technical terms – provided that the term used in the source language has a corresponding word in the target language. On the other hand, this approach is not so much appropriate when dealing e.g. with idioms.

The emphasis of a dynamic equivalence is on the receptor response, i.e. audiences. ―A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behaviour relevant within the context of his own culture.‖ (Nida 1964: 159). In terms of grammar and lexicon, nouns

29

are used instead of verbs, word order is shifted and number of substitutions can occur. However, it is still a translation and it must reflect the meaning of the source message.

5.3 RICH POINTS The selection of Rich Points in each text is based on the five Categories of Translation Problems as defined by the PACTE Group. Nevertheless, I did not restrict the number of Rich Points to only five in each text (as PACTE Group did it). Various numbers of translation problems appear in each text, mostly depending on the nature of the text and its difficulty. Generally, as many Rich Points as possible were selected in order to assess the ―quality‖ or acceptability in an objective way. I am also open to adding more Rich Points to the list as I collect all of the translations – provided that any particular place in the text will seem to be rather problematic for the majority of translators. The reason for adding more Rich Points is to increase the accuracy of the overall quality evaluation. When selecting the individual Rich Points, I encountered difficulties with their assignment to the categories of translation problems. First of all, I excluded the fifth category used by the PACTE Group. It would be of course interesting to assess Rich Points in relation to a translation brief or a target-text reader, but it is not the main focus of my research. Some of the remaining four categories, however, seemed to overlap into one another and it was therefore quite difficult to determine the most suitable category. To avoid such difficulties and confusion, I modified the specifications of the four categories as follows:

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1. Linguistic – problems relating to lexis and morphosyntax, problems of reformulation in relation to individual words 2. Textual – coherence, cohesion, genre or style 3. Extralinguistic – cultural knowledge, terms and subject-domain knowledge 4. Intentionality – difficulty in understanding the information in the source text and problems with re-expression of longer segments.

I have already mentioned that a parallel category of Grammar might be added, including any mistakes regarding spelling, punctuation, capital letters, prepositions, pronouns, etc. Such modification of translation problems categories contributed to making the classification of Rich Points less ambiguous and more confined. However, it did not prevent utterly from an occurrence of potential overlaps. Some Rich Points tended to fall within two or even three categories. In such cases, I tried to identify the strongest aspect of the Rich Point. In justifiable cases where a Rich Point clearly fits into more than one category, it is attributed to as many categories as appropriate.

5.3.1 RICH POINTS IN IT TEXT I selected 26 translation problems in the IT text. Majority of Rich Points belong to the extralinguistic category. Selected translation problems in the IT text are listed in the table below.

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Translation Problem

Category

Specification

Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance anti-malware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users

Textual problem

Cohesion

Extralinguistic problem

Term

Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Problem of intentionality

Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog Instant definition file update Scheduler

Extra/linguistic problem

Term Term Subject-domain knowledge Term Term Difficulties in comprehension Term/Re-expression


Subject-domain knowledge

Extralinguistic/textual problem

Term/cohesion and coherence

Extralinguistic problem Linguistic problem Extra/linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Subject-domain knowledge Re-expression Term/re-expression Term Term Subject-domain knowledge

Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Term Term

Extra/linguistic problem

Term/re-expression

Linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Re-expression Term Term

Linguistic/extralinguistic problem Linguistic/Intentionality problem Linguistic/Intentionality problem

Re-expression/term

Responsive malware remover With a minimum of fuss Table 7: Rich Points in IT text

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Re-expression/ Comprehension Re-expression/ Comprehension

5.3.2 RICH POINTS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE TEXT Regarding the automotive text, 26 translation problems were identified. This text is largely specialised and it is not surprising that more than a half of the translation problems appertain to the extralinguistic category. Translation problems in the automotive text are listed below.

Translation Problem

Category

Specification

Has not yet seen the light of day Give it a go

Linguistic problem

Vauxhall Vivaro


Idiomatic expression, reexpression Idiomatic expression, reexpression Subject-domain knowledge

At the Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar Traverse City, Mich Conversion 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and four-wheel drive setups

Extralinguistic/textual problem

Subject-domain knowledge/ cohesion

Extralinguistic problem Problem of intentionality Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Linguistic/textual problem Linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Cultural reference Comprehension Cultural element Term Idiomatic or figurative expression Subject-domain knowledge Re-expression/cohesion Re-expression Term Term

Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Textual problem Textual/extralinguistic problem

Term Term Coherence and cohesion Cohesion/subject-domain knowledge

Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60 200 miles

Textual/extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Cohesion, genre/subjectdomain knowledge Cultural element Cultural element

The Michelin-Heuliez-

Textual problem

Cohesion and coherence

Linguistic problem

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Orange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive all-electric vehicle that seats five Four different packages Driving ranges Is now in the TBD category

Textual/linguistic problem

Cohesion/re-expression

Linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Linguistic problem

Re-expression Subject-domain knowledge Re-expression

Table 8: Rich Points in automotive text

5.3.3 RICH POINTS IN THE FINANCE TEXT The overall amount of Translation problems marked in the finance text is 22. Again, the majority of Translation problems belong to the extralinguistic category. Rich Points in the finance text are listed in the table below.

Translation Problem Current asset or current liability Long term assets Balance sheet Stocks and bonds the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries Lie in the company's motive for owning them investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's

Category Extralinguistic problem

Specification Term

Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Term Term Term Term

Textual problem

Cohesion


Term


200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments Common stocks Will go into Carried on the balance sheet at If Sprint rose

Extralinguistic problem Linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Linguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

Subject-domain knowledge, cultural element Term Re-expression Term Re-expression Term

Extralinguistic problem Linguistic problem Extra/linguistic problem

Term Re-expression Term/re-expression

Textual/linguistic problem

Cohesion and coherence/

34

Holdings Book value Financial statement The valuation process Intrinsic value

Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem Extralinguistic problem

re-expression Term Term Term Term Term

Table 9: Rich Points in finance text

5.4 ACCEPTABILITY Various approaches to translation quality assessment have been suggested so far. For instance representatives of skopos theory (Reiss, Nord) consider the function of a target text as the most important factor of the translation. According to House, the interconnection of a source text and the communicative function of a target text is the core of a translation (Knittlová 2010: 222). Subsequently, different approaches to translations result in different approaches to translation assessment. House´s model seems to fulfil all of the requirements towards the quality assessment. Her evaluation is based on three issues: ―The first of them is the relationship between the source and target text. The second is the relationship between texts (or features of the texts) and the persons involved with them (author, translator, recipients) as regards how they perceive the texts. The third issue is the implications these relationships carry for determining which texts are translations and which belong to other texts― (Nokkonen-Pirttilampi 2007: 29). Even though I find the idea of such evaluation logical, it lacks any quantitative grounds. For that reason, I decided to use the assessment methodology of the PACTE group which is based on the Indicator of Acceptability.

Indicator of Acceptability represents the most significant tool for assessing the translations and their quality. This indicator was described in the previous chapter and

35

the very same model is used in my thesis. In this context, three parameters of acceptability are used: meaning of the ST, function of the TT and language use. Within these three parameters, three values are recognised: acceptable solution (A), semiacceptable solution (SA) and non-acceptable solution (NA). Combining parameters with values, each category (A, SA or NA) is assigned a numeric value 1, 0.5 and 0. Similarly as the PACTE Group did it, evaluation using these categories is done for each Rich Point. Nevertheless, I realise that the overall quality or acceptability of translations may not be entirely dependent just on the selected Rich Points. As a result, for any grammatical mistake or a clear mistranslation, -0.5 point will be subtracted from the total amount of points per a translated text – even if it was not classified as a Rich Point.

5.5 QUESTIONNAIRE ON TRANSLATION PROBLEMS I intended to use the same Questionnaire on Translation Problems as the PACTE Group. However, after submitting the first text and this questionnaire, I realised that some changes needed to be done. Some open questions were not answered at all and some were answered only partially. For that reason, I added options to the first two open questions in order to make it easier and less time-consuming to answer:

What were the general characteristics of the text that made you think so? Terminology Comprehension of the text Genre Style Cultural knowledge

36

Other (please specify)

What were your priorities when translating the text? (How did you translate the text?) I read the text before I started working on the translation. Once I translated the text, I did not do any editing. I came back to the translated text later on and I did some editing. I used only non-specialised dictionaries. Besides dictionaries (any) I also used other sources to translate the text. Other (please specify)

There is now only one open question where respondents are asked to name three translation problems from the text (instead of five) and explain them. I suppose that respondents will be more willing to answer multiple choice questions rather than open questions.

5.6 TOTAL TIME TAKEN When submitting the texts to subject groups, I will ask them to measure the total translating time for the whole translation. My initial intention was to ask the translators to measure time taken for an orientation, development and revision stage. After further reconsideration, however, I decided to restrict my questioning to only one measurement in respect of time. The primary reason for that was that I did not want to overwhelm the participants, taking into account that they were asked to translate a text and also fill in two questionnaires.

37

Provided that I manage to collect the data about total translating time, I will cross them with results obtained through the indicator of acceptability.

5.7 TRANSLATION BRIEF Translation briefs were written to accompany the three texts. Information included in each one of the briefs contain short description of each text, where was the article taken from, source and target language, word count, function and purpose of the translation, additional materials, quality of the source text and information on deadline. Not much attention in this study is paid to translation briefs but my intention is to simulate the real situation and help the translators to decide on the skopos of the translation. Additionally, it gives translators an idea of what kind of translation is needed. ―Clients do not normally bother to give the translator an explicit translation brief; not being experts in intercultural communication, they often do not know that a good brief spells a better translation.‖ (Nord 1997: 30)

5.8 CRITERIA OF SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS Thanks to a lecture presented by Petra Klimant1 at the International Online Conference of Translation Process Research, seven basic criteria of experimental research were brought to my attention. In her research, Klimant focused on the effects of mental fatigue on translation quality. To meet the criteria on experimental rigor in translatology, she used seven criteria as defined by Wilhelm Neunzig (2002: 75-96). These criteria are 1) Objectivity, (2) Reliability, (3) Repeatability, (4) Validity, (5) Transferability, (6) Quantifiability and (7) Ecological or situational validity.

1

Petra Klimant from the Petra Research Group

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Even though it might be problematic to apply and adapt these criteria, Klimant says that every researcher should try to adhere to them. In my own research, I will attempt to meet these criteria in a following way: 1. Objectivity - Clear methodology and tools. - Source texts and translation briefs with further specifications. - Partial and holistic evaluation of Translation Problems. - Specification of Rich Points. - Questionnaires on Translation Knowledge and Questionnaire about Translation Problems.

2. Reliability As Klimant (2011) says, purpose of this criterion is to make the experimental design reliable, which can be done for example by dividing and balancing the translators into various groups. This is achieved in my research through a group of expert translators with an extended degree of experience and expertise, and through the group of translation students and working professionals. We can say that in terms of translation experience, the two latter groups are inexperienced and non-professional.

3. Validity - Definition of the principal aim of the research or a study. - Specification of methods and tools in regards to my research. - Collection of quantitative (number of translations) and qualitative data.

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4. Quantifiability ‖Quantitative data must be expressible in numbers and the experimental design should reflect a situation as realistic as possible―, says Klimant. The method that I will be using for evaluation of translation acceptability is taken over from the PACTE Group’s research. This method is based on evaluation through points and therefore is expressible in numbers.

5. Ecological / Situational Validity - Communication via e-mails. - Usual resources available such as online dictionaries, internet. - Translation briefs.

6. Repeatability The criterion of Repeatability means that ―the experiment must be repeatable with other subjects fulfilling the same criteria‖ (Klimant 2011). Considering the fact that a substantial part of my research has been based on the PACTE Group, this condition is met.

7. Transferability I believe that the obtained results will be applicable to other situations and that they will instigate a possible further research into professional versus non-professional translations.

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6. EVALUATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES Translations and questionnaires used in the present study are anonymous. However, for the purposes of the evaluation and assessment, they were given a specific identification label. For example, IT translation from a student has a label IT_S_1. Professional translation of the automotive text has a label AU_T_2 and the finance text translated by a working professional has a label FI_P_3. It is useful to distinguish the translations and questionnaires both in terms of the three different groups of texts, as well as to retain them certain degree of individualism. The level of translation acceptability or the answers to the questionnaires may differ significantly even within one group. In such cases, it might be for example convenient to have the possibility to discuss divergences of particular translations.

6.1 EVALUATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT TRANSLATION

ON THE

KNOWLEDGE

The intention of this questionnaire can be briefly summarized as follows: to find out the approach that the subject groups hold towards translation in general and try to prove it on particular examples in their translations. Questionnaires are assessed according to the evaluation that was described in chapter 5.2. Besides that, I would like to find out whether dynamic approach affects the quality of translations in a positive way as was suggested by the PACTE Group’s research.

Students Since five students translated two texts (IT and automotive) and five students translated the finance text, I collected ten Questionnaires on Translation Knowledge. In

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case a student translated more than one text, the Questionnaire is labelled e.g. IT+AU_S_1. An average numeric value of dynamism among students was 0.8 (maximum value is 4). Tables below show values for individual questionnaires.

Table 10: Questionnaire IT+AU_S_1


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

3;2

0.5

1+6

2;1

0

2+7

3;2

0.5

2+7

3;2

0.5

3+8

1;2

0.5

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

2;2

0

4+9

2;2

0

5+10

2;2

0

5+10

3;1

1

1.5

Total

Total


1.5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

2;1

0

1+6

2;2

0

2+7

4;2

0.5

2+7

3;2

0.5

3+8

4;2

0.5

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

2;1

0

4+9

2;3

-0.5

5+10

3;2

0.5

5+10

2;3

-0.5

1.5

Total

Total

42

-0.5


Table 17: Questionnaire FI_S_3

Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

3;1

1

1+6

2;2

0

2+7

3;2

0.5

2+7

4;3

0

3+8

4;2

0.5

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

3;2

0.5

4+9

2;4

-0.5

5+10

2;3

-0.5

5+10

3;3

0

2

Total

Total


-0.5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

3;2

0.5

1+6

2;1

0

2+7

3;3

0

2+7

3;3

0

3+8

4;3

0

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

3;2

0.5

4+9

1;2

0.5

5+10

2;3

-0.5

5+10

3;3

0

0.5

Total

Total


0.5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

3;1

1

1+6

3;2

0.5

2+7

4;3

0

2+7

3;3

0

3+8

4;4

0

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

2;2

0

4+9

2;1

0

5+10

3;2

0.5

5+10

2;3

-0.5

1,5

Total

Total

43

0

Four out of ten students (IT+AU_S_1+2+3 and FI_S_2) reached the same value of dynamism (1.5 points). The highest value of dynamism was 2 (IT+AU_S_5) and only two students (IT+AU_S_4 and FI_S_3) had a negative value of -0.5 points. The most obvious features of dynamic orientation were present in translations IT_S_1 and IT_S_5. A typical feature of these translations was creativity or playing with words and word order. A sentence “The heuristic engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing...” was translated as: Z empirického testování na více počítačích vyplynulo, že modul heuristické analýzy dokáže... and Při testování v praxi vyhledávač prokázal, že je na různých počítačích schopen… An expression “on the market” was translated as špička ve svém oboru. Sentences in the last paragraph of the translation IT_S_1 were shifted and one longer compound sentence was split in two sentences. The translation IT_S_5 also leaves out certain information. For instance, “Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware is a high performance anti-malware application“ was translated as Anti-Malware je výkonná aplikace, která slouží k ochraně proti malware. Other omissions that occurred throughout this translation were neplacená aplikace (“freeware antimalware tool”) or funguje pohotově (“responsive malware remover”). Interesting was also the translation of “What´s new in this version”. This list includes five news and each of them starts with “Fixed issue(s)”. Translations IT_S_1+3+4 kept the same format of this expression mostly in all five points. Versions of these translations were vyřešeny problémy, oprava chyb, odstranění problému, etc. Translation IT_S_2 is the only one that modifies this list and omits the translation of “fixed issue” in each point. Instead, it is included in the subtitle and translated as Chyby opravené v nové verzi. Translation IT_S_5 combines both approaches.

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Rather static approach is clearly demonstrated in translation AU_S_4 (questionnaire IT+AU_S_4 was the least dynamic). An idiom ―are still sitting on the shelves of R & D departments” was translated literally as “jsou stále ještě uloženy na poličkách výzkumných oddělení”. Nevertheless, even the translator with the highest value of dynamism (IT+AU_S_5), did not express this idiom accurately – zahálí v odděleních vývoje a výzkumu. On the other hand, translation AU_S_3 used a common Czech equivalent, i.e. i nadále zůstávají v šuplících oddělení vývoje a výzkumu. Three out of five students (AU_S_1+2+5) translated “the Michelin-HeuliezOrange Will concept” coherently, e.g. Elektromobil Will, výsledek spolupráce společnost Michelin, Heuliez a Orange or Ve voze Will, který vyvinula společnost Michelin ve spolupráci se společnostmi Heuliez a Orange or simply model Will od Michelin, Heuliez a Orange. On the contrary, translations IT_S_3 and IT_S_4 used the source language information as it was and took no trouble to transform it – Koncept Michelin-Heuliez-Orange Will. Such a close translation makes it actually quite impossible for target readers to comprehend the message adequately. Another example of a close translation in AU_S_4 is a translation of “a four-wheel drive two-seater roadster using four Active Wheel systems”. Even though it is obvious that the Active Wheel system is used in all wheels, it is emphasized in this translation by repeating this fact in the target text as well: dvoumístný kabriolet s pohonem na všechny čtyři kola s použitím čtyř systémů aktivního kola. Generally, no particular signs of dynamisms could be found in finance translations. The most dynamic approach of FI_S_2 (1.5 points) showed almost none. There is however an interesting issue in FI_S_1 (0.5 points). The translator put the first paragraph in bold to make it an introductory paragraph.

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An example of literal

translating can be tracked in FI_S_3 (-0.5 points). An expression “lie in the company´s motive” was translated as leží v motivech společnosti and “they will go into... on the balance sheet” was transferred as půjdou potom v rozvaze. Some dynamic features were present in FI_S_4 (0.5 points), e.g. v této lekci se podíváme (“now, we are going to take a look”), jsou to zdroje (“these are the things”) or uveďme si příklad (“for example”). One example to be found also in FI_S_5 was nejsou všemocné (“they have their limitations”). Values of dynamism within the student group more or less correspond to their translating tendencies. Especially the translator of IT+AU_S_4 whose dynamic value was -2 points and FI_S_3 with -0.5 points showed rather static than dynamic approach to translation as such. The most dynamic tendencies evidenced translations IT+AU_S_1 (value of 1.5 points), IT+AU_S_5 (value of 2 points) and FI_S_4 (value of 0.5 points).

Working professionals - IT Four translations and therefore four questionnaires were collected from IT professionals. An average numeric value of dynamism within this group is -0.6 points, which stands in contradiction to the student’s value. Two professionals reached value -1 points, one of them had value -2 and only one reached a positive value of 1.5 points. Tables below show the individual values.

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Table 20: Questionnaire IT_P_1


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

1;3

-1

1+6

3;4

0

2+7

2;3

-0,5

2+7

2;3

-0,5

3+8

4;2

0,5

3+8

3;2

0,5

4+9

2;2

0

4+9

3;2

0,5

5+10

3;3

0

5+10

3;2

0,5

-1

Total

Total


1,5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

1;3

-1

1+6

1;3

-1

2+7

2;3

-0,5

2+7

2;3

-0,5

3+8

3;2

0,5

3+8

3;3

0

4+9

2;2

0

4+9

2;4

-0,5

5+10

4;3

0

5+10

3;3

0

-1

Total

Total

47

-2

Translations of the ―news list‖ correspond with the low value of dynamism in the IT professional group. Translations of the five “fixed issues” are kept the same in all translations except for IT_P_4. Options are either opraven problém or opravena chyba. The translator of IT_P_4 modifies only the word “issue”, however, translation of a word “fixed” is the same. A slight indication of dynamism appeared in translation IT_P_2 where one sentence was split in two. One case of omission occurred in IT_P_4. “Malvarebyte´s Antimalware is a high performance antimalware application” was translated as Malwarebytes Antimalware je vysoko výkonná aplikácia. This does not cause, however, any loss since the rest of the information is included in the following sentence. No significant features of dynamism were found in translations of IT professionals. In comparison with students, professionals were less creative and tended to stick more strictly to the original word-order.

Working professionals – Automotive An average dynamic value of four questionnaires that I gathered from professionals in automotive field was 0 points. An overview below shows individual results per questionnaire with the most dynamic approach in AU_P_2 (value of 0.5 points) and the least dynamic approach in AU_P_1 (value o -0.5points). Negative dynamic value of the questionnaire AU_P_1 fully complies with the translator´s style. Ordering is literally adopted from the source text, e.g. má sílu v přepočtu 300 koní, zrychlení z 0 na 60 za méně než pět sekund (“produces the equivalent of 300 horsepower, accelerates from 0 to 60 in less than five seconds”) or Michelin představil dvě vozidla – Venturi a Volage Heuliez Will, co používají systém

48

Active kola v roce 2008 na autosalonu v Paříži (“Michelin presented two vehicles, the Venturi Volage and Heuliez Will, using the Active Wheel at the 2008 Paris Auto Show”). At least a preposition should have been used in the first example in order not to make the sentence sound so terse. In the second example, stylistics would need to be improved. Particular information comes in the exact source order and because of that the Czech sentence sounds rather funny. The translation of “wheel packages”, which was transferred as kolové balíčky, can serve as an example of literacy. None of the professionals from automobile field modified following nominal phrase: “the Michelin-Heuliez-Orange Will concept”. In all cases, translations copied the source text. Three professionals also translated “one at each corner” as s jedním na každém rohu. AU_P_2 is the only translation in this group that did not obstinately stick to the original. Quite a few examples of dynamism were found throughout the translation AU_P_2. For instance playing with words, such as umí zrychlit (”accelerates”) or se nikdy nedostanou k zákazníkům (“never reach the market”). A nice example occurred also in AU_P_3. An expression “to give it a go” was translated as dala tomuto nápadu zelenou. This translator also divided two paragraphs. A translation showing the most dynamic features is AU_P_2 which is in accord with the results. Similarly, the same applies to AU_P_1 with the least dynamic value.

49

Table 24: Questionnaire AU_P_1


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

3;2

0,5

1+6

3;1

1

2+7

4;3

0

2+7

4;3

0

3+8

3;3

0

3+8

4;4

0

4+9

2;3

-0,5

4+9

2;4

-0,5

5+10

2;3

-0,5

5+10

3;3

0

-0,5

Total

Total


0,5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

4;2

0,5

1+6

4;2

0,5

2+7

3;4

0

2+7

2;3

-0,5

3+8

4;4

0

3+8

3;3

0

4+9

2;3

-0,5

4+9

2;3

-0,5

5+10

4;3

0

5+10

3;2

0,5

0

Total

Total

0

Working professionals – Finance An average dynamic value of professionals working in finance was counted from four Questionnaires on Knowledge about Translation and the average value was -0.4 points. Individual results are presented in the tables below.

50

Table 28: Questionnaire FI_P_1


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

2;1

0

1+6

1;2

0

2+7

4;2

0,5

2+7

2;1

0

3+8

4;2

0,5

3+8

3;2

0,5

4+9

2;3

-0,5

4+9

2;1

0

5+10

2;3

-0,5

5+10

2;1

0

0

Total

Total


0,5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

2;2

0

1+6

2;2

0

2+7

3;2

0,5

2+7

3;3

0

3+8

2;3

-0,5

3+8

3;3

0

4+9

1;3

-1

4+9

2;3

-0,5

5+10

3;3

0

5+10

3;3

0

-1

Total

Total

-0,5

Surprisingly, translation FI_P_2 with the highest value of dynamism did not show any blatantly obvious signs of dynamism. On the contrary, a significant number of dynamic features were found in translation FI_P_3 with the lowest dynamic value of -1. Two sentences were divided and rearranged: Podnik ho plánuje vlastnit po dlouhá období. Dlouhodobý majetek se také může skládat z podílů sesterských a dceřiných společností (“In addition to investments a company plans to hold for an extended period of time, Long Term Investments also consist of the stock in a company’s affiliates and subsidiaries.“) or: Kdyby se akcie Sprint zvýšili na 35 dollarů za jednu, jejich hodnota by byla 1750000. V rozvaze podniku by se však hodnota aktiv nezměnila. (“If Sprint rose…, the value of their holdings would be $1,750,000, yet the 51

balance sheet would continue to carry $ 500,000.”). Playing with words was apparent for instance in the translation of “when a business purchases common stocks…, they will go into…” which was translated as nákup cenných papírů se musí zobrazit v rozvaze…. As you can see, “stocks and bonds” were substituted with a general term cenné papíry. The term “real estate” was on the other hand explicitly explained as staveb, pozemků. Another example of far too broad generalisation appeared in translation FI_P_1. Similarly, “stocks and bonds” were translated as aktiva. However, a few nice formulations could be found in this translation, too, e.g. jedná se o majetek v podnikovém vlastnictví (“these are the things that a business owns”), bez ohledu na vývoj cen na trhu (“regardless of the price they are selling for in the open market”) or startovním bodem při stanovení hodnoty podniku (“the beginning of the valuation process”). Results of the Questionnaire on Translation Knowledge within the group of finance professionals do not seem to fully correspond with approaches to their translations.

Translators Four expert translators took part in my research. Each one of them translated all three texts, thus I gathered four Questionnaires on Translation Knowledge. An average dynamic value among translators was 0.4 points. According to these results, they should be more dynamic than professionals, however, less dynamic than students.

52

Table 32: Questionnaire IT+AU+FI_T_1


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

2;3

-0,5

1+6

3;2

0,5

2+7

2;4

-0,5

2+7

3;1

1

3+8

4;3

0

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

3;3

0

4+9

2;2

0

5+10

3;2

0,5

5+10

2;1

0

0,5

Total

Total


1,5


Questions

Points

Value

Questions

Points

Value

1+6

1;2

0

1+6

3;2

0,5

2+7

3;2

0,5

2+7

4;3

0

3+8

4;3

0

3+8

4;3

0

4+9

1;3

-1

4+9

1;2

0

5+10

3;3

0

5+10

3;3

0

-0,5

Total

Total

0

Translations IT+AU+FI_T_3 did show the greatest dynamic approach within the translators´ group. Here are a few examples: Už stačí jen přidat zdroj energie (“The only thing missing is the source of energy.‖), z toho je patrné (“this is a prime example”) or bez nich bychom se při výpočtu … neobešli (“we would have no basis to calculate”). The bullet section of “fixed issues” in the IT text was also translated in a rather dynamic way as opposed to the rest of the translators who stuck with the same translation solution for all points. However, even the translator IT+AU+FI_T_2 whose dynamic value was the lowest in this group evidenced some very dynamic translations. For instance: je výsadou placené verze (“is restricted to the paid version”), účetní výkazy jsou pouhým 53

odrazovým můstkem (“financial statements are only the beginning”) or a very nice solution from the automotive text: bez nabití ujede asi 300 km (“it has range of approximately 200 miles”). Despite the negative dynamic value, these translations showed

more

distinctive

dynamic

features

than

for

example

translations

IT+AU+FI_T_1 with dynamic value of 0.5 points. A brief sample from translation IT_T_1 is střízlivý výběr z několika možností (“few options per tab to keep down the clutter”). Slight dynamism was also present in translations AU_T_4. Similarly as in AU_P_3, an expression “to give it a go” was translated as rozhodla se dát této technologii zelenou. Another dynamic example from the FI_T_4 was rozdíl spočívá v tom, zda si tyto investice chce společnost ponechat či nikoli (“the difference… lies in the company’s motive for owning them”). Analysis of texts partially confirmed results of the Questionnaire on Translation Knowledge within this group. Translations IT+AU+FI_T_3 seem to indicate the highest degree of dynamism which goes in hand with the results. On the contrary, translations IT+AU+FI_T_2 seem to be more dynamic than IT+AU+FI_T_1 and IT+AU+FI_T_4.

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6.2 EVALUATION TRANSLATION

OF THE

QUESTIONNAIRE

ON

PROBLEMS

OF

The attempt of this questionnaire was to get the insight from the other side, i.e. what the subject groups of the research considered as greatest issues in translations, whether they found the texts easy or difficult to translate, how they proceeded with their translations, etc.

Problems in the IT text A substantial difference in answers occurred already in the first question. Not surprisingly, IT professionals considered the text as quite easy because of the terminology and comprehension of the text. On the contrary, only one translator marked the text as quite easy. The majority of students and translators viewed the text as quite difficult or even very difficult. Only one student thought that it was quite easy to translate. The common and distinctive characteristic that made students and translators think so was terminology. Many of them also mentioned style and some of them noted genre or comprehension because they were not familiar with this kind of a text. General translating process of IT professionals differed, too. Only one professional read the text before translating it. Most of them just translated the text and did no editing afterwards. There was only one that came back to the text later and made some editing. Procedures of students and translators were almost identical. Most of them read the text before they started working on the translation, all of them came back to the translated text later and all of them used also other sources than dictionaries. Their approach thus stands in sharp contrast to the approach of IT professionals. Main problem that IT professionals encountered was that they did not understand certain expressions or phrases. They either tried to look up these words on

55

the internet or work out their meaning from the context. Another issue was English terminology. They understood quite clearly what message was being conveyed, however, they struggled with the Czech translation and in many cases they rather did not translate the term at all. Students and translators had also difficulties with terminology. However, their problem implied from the lack of knowledge in this field. Therefore, their translating required a good deal of time-consuming browsing the internet and googling. They searched for parallel texts, official websites or tried to google random terms and expressions in order to find any relevant web pages. As opposed to professionals, they first tried to understand and consequently translate. Another issue that was mentioned a few times was style. The first part of the text seemed to describe the product as such, while the second part was written as a user’s review and contained a lot of colloquialisms (such as keep down the clutter or with a minimum of fuss). This issue of unbalanced style was usually resolved by toning down the colloquial expressions and using more neutral register. Almost every student and translator stated that they struggled with the list of ―fixed issues‖ – either because of its style, lack of context or particular expressions (e.g. limited users). Another problem was whether to decline words such as software and malware. One translator resolved this dilemma by checking the website of Jazyková poradna - Ústav pro jazyk český and the other relied on his/her own knowledge. In both cases, these words were declined. Some students also struggled with complex sentences containing too much information. As for the solution, they left out redundant information with an argument that the text was a review, not a marketing text trying to promote the product. Interestingly, there happened to be only one translator (the one who considered the text quite easy) who mentioned lack of information on the product´s localisation. Therefore, he/she left the items in English and

56

put the Czech translation into brackets which is a common practice when localising software.

Problems in the automotive text Opinions on difficulty of the automotive text varied. It seemed quite easy to all of the professionals, two students and one translator. The rest of the students and one translator considered the text quite difficult and it was very hard for two translators. All translators and students except for one thought that the greatest problem was technical terminology. The reason why the text was easy for professionals and the one student ranged from terminology, genre, style, comprehension and cultural knowledge. Translation preferences among students and translators did not differ from the procedures mentioned in the previous section. However, preferences of auto professionals compared to IT professionals were much broader. Every one of them read the text before translating it. Three out of four even came back to the translation later on and besides dictionaries used also other sources of information. A very common translation problem appearing among the three groups was conversion of units and terminology. Everyone except for two professionals eventually converted the units (miles and pounds) in order to bring the translation closer to the target culture. In terms of terminology, neither students nor translators had extensive knowledge of automotive terminology. Therefore, they read articles on hybrids written in Czech, consulted specialised dictionaries or even searched for pictures. One translator used his EU Law Translation Tool which helped him significantly. Some professionals, too, admitted that they had to check some terms on the internet and search for commonly used expressions in Czech. Specific problems pointed out especially by students and translators included the translation of “Vauxhall Vivaro”, source text

57

mistakes (Heuliz vs. Heuliez), a question whether to translate “Active Wheel”, “inwheel”, etc. into Czech or how to deal with the translation of institutions (”Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar”), abbreviations (”TBD category”) or idiomatic expressions (”sitting on the shelves”). Particular solutions will be discussed later in the chapter on translations´ evaluation.

Translation problems in the finance text Similarly as in previous groups, all professionals working in finance found the text easy to translate especially because of the genre and cultural knowledge. However, even students and translators answered the question regarding difficulty almost unanimously. The text was quite difficult for one translator only, others found it quite easy. Most of the translators had no problems with comprehension, genre or cultural knowledge. Students thought it was easy especially because of terminology, genre, style and comprehension. As for translation preferences, professionals read the text before translating it and used primarily non-specialised online dictionaries. Translators and students did their usual - read the text before, came back to it to do some final editing and they also used other sources besides dictionaries. A common problem to students and translators was how to translate “Long Term Investments”. The source text is based on American accounting standards and categories in the Czech balance sheet differ from the categories in the American balance sheet. Another specific problem pointed out by two translators regarded the translation of “Carrying values”. They knew what it meant, however they were not quite sure what term Czech accountants might use. Therefore, they checked Google and tried to work out the appropriate meaning from the context. One professional and one translator also

58

mentioned the examples with companies (Berkshire, Coca Cola and Sprint). They wondered whether these should be adapted to Czech environment (e.g. to use Telefonica instead of Sprint, etc.) – since the message would get through much easier. The same question regarded currency, too. In both cases, however, companies and currencies were left as they were in the source text. Some students struggled with stylistics in TT since they admitted that they tend to get influenced easily by the ST language. Some other students mentioned general problems with terminology due to the abundance of equivalents. They had to check meanings in English, and then they tried to look up all possible translations into Czech, compared them with the original meaning and chose the one translation which seemed to fit the best.

59

7. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TRANSLATIONS The assessment of collected translations of the three texts will be presented in this chapter. The quantitative method of Acceptability which was used for the evaluation of translations was described in detail in Chapter 4. I will start with the overall evaluation of the IT text, the automotive text will follow and I will finish with the finance text. Numeric results crossed with other data will be presented and certain translations will be talked over. However, only Rich Points that were somehow interesting will be discussed and just a few translations of a selected Rich Point will be mentioned in order to demonstrate a good solution, point out problematic issues or praise extraordinary solutions. Translations of a given Rich Point are often similar or might be even the same and I do not wish to overwhelm a potential reader. However, tables with elaborate evaluations can be found in the Appendix.

7.1 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION – IT TEXT According to the Questionnaire on Translation Problems, all of the IT professionals thought that the text was easy to translate. However, their translations earned the lowest score within the IT group. On the contrary, most students and translators considered the text quite difficult and the quality of their translations was comparatively high. Maximum score was 26 points.

Highest score

Lowest score

Average score

Students

23

IT_S_1

16.5

IT_S_3+5

18.8

Professionals

18

IT_P_2

8.5

IT_P_1

14.1

Translators

23

IT_T_4

22.5

IT_T_3

22.6

Table 36: Evaluation - IT text

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As we can see from the table above, translators were clearly the best at translating the IT text. Even the difference (1 point) between the ‖best‖ and the ―worst‖ translation is negligible. This difference of 9.5 points is, however, much more significant in the professional group. Even though I expected that professionals would face certain translating issues, the lowest score of 8.5 points was startling. Considering the fact that this text dies not belong to easy ones, the students´ score was not bad at all. It is worth to mention that both the student and the translator with highest scores viewed the text as quite easy to translate. I was also glad to gather information on the total translating time from all participants. The table below shows the shortest time taken, longest time taken and average total time of each group.

Shortest time taken

Longest time taken

Average time

Students

77minutes

IT_S_5

120 minutes

IT_S_3

91.4 minutes

Professionals

35 minutes

IT_P_3+4

50 minutes

IT_P_2

40 minutes

Translators

40 minutes

IT_P_4

150 minutes

IT_T_2

82.5 minutes

Table 37: Total time taken - IT text

Now, if we compare these two tables, we will find out that there is a direct relationship between time and translations with the highest or lowest scores in half of the cases. The exact opposite is IT_P_4 which reached the highest score and needed the shortest time for the translation. However, based on comments in the Questionnaire on Translation Problems and on our e-mail communication, I have to note that this translator has extensive knowledge of this field and IT texts represent a good deal of his/her workload.

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Regarding average times and average scores, translators and students spent on the translation twice as long time as professionals which resulted in considerably better results. Thus, I can conclude that time was one of the significant factors that influenced the translation quality of this IT text.

7.1.2 DISCUSSION ON SELECTED RICH POINTS Translations of selected Rich Points from the IT text are discussed here. Chosen Rich Points are marked with an original number in brackets and particular solutions are marked as well. I will use this pattern throughout the analysis of all three texts.

(3) one of the most... quick scans One of the most essential things when translating IT texts is localisation. Majority of participants who translated my IT text did not find that the product had been already localised. As a result, many of the translation solutions could not be counted as acceptable. The Czech word skenování might be used and preferred by some IT companies. However, Malwarebytes decided to go for the word kontrola and translators have to respect it. For example a user who would be trying to look for the function rychlý sken in the product would be confused because this function is called rychlá kontrola.  z hlediska rychlosti skenování (IT_S_1)  jednu z nejrychlejších kontrol (funkci “rychlý sken”) (IT_S_2)  jedním z nejrychlejších skenerů (IT_S_5)  s jedním s nejrychlejších skenů (IT_P_3)  jeden z nejrychlejších způsobů kontroly (IT_T_2)  jeden z nejrychlejších kontrol (IT_T_4)

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(6) Ignore list The same thing applies to the translation of Ignore list. This term was localised as seznam ignorovaných. Leaving it in English is in this case definitely non-acceptable.  seznam ignorovaných (IT_S_2+3+4, IT_T_3)  ignore listu (IT_S_5, IT_P_3)  seznam zamítnutých procesů (IT_P_2)  Ignore list (ignorovací zoznam) (IT_P_4)  Ignore List (seznam položek, jimž uživatel důvěřuje) (IT_T_1)  Ignore List (Ignorovat seznam) (IT_T_4)

(8) limited users This formulation is rather misleading. It is not clear at the first glance whether it concerns users with trial versions or if there was only a small number of users who had some issues. Getting the right information required a bit of searching and the correct meaning of this expression could be found on the Czech official websites of the company. Only one translator (IT_T_4) got it right.  uživatelům s omezeným oprávněním (IT_S_1)  uživatelé neplacené verze (IT_S_3)  limitovaným uživatelům (IT_P_1)  uživatelsky omezené účty (IT_P_3)  někteří uživatelé (IT_T_1)  uživatelé s omezeným přístupem (IT_S_5, IT_T_2)  omezenému počtu uživatelů (IT_T_4)

(9) freeware antimalware tool

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It is common that words such as freeware or antimalware are not translated into Czech. However, these loanwords should be declined (translations IT_T_1+3+4 or IT_S_4).  freewarová aplikace Anti-Malware je účinná ochrana proti malware (IT_S_2)  volně šiřitelný anti-malwarový nástroj (IT_S_4)  proti-malwarový nástroj nabízený zdarma (IT_P_1)  bezplatný antimalware nástroj (IT_P_4)  freewarový nástroj na ochranu před škodlivým softwarem (IT_T_1+3)  bezplatný antimalwarový nástroj (IT_T_4)

(12) False positives False positive is a frequently used term that is connected with antimalware applications. Most common expressions used in Czech are falešný poplach or falešné hrozby. Falešně pozitivní or falečná pozitiva are terms that occur very often in medicine, however, they can be used in IT as well. On the contrary, pozitivní nepravda and nesprávná pozitiva do not belong to acceptable solutions because aspects of meaning, function, and language were not fulfilled.  falešného poplachu (IT_S_1, IT_P_1+2, IT_T_1)  pozitivními nepravdami (IT_S_4)  nesprávnými pozitívami (IT_P_4)  falešné hrozby (IT_T_2, IT_S_5)  falešně pozitivními aplikacemi (IT_T_4, IT_S_3)  falešných pozitiv (IT_T_3)

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(19) under the More Tools section The Czech version of Anti-Malware uses the translation Další nástroje. Let´s look at the second most common translation Více nástrojů. In this case, meaning of the ST term was rendered quite successfully and the translation could function in Czech as well. However, because of the localisation decision of Malwarebytes, it has to be translated accordingly.  v části Další nástroje (IT_S_1)  v záložce Více nástrojů (IT_S_3)  pod volbou Moore Tools (Více nástrojů) (IT_P_1+2)  “more tools” sections (IT_P_4)  v sekci Další nástroje (IT_T_1)  v části Moore Tools (Další nástroje) (IT_T_4)

(22) well-kept changelog Almost all translations of changelog were acceptable. The term was correctly translated as protokol změn or seznam změn. A different solution - přehled změn is used very scarcely but I did count it as acceptable since it is comprehensible and the meaning was rendered. Lastly, it is obvious that leaving the term in English is not a right solution. There were also good translations of the adjective well-kept. Very smooth were for example translations přehledný, řádný or udržovaný.  pečlivě doplňovaného seznamu změn (IT_S_1)  šikovného changelogu (IT_S_2)  dobře udržovaný seznam změn (IT_S_4, IT_P_1+2)  s přehledným protokolem změn (IT_P_3)

65

 dobře vedený přehled změn (IT_T_1)  řádný protokol změn (IT_T_3)

(25) responsive malware remover It was mentioned earlier that the word malware made it successfully into Czech vocabulary. Even though it is a loanword, it should be declined. I was, however, more concerned with the word remover. Mostly IT professionals translated it as odstraňovač. Using a different noun – odstranění is much more suitable solution. Responsive means in this context rychlý or pohotový (hints can be found in previous paragraphs) rather than citlivý. There is no straightforward reference in the text regarding the sensitivity of the program.  rychlý nástroj na odstranění malwaru (IT_S_1, IT_T_4)  citlivá aplikace na odstranění malwaru (IT_S_3)  pohotově reagujícím odstraňovačem škodlivého kódu (IT_P_1)  citlivým odstraňovačem malweru (IT_P_3)  pohotový odstraňovač (IT_P_4)  pohotová aplikace určená k odstraňování malwaru (IT_T_2)

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7.2 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION – AUTOMOTIVE TEXT The automotive text was quite easy to all professionals working in the automotive field (based on the Questionnaire on Translation Problems). Their average score was, however, even lower than the average score of IT professionals. Out of 26 points, professionals earned an average score of 11.3 points and the difference between the best and worst translation was 10 points. Students and translators were quite close in terms of their average score. Results of the average time taken in the group of students and translators proved that a ―higher quality‖ translation requires more time – even though the difference is only slight. It does not quite apply to the professional group since one professional stated that he/she had spent 4 hours on the translation which influenced the average total translating time very significantly.

Highest score

Lowest score

Average score

Students

20.5

AU_S_1+3

16

AU_S_4+5

18.1

Professionals

16

AU_P_2

6

AU_P_1

11.3

Translators

20

AU_T_1

17

AU_T_2

18.8

Table 38: Evaluation – automotive text

Shortest time taken

Longest time taken

Average time

Students

60 minutes

AU_S_3

120 minutes

AU_S_1+4

95.6 minutes

Professionals

15 minutes

AU_P_1

240 minutes

AU_P_2

101.3 minutes

Translators

45 minutes

AU_T_3

150 minutes

AU_T_2

101.3 minutes

Table 39: Total time taken – automotive text

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The two tables above indicate that there is a relationship between the time taken and translations with the highest/lowest scores in half of the cases. On the other hand, translators of AU_S_4 and AU_T_2 took the longest time to translate the text and their scores were the lowest within their groups. It follows that time is only incidental indicator of quality. Experience and knowledge of the field play an important role.

7.2.1 DISCUSSION ON SELECTED RICH POINTS Translations of selected Rich Points from the automotive text are discussed here. Again, chosen Rich Points are marked with an original number in brackets and each translation is marked.

(3) Vauxhall Vivaro Vauxhall is a commercial car brand used in Britain and in America but it is nothing else than Opel. Thus, Vauxhall Vivaro is in fact Opel Vivaro. Majority of translators, students and professionals did not realise that and did not adapt the car brand to the continental environment. When reading about a Vauxhall car, readers might not recollect that what is being talked about is actually a car they know. Therefore, using Vauxhall Vivaro in the Czech translation was viewed as unacceptable, not to mention translation AU_S_5 in which was the brand and model transferred incorrectly.  Opel Vivaro (AU_P_1, AU_S_3)  Vauxall Vivario (AU_S_5)  Vauxhall Vivaro (the rest)

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(4) At the Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar The best strategy when translating names of institutions is to find a suitable translation in the TT and give the original name in brackets – or the other way around. Translations of the Center for Automotive Research (CAR) were more or less acceptable. There is no official Czech translation of this institution and I appreciated all translational attempts (especially Centrum pro automobilový výzkum) that tried to give readers an idea of what institution it is. The only translation that did not do that was AU_P_1. The same applies to Management Briefing Seminar. Many translations left out certain information included in the name of the event, AU_S_2 left it completely. The best translations were probably manažerský seminář or informativní seminář pro management. AU_S_1 was almost correct; however, the seminar has been organized already for many years and thus could not be translated as úvodní.  na úvodním semináři pro manažery pořádaném institucí Center for Automotive Research (Středisko pro výzkum motorových vozidel) (AU_S_1)  ve výzkumném středisku automobilového průmyslu CAR (Center Automotive Research) (AU_S_2)  v Center for Automotive research management Briefing Seminář (AU_P_1)  při příležitosti semináře v Centru pro automobilový výzkum (AU_P_2)  na informativním semináři pro management, který pořádá Středisko pro výzkum automobilového průmyslu (AU_T_1)  na manažerském semináři pořádaném Centrem pro automobilový výzkum (AU_T_3)

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(8) gas engine An obvious interference of English occurred in translations of gas engine. The text was written by an American author and gas in American English means the same as petrol in British English. Such translations as plynový motor or motor poháněný plynem are thus misleading and non-acceptable. Benzínový motor is a semi-acceptable solution since hybrid cars can be powered by diesel as well. More general and superior term used in Czech is spalovací motor.  plynový motor (AU_S_1, AU_P_1)  spalovací motor (AU_S_2+3+4, AU_P_2, AU_T_1)  benzínovým motorem (AU_S_5, AU_T_2+3+4)  s motorem poháněným plynem (AU_P_3)  za přítomnosti benzínu (AU_P_4)

(10) Michelin Active Wheel There were not any non-acceptable translations of Michelin Active Wheel. However, I considered as fully acceptable only solutions such as Aktivní kolo Michelin or even better Aktivní kolo od Michelinu. This might only be a preferential choice but I believe that not a great number of potential readers might be familiar with the English term. Moreover, majority of Czech articles devoted to hybrid cars do translate this term.  Michelin Active Wheel (AU_S_1+2, AU_T_2+3)  Aktivní kolo Michelin (AU_S_3)  Aktivní kolo od Michelinu (AU_S_4, AU_P_2)  Active Wheel od Michelin (AU_S_5, AU_P_3+4)

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(14) Suspension coils and springs There were numerous translations of the above term. The core was to realise that the system includes parts that pruží and tumí at the same time. The best translations were then pružicí a tlumicí soustava/jednotka or závěsné pružiny a tlumiče. Semiacceptable translations were tlumiče, pružicí jednotky or odpružení because these translations include only one of the two components. Vinuté pružiny zavěšení do not even exist  pružicí a tlumicí jednotku /soustavu (AU_S_1+2)  Pružicí (jednotky) (AU_S_3)  odpružené cívky a pružiny (AU_P_1)  tlumiče (AU_P_2+3)  pružiny, vinuté pružiny zavěšení (AU_P_4, AU_T_1+2)  závěsných pružin a tlumičů (AU_T_3)  odpružení (AU_T_5)

(20) from 0 to 60 Measurements in original units, e.g. pounds or miles that occurred in the text should have been converted into kilograms and kilometres. We do not use these foreign units in Czech and it makes therefore no sense to leave them unconverted. Secondly, it is of course better to add the missing unit behind the figures of acceleration. However, z nuly na sto is such an established expression that it does not have to be unconditionally accompanied with the unit of km/h.  z 0 na 100 km/h (AU_S_1+2+3, AU_T_1)  z 0 na 100 (AU_S_4, AU_P_2+4, AU_T_3)  z 0 na 60 (AU_P_1, AU_T_4)

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 z nuly na 60 mil (AU_P_3)

(24) four different wheel packages Quite creative were translations of wheel packages. Praiseworthy are especially energetické moduly or konfigurace kol, sady kol and různá provedení. On the contrary, kolové balíčky is not an acceptable translation since none of the three criteria of evaluation (meaning, function, and language) were met.  ze čtyř sad kol (AU_S_1, AU_P_3)  ze čtyř různých provedení (AU_S_3)  mezi variantami (AU_S_5)  ze čtyř různých kolových balíčků (AU_P_1)  ze čtyř různých variant pohonu kol (AU_T_2)  ze čtyř nabízených konfigurací kol (AU_T_3)  ze čtyř různých energetických modulů (AU_T_4)

(25) driving ranges This term was mistranslated a couple of times. It has nothing to do with speed (rychlost) or speed limit (rychlostní limit) and it is also not jízdní dráha. It is obvious from the context that dojezdová vzdálenost/dojezd was meant.  s dojezdovou vzdáleností (AU_S_1+4)  s maximální rychlostí (AU_S_2)  s dojezdem (AU_S_3+5, AU_P_2, AU_T_1+3)  s rychlostním limitem (AU_P_1)  s možností dojezdu (AU_P_3)  jízdní dráhy (AU_P_4)

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7.3 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION – FINANCE Translations of the finance text turned out to accomplish the best average scores among translations of the three texts. Out of possible 22 points, average scores ranged from 16.6 for the lowest and 19.4 for the highest average score. Again, translators reached the best results. Surprisingly, the quality of professionals´ translations was comparatively high and they were only slightly worse than students in terms of their average scores. Unfortunately, I did not manage to gather data on the total time taken from students. However, you can see from the two tables below that the more time was spent on translations, the better score was achieved (see the average time and average score figures). There are of course extreme exceptions, e.g. translation FI_T_4. This translator took the longest time to translate the text and reached the lowest score.

Highest score

Lowest score

Average score

Students

19

FI_S_1

14.5

FI_S_5

16.7

Professionals

20

FI_P_2

11.5

FI_P_3

16.5

Translators

21

FI_T_2

16.5

FI_T_4

19.4

Table 40: Evaluation – finance text

Shortest time taken

Longest time taken

Average time

Professionals

26 minutes

FI_P_1

75 minutes

FI_P_2

42.3 minutes

Translators

45 minutes

FI_T_1+3

90 minutes

FI_T_4

63.8 minutes

Students

Table 41: Total time taken – finance text

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In general, a relationship between time and quality was proved again, but we cannot expect that it applies to every individual translation.

7.3.1 DISCUSSION ON SELECTED RICH POINTS There were just 22 Rich Points in the finance text and most of them belonged to the extralinguistic category. Selected Rich Points and their translations are discussed here.

(2) long term assets All translations of this term were correct since many possible equivalents are acceptable and commonly used in Czech.  dlouhodobá aktiva (all student translations, FI_P_1+2, FI_T_4)  dlouhodobá (stálá) aktiva (FI_P_3)  dlouhodobý majetek (FI_P_4, FI_T_1+2)  dlouhodobá aktiva (majetek) (FI_T_3)

(5) the stock in a company´s affiliates and subsidiaries Translators could encounter three possible problems here. Stocks can normally mean both akcie and podíly in Czech. The difference between these two lies in the rights of their owners. However, the only possible translation in this text was akcie. Subsidiaries were mostly translated correctly as dceřiné společnosti. Přičleněná organizace is not, however, used and most importantly, it does not meet the characteristics of a subsidiary. Translations of affiliates varied, most commonly being transferred as pobočky and also as sesterské or přidružené společnosti. All of these options are acceptable.

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 z cenných papírů poboček a dceřiných společností (FI_S_3)  akcie ostatních poboček a dceřiných společností firmy (FI_S_4)  z podílů sesterských a dceřiných společností (FI_P_3)  podíly v jejích přidružených a dceřiných společnostech (FI_T_1)  akcie přičleněných organizací a poboček společnosti (FI_T_4)

(7) investments made under long term investments The term Long term investment has two possible translations. It is either dlouhodobé investice or dlouhodobý finanční majetek. It was already mentioned that there is no such category of dlouhodobé investice on the Czech balance sheet. Long term investments are part of a category called dlouhodobý majetek, more specifically dlouhodobý finanční majetek. Therefore, both translations are acceptable.  Pod dlouhodobé investice pak spadají takové investice (FI_S_4)  U dlouhodobého finančního majetku (FI_T_2)

(8) Berkshire Hathaway´s According to the Questionnaire on Translation Problems, a few participants wondered how to deal with the translation of Berkshire Hathaway (and other companies mentioned in the article). It is not necessary to replace these companies and adapt them to our environment. Nevertheless, it is appropriate to explain what these companies are. The last three translations below can serve as a good example.  Berkshire Hathaway (FI_S_1)  společnosti Berkshire Hathaway (FI_S_2+5, FI_P_1, FI_T_1+2+4)  konglomerátem Berkshire Hathaway (FI_S_3)  americká holdingová společnost Berkshire Hathaway (FI_S_4)

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 investičního fondu Berkshire Hathaway (FI_T_3)

(13) Carrying Values of Stock Investments Carrying Values is a synonymous term to book value and the correct translation into Czech is účetní hodnota. In this context, účtování o hodnotě is a very good translation since this is the expression used by accounts. Vykazování or zaúčtování hodnoty would be also possible to say, however, the vital word účetní is missing. In terms of Stock Investments, acceptable solutions are akciové investice or pořízené akcie. Cenné papíry include a variety of options, certainly not only akcie. Subsequently, the term kapitálové investice does not mean investments made just into stocks. Lastly, the translation burzovní investice is not precise because stocks do not have to be sold or bought solely in the stock market. A company can, for instance, buy stocks directly from another company. Regarding the translation (hodnota) dlouhodobého finančního majetku, this is absolutely non-acceptable. Dlouhodobý finanční majetek includes not only stocks but loans or time deposits as well. Such translation is thus misleading.  Účetní hodnota akciových investic (FI_S_1+3+5)  Zůstatková hodnota investic do cenných papírů (FI_S_2)  Stanovení hodnoty burzovních investic (FI_P_1)  Hodnota dlouhodobého finančního majetku (FI_P_3)  Účetní hodnota kapitálové investice (FI_P_4)  Vykazování hodnoty akciových investic (FI_T_1)  Zaúčtování hodnoty pořízených akcií (FI_T_2)  Účtování o hodnotě akciových investic (FI_T_3)

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(14) common stocks Most commonly used term in Czech is kmenové akcie. A synonymous term is also běžné akcie. Other translations, as I explained earlier, are not acceptable.  běžné akcie (FI_S_1, FI_P_2+4, FI_T_3+4)  běžné cenné papíry (FI_S_2)  kmenové akcie (FI_S_3+4+5, FI_T_1+2)  aktiv na burze (FI_P_1)  cenných papírů (FI_P_3)

(16) carried on the balance sheet at cost or market value There are basically four different types of prices/values used during the valuation process of various assets. One of them is a cost value. For the purposes of evaluating long term assets (dlouhodobý finanční majetek) is in the Czech accounting used a term pořizovací cena which includes the price itself and other costs connected to the purchase of assets. On the contrary, cena nákladů and nákladová cena does not comply with the meaning of the original term at all. Moreover, nákladová cena is used in the evaluation process of inventories.  V rozvaze jsou obvykle vedeny v jejich nákladové či tržní ceně (FI_S_1)  Většinou jsou v rozvaze vedeny podle své ceny nebo tržní hodnoty (FI_S_2)  v rozvaze zanesena buďto jako cena nákladů nebo jako tržní hodnota (FI_S_4)  V rozvaze jsou běžně vedeny v pořizovací nebo tržní hodnotě (FI_P_2)  uvádějí v pořizovací nebo tržní ceně (FI_T_2)

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7.4 CONCLUSION After analysing all collected translations, I can conclude that translations of the highest quality in all three fields were produced by translators. They were closely followed by students. Translations of professionals had the lowest quality. The hardest text (assessed from the average scores in percents) was the automotive text. This was proved unanimously by results from throughout all groups.

Highest/lowest

Average

Average score

Value of

score

score

in %

dynamism

Students IT

23/16.5

18.8

72.3 %

1.2

Students AU

20.5/16

18.1

69.6 %

1.2

Students FI

19/14.5

16.7

75.9 %

0.4

Highest/lowest

Average

Average score

Value of

score

score

in %

dynamism

Professionals IT

18/8.5

14.1

54.2 %

- 0.6

Professionals AU

16/6

11.3

43.5 %

0

Professionals FI

20/11.5

16.5

75 %

- 0.4

Highest/lowest

Average

Average score

Value of

score

score

in %

dynamism

Translators IT

23/22.5

22.6

86.9 %

0.4

Translators AU

20/17

18.8

72.3 %

0.4

Translators FI

21/16.5

19.4

88.2 %

0.4

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

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Value of dynamism was crossed with average scores of each text group. Even though I expected that participants with more dynamic approach would produce translations of a higher quality, this expectation was not met. For instance, students who translated the finance text had lower value of dynamism than students who translated both IT and automotive texts, but they had much better average score. The same applies to the group of professionals. Automotive professionals had the best dynamic value within the group of professionals; however, quality of their translations was the lowest. The figure of total time taken proved that there was a certain relationship between time and quality in approximately half of the cases. Therefore, I dare to claim that time plays an important role in the translation process and in the overall quality. There were of course exceptions that stood in sharp contradiction to my previous statement. As for the conclusion, time is naturally not the only and the most significant indicator of quality. As I explained in Chapter 6, experience and mainly knowledge of the specific field have an important say as well.

Terminology and grammar A great deal of selected Rich Points belonged to the extralinguistic category and was mostly represented by specialised terms. I worked on the general assumption that professionals would translate these terms in a better way than translators or students. However, this assumption was not correct. Especially IT and automotive professionals faced some difficulties. On the contrary, finance professionals did very well. I believe that reasons for that lie in the nature of the fields. For instance IT is a very technical area and the dominant language is English. It is then common that people adopt English terms into their working language and use them instead of their Czech equivalents. It is simply easier and it also makes the communication faster. Finance area is a different

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environment which requires a very different educational background. It seems that finance professionals are equipped with better language and interpersonal skills which is also reflected in their voicing and formulations. Grammar was in general no problem for translators and students. Most professionals (except for the finance professionals) had problems with Czech orthography and punctuation. Some translations lost many points only due to inattention and grammatical mistakes. But grammar is a part of a quality translation and cannot be left out. Specific evaluation of grammar can be found in Appendix. My intention was not to analyse the overall stylistics of translations. But in general, translators did paid attention to the theme-rheme structure and their translations read very smoothly. This cannot be said about all professional translations.

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8. CONCLUSION The purpose of this thesis was to find out the quality of translations done by the three groups of subjects. There were however many steps that I had to make before the evaluation of translations could take place. First, I briefly discussed classification of texts, including text typology according to Newmark. His typology seemed to work the best for the purposes of my study in terms of clearly stated language functions, examples of texts belonging to each category and categorization of text styles. Chosen texts were further classified as informative. IT and automotive texts were considered as technological non-evaluative texts, the finance text as economic non-evaluative texts. It was also stated that the principal goal of specialised writings are correctness (accuracy), clarity and concision. These three parameters in fact represent the three categories of the quality assessment. Translation problems and the four categories of Rich Points were explained in the following chapter. These categories were linguistic (problems or re-expression or lexis), textual (coherence and cohesion), extralinguistic (terminology and cultural elements) and intentionality. The extralinguistic category belonged to the most important one since the majority of Rich Points were specialised terms. Different strategies for translating terms such as borrowing or literal translation were mentioned. Next chapter was devoted to the PACTE Group and its research. The method of Acceptability that I used for the evaluation of translations was taken over from their research. I also used their Questionnaires on Translation Problems and Translation Knowledge and adapted them so they fit purposes of my research. The scope of research conducted by the PACTE Group was interesting and very extensive. However, I used only bits of their methodology because some of their main objectives diverged.

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Evaluation of the Questionnaire on the Knowledge about Translation and the Questionnaire on Translation Problems were presented, too. I tried to find out whether subject groups tended to have a dynamic or rather static approach to translation by means of the first questionnaire. Students represented the most dynamic group, they were followed by expert translators and professionals were the least dynamic group. I also tried to look for dynamic or static features in their translations in order to prove these results. High value of dynamism did not always correspond with reality. It was common that translations with lower dynamic value showed quite a few dynamic features. As for the relationship between dynamism and higher quality of translations as suggested by the PACTE Group, this tendency was not observed. Answers from the second questionnaire said that participants considered the IT text as the most difficult one. Automotive text was viewed in a more positive way, even though the quality was lower than the quality of IT text. Besides that, general preferences of the three subject groups could be observed. It was a common thing for students and expert translators to read the text before translating it. They also came back to the translated text later on and used many other sources than just non-specialised dictionaries. On the contrary, tendencies of professionals were very inconsistent and not many of them did any final editing or came back to the text later. I found quite useful the last three questions where translation problems were to be described because they provided me with additional and explaining information. The entire methodology was described in Chapter 5. Experimental universe and expertise was defined. According to Riitta Jääskeläinen, I distinguished between absolute and relative expertise. Expert translators were required to have at least five years of translating experience and make their living mainly through translating. Only freelance translators who do not translate texts exclusively from one field only were

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asked to cooperate. Defining expertise in the professional group was harder. Professionals were required to have a university degree which goes in hand with an upper intermediate level of English knowledge and the minimum working experience was set to one year. As far as students were concerned, texts were translated mostly by students who were in their final year of the Master program. I dedicated the very last chapter to the analysis and discussion of translations. It was found out that the highest quality translations were produced by expert translators. IT and automotive professionals did not excel in terminology as was expected. Moreover, they made a number of grammatical mistakes which influenced their final evaluation. An exception was a group of finance professionals whose final score was comparable with the score of students. Rich Points that were somehow problematic were discussed and only a few translations of a selected Rich Point were mentioned in order to demonstrate a good solution, point out problematic issues or praise extraordinary solutions. As for the total translating time, it was crystal clear that time influenced translations in a positive way - even though it was not the only and decisive indicator of quality. Experience and knowledge (or at least familiarity) of the field played a very significant role.

I am aware that a lot more could have been done with the gathered material. I primarily focused on terminology but other features such as stylistics or textual issues would deserve more attention as well. However, not every aspect of translation could be addressed here. I perceive this work as the beginning to further researches conducted on the quality of specialised translations produced by quite different subject groups.

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9. APPENDIX A. TEXTS Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware is a high performance anti-malware application that thoroughly removes even the most advanced malware and spyware. With one of the fastest, most effective quick scans and malware removal capabilities on the market, this program is the perfect addition to your PC's defenses. The full version of the product includes a number of key features, including the ability to schedule updates and scans and most importantly, a real-time malware protection module that blocks malicious processes before they even start. What's new in this version: Fixed minor updating issues. Fixed issue with trials expiring too early. Fixed GUI language bugs. Fixed issue where Ignore List was not honored by the Protection Module. Fixed issue where limited users were prompted to update an outdated database. Malwarebytes Anti-Malware is a surprisingly effective freeware antimalware tool. It's a relatively speedy malware remover, with the quick scan taking about 8 minutes even with other high-resource programs running. The heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing that it was capable of determining the difference between false positives and dangerous apps. The app has some nice features rolled in, too. It supports multiple drive scanning including networked drives, context menu options including a scan-on-demand for individual files, and the FileAssassin option under the More Tools section for removing locked files. The interface is simple, but pleasant-looking and well-organized. Tabs lie just below the oversized logo, with few options per tab to keep down the clutter. The installation process was fast enough, but interestingly offered up the well-kept changelog and an instant definition file update. Do note that the real-time protection is restricted to the paid version, as is the scheduler for updates and scans. Overall, though, Malwarebytes Anti-Malware is a responsive malware remover that does what it should with a minimum of fuss.

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Protean Continues Campaign for In-Wheel Electric Motors Why is it that some of the best ideas for automotive efficiency never reach the market? For example, the concept of putting electric motors directly into wheels has been proposed many times over the years—but has not yet seen the light of day. The latest company to give it a go is Protean Electric. The company is showing off its technology in the form of a Vauxhall Vivaro hybrid truck this week at the Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar in Traverse City, Mich. Protean claims that the in-wheel motor approach could improve the efficiency of a hybrid by 300 percent, and allow for relatively easy conversion of gas-powered cars into hybrids. Each motor weighs about 70 pounds and offers 110 horsepower. The motors could provide the capacity to drive purely on electricity, as well as assist the gas engine or remain dormant. The company claims the product will be ready for mass production as soon as 2012. But take a look at the long list of other concepts using in-wheel motors that are still sitting on the shelves of R&D departments. Michelin Active Wheel The Michelin tire company has been showing off versions of the ―Active Wheel‖ since 2004. The system contains virtually all of the components necessary for a vehicle to propel or stop: an electric motor, suspension coils and springs, and braking components. The only thing missing is the source of energy. Fed by lithium ion batteries or fuel cells, the Active Wheel’s electric motor will output 30 kilowatts of power—per wheel that is. Vehicles using this system can be configured with two Active Wheels up front, or one at each corner. This allows manufacturers to offer both two- and four-wheel drive setups. Michelin presented two vehicles, the Venturi Volage and Hueliz Will, using the Active Wheel at the 2008 Paris Auto Show. Venturi Volage The Venturi Volage is a four-wheel drive two-seater roadster using four Active Wheel systems. The Volage, which produces the equivalent of 300 horsepower, accelerates from 0 to 60 in less than five seconds. It has a range of approximately 200 miles. In 2008, Venturi said the Volage is slated for a limited production run in 2012. Heuliez Will The Michelin-Heuliez-Orange Will concept also uses the Michelin Active Wheel. It's a front-wheel drive all-electric vehicle that seats five, and features front and rear trunks. Drivers will be able to choose from four different wheel packages, with driving ranges from about 100 to 250 miles. The Will was slated for production in France by 2010, but is now in the TBD category.

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Long Term Assets Everything we've discussed up until now has been a current asset or current liability. Now, we are going to take a look at the long term assets that are found on the balance sheet. These are the things that a business owns but can't be used to fund day-to-day operations.

Long Term Investments Long Term investments and funds are investments a company intends to hold for more than one year. They can consist of stocks and bonds of other companies, real estate, and cash that has been set aside for a specific purpose or project. In addition to investments a company plans to hold for an extended period of time, Long Term Investments also consist of the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries. The difference between short term and long term investments lie in the company's motive for owning them. Short term investments consist of stocks, bonds, etc. a company has bought and will sell shortly. The investments made under long term investments may never be sold. An excellent example would be Berkshire Hathaway's relationship with Coca-Cola. Berkshire owns 200 million shares of the soft-drink giant, and will most likely continue to hold them forever, regardless of the price they are selling for in the open market.

Carrying Values of Stock Investments As you now know, when a business purchases common stocks as an investment, they will go into either the short term or long term investment categories on the balance sheet. These are normally carried on the balance sheet at cost or market value (whichever is less). This means that most of the time, the stocks the company owns are worth far more than they are on the balance sheet. For example, if a business owned 50,000 shares of Sprint and they paid $10 per share, they would have $500,000 on the balance sheet under either short term or long term investments. If Sprint rose to $35 per share, the value of their holdings would be $1,750,000, yet the balance sheet would continue to carry $500,000. Thus, the difference of $1,250,000 would not be included in the book value of the company. (This is a prime example of how financial statements are only the beginning of the valuation process. They have their limitations, but without them, we would have no basis to calculate intrinsic value.)

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B. TRANSLATION BRIEFS Translation Brief: IT text This article was published on the CNET website in the section Downloads. This section includes an extended collection of software, browsers, communications and desktop enhancements. Source language: English Target language: Czech Word count: 304 Function: The intended purpose of the translation is the same as of the source text. It accompanies the software so that the potential user can compare similar programs of this kind and chose the one that fits him or her best. Audience: The audience is average computer users who do not have extensive knowledge of Information technology. Purpose: The article was written to make it easier for the users in decision-making. Additional materials: These is no glossary to the text. For further reference, visit the CNET website. The quality of the source text: The source text is clearly written and well organised. Deadline: To be agreed by both parties.

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Translation Brief: Automotive text This is an article taken from a website which is dedicated to hybrid cars. Complex information regarding this area, such as hybrid cars of various brands, technology, research and the latest news can be found here. Source language: English Target language: Czech Word count: 439 Function: The intended purpose of the translation is to provide information about hybrid cars to people who do not have extended knowledge about this technology. Audience: The recipients of the source text are potential fans of hybrid cars or people interested in the latest technologies in automotive industry. Purpose: The source text was written to promote Protean Electric´s Campaign for In-wheel Electric Motors. The author also provides a brief overview of other concepts used in the past. Additional materials: These is no glossary to the text. For further reference, visit the website www.hybridcars.com The quality of the source text: The source text is well written and well organised. The article is very current and the information is accurate. Deadline: To be agreed by both parties.

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Translation Brief: Finance text This article was taken from a website called Investing for beginners which is a part of the New York Times Company. Purpose of this website and consequently of this article is to provide insight into the world of investments to complete beginners, as well as a step by step guide how to earn money through investing. Source language: English Target language: Czech Word count: 394 Function: The intended purpose of the translation is to provide information about basic investment principles in a form or short articles structured into so called lessons. Audience: The recipients of the source text are potentially interested in future investing; however, momentarily they lack basic investment knowledge. Purpose: The source text was written to educate beginners, who would like to learn more about long term assets. Additional materials: These is no glossary to the text. For further reference, visit the website http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/analyzingabalancesheet/a/long-terminvestments.htm The quality of the source text: The source text is well written and well organised. It is not stated how current the article is, however, this information is not crucial since the topic is not dependent on time. Deadline: To be agreed by both parties.

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C. EVALUATION – IT TEXT TRANSLATION IT_S_1

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users

Aplikace Anti-Malware společnosti Malwarebytes je výkonný nástroj na ochranu proti škodlivému softwaru (malwaru) vysoce sofistikovaný malware a spyware (z hlediska) rychlosti skenování grafickém rozhraní jazykové chyby seznamu ignorovaných položek ochranným modulem uživatelům s omezeným oprávněním Bezplatná verze aplikace překvapivě efektivní nástroj na ochranu proti škodlivému softwaru při souběžném spuštění dalších náročných programů Z empirického testování na více počítačích vyplynulo, že modul heuristické analýzy falešného poplachu („false positive―) disponuje skenování více jednotek (včetně síťových) kontextové nabídky volbu pro skenování jednostlivých souborů na vyžádání program FileAssasin V části Další nástroje

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Pod velkým logem se nachází lišta se záložkami přehledně pečlivě doplňovaného seznamu změn okamžitou aktualizaci souborů definic Funkce plánování aktualizací rychlý nástroj na odstranění malwaru jednoduše dělá, co má

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Freeware antimalware tool

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Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files

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FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog

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80 minutes

Instant definition file update Scheduler Responsive malware remover With a minimum of fuss

Grammatical mistakes: 1 Non-acceptable translations: 0 TOTAL SCORE: 23

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TRANSLATION IT_S_2

120 minutes

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application

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Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans

Aplikace Anti-Malware od společnosti Malwarebytes je vysoce účinný nástroj, díky kterému ze svého počítače odstraníte nezákeřnější malware či spyware

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z nejrychlejších kontrol (funcki „rychlý sken―) uživatelském rozhraní. Jazykové chyby seznam ignorovaných Ochranný modul uživatelům se zkušební verzí Freewarová aplikace AntiMalware je účinná ochrana proti malware jsou spuštěny další programy náročné na výkon systému během empirického testování na mnohých počítačích prokázala heuristická analýza falešně označené hrozby obsahuje kontrolu několika disků zároveň disků síťových možnosti místní nabídky kontroly jednotlivých souborů na vyžádání nástroj „FileAssassin― pod záložkou „Více nástrojů―

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Záložky jsou umístěny pod poměrně velkým logem pro lepší přehlednost šikovného changelogu

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automatické vyhledání nejnovější verze plánovač dobře fungující ochranu proti malweare zbytečně nezatěžuje systém.

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GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool

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High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog

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TRANSLATION IT_S_3

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives

Malwarebytes Anti-Malware je vysoce výkonná aplikace na ochranu proti malwaru

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Rolled in

nejzákeřnější útoky malwaru a spywaru rychlému skenování GUI jazykových chyb Seznam ignorovaných modul obrany uživatelé neplacené verze nástrojem v boji proti malwaru, a ještě navíc zdarma jsou spuštěny programy, které potřebují hodně paměti Heuristická analýza na mnoha počítačích dokázala během empirických testů falešnými pozitivními… aplikacemi má

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skenování více diskových oddílů

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zasíťovaných disků

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Možnosti kontextového menu

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skenování jednotlivých souborů (scan-on-demand) možnost FileAssassin

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V záložce Více nástrojů

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Well-kept changelog

dobře strukturovaný zápis změn (changelog)

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Instant definition file update Scheduler

okamžitou definici aktualizovaných souborů plánovač

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Responsive malware remover With a minimum of fuss

citlivá aplikace na odstranění malwaru bez zbytečného zatížení

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Grammatical mistakes: 1 Non-acceptable translations: 0 TOTAL SCORE: 16.5

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TRANSLATION IT_S_4

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90 minutes

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users

Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware je vysoce výkonná anti-malwarová aplikace

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nejdokonalejší škodlivé softwary a spywary rychlého skenování grafického rozhraní jazykových potíží Seznam ignorovaných Ochranným modulem uživatelé využívající omezenou verzi volně šiřitelný anti-malwarový nástroj při vysokém zatížení spuštěnými programy Heuristický modul dokázal na mnoha počítačích v průběhu empirického testování pozitivními nepravdami obsahuje prohlížení více disků najednou včetně zasíťovaných možnosti kontextového menu prohlížení jednotlivých souborů na vyžádání možnost FileAssassin sekci Více nástrojů

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Záložky jsou umístěny přímo pod zvětšeným logem pro zjednodušení práce dobře udržovaný protokol změn

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Instant definition file update Scheduler Responsive malware remover

aktualizaci okamžitého definičního souboru plánovač pohotovým programem na odstraňování škodlivých softwarů

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With a minimum of fuss

v naprosté pohodě

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Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog


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TRANSLATION IT_S_5

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo

Anti-Malware je výkonná aplikace, která slouží k ochraně proti malware

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nejpokročilejší typy malware a spyware (Jedním) z nejrychlejších skenerů GUI programové chyby ignore listu ochranným modulem Uživatel s omezeným přístupem neplacená aplikace

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i při spuštění jiných, náročnějších aplikací Při testování v praxi vyhledávač prokázal, že je na různých počítačích falešné hrozby má v sobě skenování více disků najednou (těch) síťových v místním menu individuální kontrolu vámi zvolených souborů možnost tzv. FileAssassin V sekci Další nástroje

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Záložky pod skutečně nepřehlédnutelným logem produktu – to aby byl v programu pořádek sledování změn v aplikaci (changelog)

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Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog

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okamžitou aktualizaci definičních souborů plánovač funguje pohotově

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bez zbytečného povyku

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TRANSLATION IT_P_1

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protecion Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand

Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware je vysoce výkonná proti-malwarová aplikace

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nejpokročilejší škodlivý software

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rychlého skenování v uživatelském rozhraní chyby překladů Seznamu zamítnutí Modulem protekce limitovaným uživatelům proti-malwarový nástroj nabízený zdarma zatěžován během dalších náročných programů Heuristický algoritmus již během empirických testů na velkém počtu počítačů dokázal falešným poplachem obsahuje skenování většího počtu disků disků síťových volby kontextového menu Skenování jednotlivých souborů na požádání podvolbu FileAssasin pod volbou More Tools (Více nástrojů Záložky jsou umístěny pod velkým logem dobře udržovaný seznam změn

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časový plánovač pohotově reagujícím odstraňovačem škodlivého kódu bez zbytečného povyku

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FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog Instant definition file update Scheduler Responsive malware remover With a minimum of fuss


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TRANSLATION IT_P_2

50 minutes

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Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware je vysoce výkonná anti-malware aplikace

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nejmodernější škodlivý software

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans

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GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users

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Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog

Nejrychlejších způsobů vyhledávání uživatelského rozhraní chyby v překladu seznam zamítnutých procesů Ochranný modul limitovaným uživatelům (uživatelé trial verze) anti-malware program zdarma

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jsou na vašem počítači spuštěny i jiné programy Heuristický algoritmus dokázal na velkém počtu počítačů během empirického testování falešnými poplachy Součástí prohledávání více disků síťových disků, nastavení kontextového menu prohledávání samostatných souborů na požádání FileAssassin – nastavení pod volbou More Tools (Více nástrojů) Záložky s několika málo volbami jsou umístěny pod velkým logem Pro přehlednost Dobře udržovaný seznam změn

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okamžitou aktualizaci souboru.

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plánování citlivým programem pro odstranění škodlivého softwaru s minimálním úsilím

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TRANSLATION IT_P_3 Translation Problem

35 minutes Translation

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog Instant definition file update Scheduler Responsive malware remover With a minimum of fuss

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nejsofistikovanější malware a spyware S jedním z nejrychlejších skenů GUI jazykové deviaci ignor listu Protection modulem uživatelsky omezené účty volně šiřitelný antimalware nástroj běží i jiné programy, které jsou náročné na výpočetní výkon Heretická analýza prokázala na více počítačích

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falešně podezřelou (aplikací) Má... jsou zahrnuty v ní skenovaní více disků síťových zařízení volby místní nabídky skenování na vyžádání pro jednotlivé soubory FileAssassin volbu více nástrojů (pro odstranění zamknutých souborů) Záložky leží jenom pod velkým logem z důvodu vyhnutí se zmatků s přehledným protokolem změn

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okamžitou definici aktualizaci souboru plánovač citlivý odstraňovač malwaru

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s minimálním úsilím

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI

Malwarebytes Anti-Malware je vysoko výkonná aplikácia

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najzložitejší malware a spyware

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S najrýchlejším skenom grafického užívateľského rozhrania chýb v jazyku Ignore List (ignorovací zoznam) s ochranným modulom obmedzení užívatelia bezplatný antimalware nástroj

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v prípade chodu vysoko zaťažovaných programov Heuristický stroj dokázal na mnoho počítačoch počas empirického testovania nesprávnymi pozitívami má v sebe viacnásobné prehľadávanie jednotiek sieťových jednotiek voľby kontextového menu

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Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning

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Networked drives Context menu options

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Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog

prehľadávania na požiadanie pre jednotlivé súbory FileAssassin voľbu „more tools― sekciou

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Štítky sa nachádzajú pod celkom veľkým logom aby sa zamedzilo neporiadku dobre udržovaný changelog

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okamžitú aktualizáciu definície

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plánovaní pohotový odstraňovač

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s minimom zbytočností

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List

Program Anti-Malware od společnosti Malwarebytes je vysoce výkonná aplikace proti škodlivému softwaru nejpokročilejší malware a spyware rychlé prohledávání počítače GUI chyby jazyka (GUI) Ignore List (seznam položek, jimž uživatel důvěřuje) Modul ochrany někteří uživatelé freewarový nástroj na ochranu před škodlivým softwarem zároveň běží programy náročné na zdrojové prostředky Heuristický nástroj prokázal během empirického testování na více počítačích falešným poplachem implementovány prohledávání více disků (včetně) disků sdílených v síti možnosti kontextové nabídky

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kontroly jednotlivých souborů na vyžádání možnost FileAssassin sekci Další nástroje

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Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo

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Záložky jsou umístěny hned pod poněkud předimenzovaným logem střízlivý (výběr…) dobře vedený přehled změn

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soubor aktualizací definic k okamžitému stažení. plánování spolehlivě pracující program na odstraňování škodlivého softwaru

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s minimálními komplikacemi

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Program Anti-Malware společnosti Malwarebytes je vysoce účinná aplikace, která dokonale odstraní nejzáludnější škodlivé programy

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z nejrychlejších způsobů kontroly grafického uživatelského rozhraní jazykové chyby seznam ignorovaných hrozeb ochranný modul uživatelé s omezeným přístupem nástroj ochrany proti malwaru a je dostupný zdarma. když současně běží programy zabírající velkou kapacitu paměti Heuristický nástroj dokázal během empirického testování na několika počítačích falešné hrozby přichází také s skenování několika jednotek současně zasíťovaných jednotek položky v kontextovém menu

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning

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Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter Well-kept changelog

možnosti kontroly jednotlivých souborů funkci nazvanou FileAssassin v oddílu Další nástroje

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záložky jsou umístěny pod poněkud příliš velkým logem přispívá k větší přehlednosti dobře udržovaný protokol změn

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okamžitou aktualizaci souboru definic plánovač pohotová aplikace určená k odstraňování malwaru bez zbytečných řečí

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Malwarebytes Anti-Malware je výkonná anti-malwarová aplikace

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GUI

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Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning

nejsofistikovanější škodlivý software a spyware mezi nejrychlejší programy pro rychlé vyhledání v grafickém uživatelském rozhraní Jazykové chyby seznam ignorovaných ochranný modul uživatelům s omezenými právy freewarový nástroj pro ochranu před škodlivým softwarem běží jiné náročné programy

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans

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Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo

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Při empirickém testování na několika různých počítačích se prokázalo, že heuristický modul falešných pozitiv obsahuje prohledávání více než jedné jednotky síťových disků prostřednictvím kontextové nabídky na vyžádání prohledat jednotlivé soubory volbu FileAssassin v nabídce More Tools (Další nástroje) Karty s jednotlivými funkcemi jsou umístěny hned pod velkým logem aby nebyl uživatel zahlcen řádný protokol změn

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okamžitou aktualizaci souboru definic plánování rychlý nástroj pro ochranu před škodlivým softwarem

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bez větších zádrhelů

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Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware je výkonná antimalwarová aplikace

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Language bugs Ignore List Protection Module

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Limited users Freeware antimalware tool High-resource programs running Heuristics engine proved on multiple computers during empirical testing False positives Rolled in Multiple drive scanning Networked drives Context menu options

nejpokročilejší malware a spyware z nejrychlejších kontrol grafického uživatelského prostředí chyby související s jazykem Ignore List (Ignorovat seznam). modul ochrany (Protection Module) omezenému počtu uživatelů bezplatný antimalwarový nástroj

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Malwarebytes' AntiMalware is a high performance antimalware application Advanced malware and Spyware Quick scans GUI

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Scan-on-demand for individual files FileAssassin option Under the Moore Tools section Tabs lie just below the oversized logo Keep down the clutter

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Well-kept changelog

jsou v počítači spuštěny programy náročné na prostředky Během empirického testování ve více počítačích bylo prokázáno, že heuristické jádro falešně pozitivními aplikacemi Je vybavena kontrola více disků síťových disků možnosti využití kontextové nabídky kontroly jednotlivých souborů na vyžádání možnost FileAssassin V části More Tools (Další nástroje) Karty se nacházejí přímo pod zvětšeným logem z důvodu zajištění lepší přehlednosti udržovaný protokol změn

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okamžitou aktualizaci souboru definic funkce plánování pohotový nástroj pro odstraňování malwaru

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bez zbytečných zmatků

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Traverse City, Mich

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Conversion About 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and four-wheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

praktické realizace se zatím nedočkala se o to pokusí Vauxhall Vivaro na úvodním semináři pro manažery pořádaném institucí Center for Automotive Research (Středisko pro výzkum motorových vozidel) ve městě Traverse City v Michiganu Přestavbu Přibližně 32 kilogramů Plynový motor zatím neopustily stěny laboratoří

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Has not yet seen the light of day Give it a go Vauxhall Vivaro Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar

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Michelin Active Wheel zůstat deaktivované k rozjezdu a zastavení Elektromotor pružicí a tlumicí jednotku

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brzdový systém palivovými články jedno v každém rohu nabídnout automobily s pohonem dvou i všech čtyř kol dvoumístný roadster s pohonem všech kol Z 0 na 100 km/h

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320 km Elektromobil Will, výsledek spolupráce společností Michelin, Heuliez a Orange Jedná se o pětisedadlový automobil výhradně na elektrický pohon ze čtyř sad kol

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200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept

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It´s a front-wheel drive all-electric vehicle that seats five Four different wheel packages

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Driving ranges

s dojezdovou vzdáleností

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Is now in the TBD category

nyní je však osud projektu nejasný

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– ale dosud nespatřil světlo světa

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se rozhodla tento koncept podpořit Vauxhall Vivaro Výzkumném středisku automobilového průmyslu CAR (Center Automotive Research) V americkém městě Traverse City, stát Michigan Úprava něco málo přes 30 kilogramů spalovacím motorem se stále jen prášív odděleních výzkumu avývoje Michelin Active Wheel zůstat úplně nečinné k pohonu či naopak zastavení vozidla elektrický motor pružící a tlumící soustavu

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brzdovou soustavu palivovými články na všechna čtyři kola nabízet vozy s technologií „Active Wheel― ve více variantách dvoumístný roadster

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320 km/h Ve voze Will, který vyvinula společnost Michelin ve spolupráci se společnostmi Heuliez a Orange také využita technologie „Active Wheel―, a to na přední nápravě vozu. Will je dimenzován pro pět osob ze čtyř různých verzí

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ovšem jeho výroba dosud nezačala

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Vauxhall Vivaro Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar Traverse City, Mich Conversion 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and four-wheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

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200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept

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It´s a front-wheel drive all-electric vehicle that seats five

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Four different wheel packages Driving ranges

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ještě nespatřil světlo světa

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Michelin Active Wheel Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and four-wheel drive setups

se o to chce pokusit Opel Vivaro v rámci semináře managementu Střediska pro automobilový výzkum (Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar) v Traverse City v americkém Michiganu. Převod 32 kilogramů spalovacího motoru i nadále zůstavají v šuplících oddělení vývoje a výzkumu Aktivní kolo Michelin setrvat v klidovém režimu k pohonu auta i k jeho zabrzdění Elektromotor Pružicí (jednotky)

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brzdicí jednotky palivovými články případně jedno na každé straně nabízet jak verzi s pohonem předních kol, tak pohon na všechny čtyři kola dvoumístný sporťák s pohonem všech čtyř kol z 0 na 100 km/h

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200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive all-electric vehicle that seats five Four different wheel packages Driving ranges

320 kilometrů Koncept Michelin-HeuliezOrange Will Jde o zcela elektrické vozidlo s náhonem na přední kola pro pět osob ze čtyř různých provedení

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v současnosti je však zahájení výroby ve hvězdách

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Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60


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Has not yet seen the light of day Give it a go Vauxhall Vivaro Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar Traverse City, Mich Conversion About 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel

ale doposud tento nápad nespatřil světlo světa se o to pokusila Vauxhall Vivaro na semináři v Centru pro automobilový výzkum (Center for Automotive Research) Traverse City, USA Přestavba okolo 32 kg spalovacímu motoru jsou stále ještě uloženy na poličkách výzkumných oddělení Aktivní kolo od Michelinu

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Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner

být nečinné pro pohánění nebo zastavení Elektromotor cívky a pružiny závěsu kola

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brzdící komponenty palivovými články nebo jedno na každém rohu (obvykle tzn. dvě vpředu a dvě vzadu). nabízet nastavení pohonu buď na dvě nebo na čtyři kola dvoumístný kabriolet s pohonem na všechny čtyři kola z 0 na 100

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Přibližně 322 km Koncept Michelin-HeuliezOrange Will Jedná se o pětimístný elektromobil s pohonem na přední kola ze čtyř různých uzpůsobení kol

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ale nyní je jeho budoucnost nejasná

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To offer both two-and four-wheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60


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ale realizace ještě nespatřila světlo světa která mu dala šanci Vauxall Vivario Na semináři, který pořádá Centrum pro automobilový výzkum v Traverse City v Michiganu přechod z kolem 30 kilogramů Benzínovým motorem zahálí v odděleních vývoje a výzkumu Active Wheel od Michelin

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Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and four-wheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

nebo ho odstavitA k pohánění vozidla elektrický motor závěsné tlumiče

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brzdné součástky na nápravy obě nabídnout varianty pohonu na přední či všechna čtyři kola dvousedadlový roadster a má pohon na všechna čtyři kola z nuly na sto

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asi 320 km Také model Will od Michelin, Heuliez a Orange Má pohon na přední nápravě, pět sedadel, je celoelektrický

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mezi variantami

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stále se ale řadí do kategorie „to be done

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107

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ale dosud nespatřil světlo světa

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to zkouší Opel Vivaro v Center for Automotive research management Briefing Seminář Traverse City, Michigan konverzi 70 kilo plynový motor Stále ještě sedí na pultech R & D oddělení Kola Michelin Active Zůstat v nečinnosti (vozidlo) rozjelo nebo zastavilo elektrický motor odpružené cívky a pružiny

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0.5 1 0.5 1 0

brzdové komponenty palivovými články s jedním na každém rohu nabídnout jak pohon na dvě kola tak pohon na vsecha čtyři kola auto s pohonem na čtyři kola, dvousedadlový roadster z 0 na 60

A A A A

A A SA A

A A NA SA

A A SA A

1 1 0.5 1

A

A

A

A

1

A

NA

SA

SA

0.5

A SA

NA SA

A NA

SA NA

0.5 0

A

A

SA

A

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

0

Traverse City, Mich Conversion About 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60 200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive allelectric vehicle that seats five

24

Four different wheel packages

200 mil Michelin-HEULIEZ-ORANGE Will koncept Jedná se o pohon předních kol a celo-elektricky vůz, který má kapacitu pěti sedadel ze čtyř různých kolových balíčku

25

Driving ranges

rychlostním limitem

NA

NA

A

NA

0

26


ale nyní je v TBD kategorii

NA

NA

NA

NA

0

23


108

TRANSLATION AU_P_2

240 minutes

Translation Problem

Translation

M

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V

Has not yet seen the light of day Give it a go Vauxhall Vivaro Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar Traverse City, Mich

ale doposud nespatřil světlo světa Se (tínto tématem) zabývá Vauxhall Vivaro při příležitosti semináře v Centru pro automobilový výzkum ve městě Traverse City ve státě Michigan Přestavbu asi 35kg spalovacího motoru stále ponechávány na dně šuplíků vývojových oddělení jednotlivých firem Aktivní kolo od Michelinu rezervního pohonu pro jízdu a zastavení vozidla Elektromotor tlumiče

A

A

A

A

1

A SA SA

A NA SA

A A A

A NA SA

1 0 0.5

A

A

A

A

1

SA SA A A

SA SA A A

A A A SA

SA SA A A

0.5 0.5 1 1

A NA A A SA

A NA A A SA

A A SA A A

A NA A A SA

1 0 1 1 0.5

Brzdy palivovými články na všech kolech nabídnout jak pohon vpředu tak na všech čtyřech kolech dvoumístný roadster s pohonem na všechny čtyři kola z 0 na 100

SA A A A

A A A A

A A A SA

A A A A

1 1 1 1

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

SA

A

1

200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive allelectric vehicle that seats five Four different wheel packages

360km Koncept Michelin-HueliezOrange Will Jedná se o elektrické vozidlo s pohonem předních kol, které pojme 5 pasažérů ze 4 různých paketů kol

SA SA

SA SA

SA NA

SA NA

0.5 0

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

A

SA

NA

SA

0.5

25

Driving ranges

s dojezdem

A

A

A

A

1

26


v tuto chvíli neplatí, protože výroba byla opět odsunuta.

A

A

A

A

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Conversion About 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments

10 11 12 13 14

Michelin Active Wheel Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24


109

TRANSLATION AU_P_3

95 minutes

Translation Problem

Translation

M

F

L

C

V

ale nikdy nespatřil světlo světa

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

dala tomuto nápadu zelenou Vauxhall Vivaro brífinku managementu v Centru pro automobilový výzkum

A SA SA

A NA SA

A A A

A NA SA

1 0 0.5

v Traverse City, stát Michigan Přestavbu 70 liber s motorem poháněným plynem zůstaly v kancelářích útvarů vědy a výzkumu Active Wheel od Michelin

A SA A NA A

A SA NA NA SA

A A A A SA

A SA SA NA A

1 0.5 0.5 0 1

10


SA

SA

SA

SA

0.5

11

Remain dormant

A

A

A

A

1

12 13 14

To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

pokud by zůstávaly neaktivní pro pohon a zastavení Elektromotor tlumiče

A A SA

A A SA

A A A

A A SA

1 1 0.5

brzdové součástky palivovými články pro jedno v každém rohu nabídnout jak pohon na dvě, tak na čtyři kola dvoumístný sporťák s pohonem na všechny čtyři kola z nuly na 60 mil

A A A A

A A SA A

A A NA SA

A A SA A

1 1 0.5 1

A

A

NA

SA

0.5

A

NA

A

SA

0.5

200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive allelectric vehicle that seats five Four different wheel packages

200 mil Michelin-Heuliez-Orange Will

A SA

NA SA

A NA

SA NA

0.5 0

Je to pětimístný elektromobil s pohonem na přední kola

A

A

A

A

1

ze čtyř různých sad kol

A

A

A

A

1

25

Driving ranges

s možností dojezdu

A

A

A

A

1

26


v kategorii „teprve bude uvedeno―.

A

SA

NA

SA

0.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24


110

TRANSLATION AU_P_4

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

Translation Problem

Translation

M

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V

Has not yet seen the light of day Give it a go Vauxhall Vivaro At the Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar Traverse City, Mich

ale zatím bez úspěchu

A

A

A

A

1

se o to chce pokusit Vauxhall Vivaro během semináře v centru pro automobilový výzkum (Center for Automotive Research)

A SA SA

A NA SA

A A A

A NA SA

1 0 0.5

městě Traverse City, stát Michigan, USA přeměnu něco málo přes 30 kilogramů za přítomnosti benzínu stále visí ve vzduchu ve svých vývojových centrech Active Wheel od Michelinu

A

A

SA

A

1

SA A NA NA

SA A NA NA

A A NA NA

SA A NA NA

0.5 1 0 0

SA

SA

SA

SA

0.5

nebo setrvačnost v klidu aby bylo poháněno nebo zastaveno elektrický motor pružiny, vinuté pružiny zavěšení

NA A

NA A

NA A

NA A

0 1

A SA

A NA

SA NA

A NA

1 0

komponenty brzdové palivovým článkem jedním v každém rohu motorového vozidla nabízet jak systém s náhonem na dvě tak na čtyři kola dvousedadlové auto s náhonem na všechny čtyři z 0 na 100

A A A

A A SA

A A NA

A A SA

1 1 0.5

A

A

A

A

1

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

A

A

SA

A

1

přes 300 kilometrů koncept Michelin-HeuliezOrange Will Tato varianta má náhon na přední kola, je plně elektrizovaná, vybavena pěti sedadly ze čtyř různých kategorií kol

SA SA

SA SA

A NA

SA NA

0.5 0

A

A

SA

A

1

A

A

SA

A

1

10

Conversion About 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel

11 12

Remain dormant To propel or stop

13 14

Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

55 minutes

To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60 200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive allelectric vehicle that seats five

24

Four different wheel packages

25

Driving ranges

jízdní dráhy

NA

NA

A

NA

0

26


(původně) ale termín bude ještě upřesněn

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5


111

TRANSLATION AU_T_1

90 minutes

Translation Problem

Translation

M

F

L

C

V

nikdy nespatřil světlo světa

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

2 3 4


A SA A

A NA A

A A A

A NA A

1 0 1

5

Traverse City, Mich

A

A

A

A

1

6 7 8 9


SA A A A

SA A A A

A A A SA

SA A A A

0.5 1 1 1

10

Michelin Active Wheel

SA

SA

SA

SA

0.5

11 12


A SA

A SA

A A

A SA

1 0.5

13 14


se tímto řešením zabývá Vauxhall Vivaro na informativním semináři pro management, který pořádá Středisko pro výzkum automobilového průmyslu v Traverse City v americkém státě Michigan přeměnu cca 30 kg spalovacími motory a dosud neopustily brány firemních oddělení výzkumu a vývoje Active Wheel od společnosti Michelin zůstat v nečinnosti k uvedení vozidla do pohybu nebo zastavení Elektromotor pružiny zavěšení

A SA

A SA

A SA

A SA

1 0.5

komponenty brzdného systému palivové články na jednom předním a jednom zadním kole v úhlopříčce nabízet vozidla s pohonem na dvě nebo všechna čtyři kola dvoumístný roadster s pohonem na všechna čtyři kola z nuly na 100 km/h

A A NA

A A NA

A A A

A A NA

1 1 0

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

320 km Také koncept Will konsorcia Michelin, Heuliez a Orange Jedná se o plně elektrický pohon s poháněnou přední nápravou pro pět cestujících mezi čtyřmi různými sadami kol

A A

A A

A A

A A

1 1

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

25

200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive allelectric vehicle that seats five Four different wheel packages Driving ranges

s dojezdem

A

A

A

A

1

26


do kategorie produktů, o nichž dosud nepadlo konečné rozhodnutí

A

A

A

A

1

1

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60


112

TRANSLATION AU_T_2

150 minutes

Translation Problem

Translation

M

F

L

C

V

ale nikdy nespatřil světlo světa

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

pokusila Vauxhall Vivaro na semináři Centra pro výzkum automobilismu

A SA SA

A NA SA

A A SA

A NA SA

1 0 0.5

v Traverse City v Michiganu přeměnu okolo 30 kg benzínovému motoru stále leží na stolech oddělení výzkumu a vývoje Michelin Active Wheel

A SA A SA A

A SA A SA A

A A A A SA

A SA A SA A

1 0.5 1 0.5 1

10


SA

SA

SA

SA

0.5

11 12


A A

A A

A A

A A

1 1

13 14

Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components Fuel cells One at each corner To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

může zůstat v nečinnosti k pohonu nebo zastavení vozidla elektrický motor vinuté pružiny zavěšení

A SA

A NA

SA NA

A NA

1 0

brzdné komponenty palivových článků po jednom na každém rohu nabízet varianty s pohonem na dvě nebo čtyři kola dvousedadlový sporťák s pohonem na čtyři kola 0 na 100 km

A A A A

A A SA A

A A NA A

A A SA A

1 1 0.5 1

A

A

NA

SA

0.5

A

A

SA

A

1

asi 300 km Vozidlo Will od výrobců Michelin, Heuliez a Orange Jedná se o elektrické auto s pohonem na přední kola pro pět osob ze čtyř různých variant pohonu kol s dojezdovou vzdáleností

SA A

SA A

A A

SA A

0.5 1

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

NA

NA

A

NA

0

25


A

A

A

A

1

26


zatím není přesně známo, kdy se výroba rozjede

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24


113

TRANSLATION AU_T_3

45 minutes

Translation Problem

Translation

M

F

L

C

V

Has not yet seen the light of day Give it a go Vauxhall Vivaro At the Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar Traverse City, Mich Conversion About 70 pounds Gas engine Sitting on the shelves of R&D departments Michelin Active Wheel

na její realizaci nikdy nedošlo

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

se o to pokusila Vauxhall Vivaro na manažerském semináři pořádaném Centrem pro automobilový výzkum

A SA A

A NA A

A A A

A NA A

1 0 1

Traverse City ve státě Michigan (provádět) přestavby Asi 35 kg benzínového motoru zatím čekají v konstrukčních kancelářích na svou realizaci. Michelin Active Wheel

A SA SA SA A

A SA SA SA A

A A A A A

A SA SA SA A

1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1

SA

SA

SA

SA

0.5

se mohou úplně vypnout k pohonu i zastavení elektromotoru závěsných pružin a tlumičů

A A A A

A A A A

A A A A

A A A A

1 1 1 1

15

Remain dormant To propel or stop Electric motor Suspension coils and springs Braking components

Brzd

SA

A

A

A

1

16 17

Fuel cells One at each corner

A A

A A

A A

A A

1 1

18

To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60

palivovými články po jednom na každý ze čtyř závěsů nabízet modely s pohonem dvou i všech čtyř kol dvoumístný roadster s pohonem všech čtyř kol z 0 na 100

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

SA

A

1

přibližně 300 km V konceptu Michelin-HeuliezOrange Will Jde o pětimístný čistý elektromobil s pohonem předních kol ze čtyř nabízených konfigurací kol s dojezdem

SA SA

SA SA

A NA

SA NA

0.5 0

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

25


A

A

A

A

1

26


ale skutečné datum zahájení výroby není dodnes známo

SA

SA

A

SA

0.5

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

19 20 21 22 23 24


114

TRANSLATION AU_T_4

1 2

Translation Problem

Translation

M

F

L

C

V


Ale až dosud nebyl realizován

A

A

A

A

1

Rozhodla dát této technologii zelenou Vauxhall VIvaro na krátké tiskové besedě pořádané výzkumným střediskem automobilového průmyslu (Center for Automotive Reasearch) v michiganském Traverse City.

A

A

A

A

1

SA SA

NA SA

A A

NA SA

0 0.5

A

A

A

A

1

přestavbu přibližně 32 kg benzinových motorů na které stále usedá prach na poličkách výzkumných oddělení. Technologie Active Wheel společnosti Michelin zůstat nevyužity prakticky všechny součásti pohonné a brzdné soustavy elektrický motor odpružení

SA A SA A

SA A SA A

A A A NA

SA A SA SA

0.5 1 0.5 0.5

SA

A

A

A

1

A A

A A

A A

A A

1 1

A SA

A SA

SA A

A SA

1 0.5

brzdný systém palivovými články nebo všemi čtyřmi koly Active Wheel nabízet auta jak s pohonem dvou, tak i čtyř kol dvoumístný roadster s pohonem všech čtyř kol Z 0 na 60

A A A

A A A

A A A

A A A

1 1 1

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

NA

NA

SA

NA

0

přibližně 320 km Koncept Michelin-HeuliezOrange Will Jedná se o pětimístné plně elektrické auto se dvěma elektromotory na předních kolech ze čtyř různých energetických modulů dojezdovými vzdálenostmi

A SA

A SA

A NA

A NA

1 0

A

A

SA

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

v současné době je odložena na neurčito

A

A

A

A

1

3 4

Vauxhall Vivaro At the Center for Automotive Research Management Briefing Seminar

5

Traverse City, Mich

6 7 8 9


10

Michelin Active Wheel

11 12


13 14


15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24

120 minutes

To offer both two-and fourwheel drive setups Four-wheel drive twoseater roadster From 0 to 60 200 miles The Michelin-HeulizOrange Will concept It´s a front-wheel drive allelectric vehicle that seats five

25

Four different wheel packages Driving ranges

26



115

E. EVALUATION – FINANCE TEXT TRANSLATION FI_S_1 Translation Problem Current asset or current liability Long term assets Balance sheet Stocks and bonds the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries Lie in the company's motive for owning them investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's 200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

Translation krátkodobým aktivům a závazkům dlouhodobá aktiva rozvahy akcie a dluhopisy akcie přidružených organizací a dceřiných firem společnosti spočívá v účelu jejich držení

M A

F A

L A

C A

V 1

A A A A

A A A A

A A A A

A A A A

1 1 1 1

A

A

A

A

1

Finanční investice dlouhodobého charakteru Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií limonádového giganta otevřeném trhu se obchodují Účetní hodnota akciových investic

A

A

A

A

1

SA A A SA A A

SA A A SA A A

A A A NA A A

SA A A NA A A

0.5 1 1 0 1 1

A A SA

A A A

A A SA

1 1 0.5

A

A

A

A

1

18 19 20 21 22


běžné akcie objeví se V rozvaze jsou obvykle vedeny v jejich nákladové či tržní ceně Pokud by cena akcií společnosti Sprint stoupla cena finančního podílu účetní hodnotě finanční výkazy oceňovacího procesu vnitřní hodnoty

A A SA

17

Common stocks Will go into Carried on the balance sheet at If Sprint rose

SA A A A A

SA A A A A

A A A A A

SA A A A A

0.5 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16


116

TRANSLATION FI_S_2 Translation Problem Current asset or current liability Long term assets Balance sheet Stocks and bonds the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries Lie in the company's motive for owning them investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's 200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

Translation krátkodobými aktivy nebo krátkodobými pasivy dlouhodobá aktiva v rozvaze cenné papíry a dluhopisy cenné papíry v pobočkách a dceřiných společnostech firmy je v účelu, za jakým je společnost vlastní Investice, které jsou zamýšleny jako dlouhodobé společnosti Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií limonádového giganta otevřeném trhu se prodávají Zůstatková hodnota investic do cenných papírů

M A

F A

L A

C A

V 1

A A SA SA

A A SA SA

A A A A

A A SA SA

1 1 0.5 0.5

A

A

SA

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

A A A SA A NA

SA A A SA A NA

A A A NA A NA

A A A NA A NA

1 1 1 0 1 0

14 15 16

Common stocks Will go into Carried on the balance sheet at

NA A NA

SA A NA

NA A A

NA A NA

0 1 0

17

If Sprint rose

A

A

SA

A

1

18 19 20 21 22


běžné cenné papíry zařadí Většinou jsou v rozvaze vedeny podle své ceny nebo tržní hodnoty Kdyby se hodnota akcie Sprintu zvedla hodnota podílu firmy v účetní hodnotě účetní závěrky procesu oceňování vnitřní hodnotu

SA A A A A

SA A A A A

A A A A A

SA A A A A

0.5 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13


117

TRANSLATION FI_S_3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


9 10 11 12 13

200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

14 15 16


17

If Sprint rose

18 19 20 21 22


Translation běžných aktivech a závazcích

M A

F A

L SA

C A

V 1

dlouhodobá aktiva v rozvaze akcií, dluhopisů z cenných papírů poboček a dceřiných společností leží v motivech společnosti pro jejich držení Investice realizované v rámci dlouhodobých investic konglomerátem Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií nápojového giganta otevřeném trhu se prodávají Účetní hodnota akciových investic

A A A SA

A A A SA

A A A A

A A A SA

1 1 1 0.5

A

SA

NA

SA

0.5

A

A

A

A

1

A

A

A

A

1

A SA SA A A

A A SA A A

A A NA A A

A A NA A A

1 1 0 1 1

kmenové akcie půjdou zanášeny do rozvahy v pořizovací ceně nebo tržní hodnotě Pokud by ovšem jejich cena vzrostla hodnota podílů účetní hodnoty účetní závěrky procesu oceňování vnitřní hodnoty

A A A

A A A

A NA A

A SA A

1 0.5 1

A

A

A

A

1

SA A A A A

SA A A A A

A A A A A

SA A A A A

0.5 1 1 1 1


118

TRANSLATION FI_S_4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Translation Problem Current asset or current liability Long term assets Balance sheet Stocks and bonds the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries Lie in the company's motive for owning them

8

investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's

9

200 million Shares

10 11 12 13

Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

14 15 16


17

If Sprint rose

18 19 20 21 22


Translation likvidním majetku a běžných pasivech dlouhodobá aktiva v účetní rozvaze akcie nebo dluhopisy akcie ostatních poboček a dceřiných společností firmy za jakým účelem si firma dlouhodobá a krátkodobá aktiva pořizuje Pod dlouhodobé investice pak spadají takové investice americká holdingová společnost Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů (přibližně 9%) akcií gigantu otevřeném trhu kterou by za ně dostali Účetní hodnota kapitálových investic

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SA SA A SA

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kmenové akcie uvedená v rozvaze zanesena buďto jako cena nákladů nebo jako tržní hodnota Když ale cena akcií společnosti Sprint stoupne hodnota zakoupených akcií účetní hodnoty finančních výkazů procesu oceňování vnitřní hodnotu

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TRANSLATION FI_S_5 1 2 3 4 5 6

Translation Problem Current asset or current liability Long term assets Balance sheet Stocks and bonds the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries

8

Lie in the company's motive for owning them investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's

9 10 11 12

200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for

13

Carrying Values of Stock Investments

14 15 16 17


18 19 20 21 22


7

Translation krátkodobými aktivy a pasivy

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dlouhodobá aktiva v rozvaze cenné papíry akciové podíly podniku v jeho sesterských a dceřiných společnostech investicemi spočívá v důvodech, kvůli kterým je podnik vlastní dlouhodobou investici

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společnostmi Berkshire Hathaway 200 mil. akcií prodejce nápojů volném trhu případné výši jejich prodejní ceny Účetní hodnota akciových investic

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1 0 1 1

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1

kmenových akcií zařadí Ty jsou vedeny pod pořizovací, nebo tržní hodnotou Jestliže tržní cena těchto akcií stoupne hodnota v účetních záznamech účetní výkazy oceňovacího postupu skutečnou hodnotu věcí

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TRANSLATION FI_P_1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


9 10 11 12 13


14 15 16


17

If Sprint rose

18

Holdings

19 20 21 22

Book value Financial statement The valuation process Intrinsic value

26 minutes Translation O krátkodobých aktivech a pasivech aktivy dlouhodobými v rámci rozvahy akcie a dluhopisy akcie dceřiných společností a poboček spočívá v motivaci, kterou společnost má k jejich držení v případě dlouhodobých investic

M A

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A A A A

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1 1 1 1

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společnostmi Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií nápojového giganta na trhu Vývoj cen Stanovení hodnoty burzovních investic

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SA

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1

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1 1 1 1 0

aktiv na burze jedná se z pohledu (rozvahy) V rozvaze jsou tyto investice vyčísleny buď jejich nákupní hodnotou, nebo jejich aktuální tržní hodnotou Pokud ale tržní hodnota Sprintu vzroste celková hodnota, kterou má společnost v držení

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finanční výkazy při stanovení hodnoty (Při určení) hodnoty


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TRANSLATION FI_P_2

8


9 10

200 million Shares Soft-drink giant

11 12 13

Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

14 15 16 17


18 19 20 21 22


1 2 3 4 5 6 7

38 minutes Translation krátkodobá aktiva a krátkodobé závazky dlouhodobá aktiva V rozvaze akcie a dluhopisy z akcií ve firemních pobočkách a dceřinných společnostech spočívá v úmyslu, se kterým je společnost vlastní Investice ve smyslu dlouhodobých investic společnostmi Berkshire Hathaway´s 200 milionů akcií giganta v oblasti nealkoholických nápojů na volném trhu Jsou obchodovány Účetní hodnota investic do akcií

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0,5

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1 1

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1 1 1

běžnou akcii zařadí se (v rozvaze) V rozvaze jsou běžně vedeny v pořizovací nebo tržní hodnotě Pokud by hodnota akcie firmy Sprint vzrostla celková hodnota v účetní hodnotě finanční výkazy oceňovacího procesu vnitřní hodnoty

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TRANSLATION FI_P_3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


42 minutes Translation oběžných aktiv a krátkodobých závazků dlouhodobá (stálá) aktiva v rozvaze cenných papírů z podílů sesterských a dceřiných společností závisí na motivu vlastnictví majetku podnikem Dlouhodobý finanční majetek

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SA A NA A A A

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1 1 0 1 1 1

9 10 11 12 13


společnosti Berkshire Hathaway´s 200 milionů akcií tohoto nápojového giganta na trhu prodávané Hodnota dlouhodobého finančního majetku

14 15 16

Common stocks Will go into Carried on the balance sheet at If Sprint rose Holdings Book value Financial statement The valuation process Intrinsic value

cenných papírů zobrazit jsou v rozvaze oceněny na základě jejich tržní ceny Kdyby se akcie Sprint zvýšili hodnota hodnoty finanční výkazy oceňovacího procesu. skutečné hodnoty

8

17 18 19 20 21 22


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TRANSLATION FI_P_4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

75 minutes

Translation Problem Current asset or current liability Long term assets Balance sheet Stocks and bonds the stock in a company's affiliates and subsidiaries Lie in the company's motive for owning them investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's 200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

Translation krátkodobá aktiva a pasiva

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dlouhodobý majetek podnikové rozvahy z akcií, dluhopisů z akcií poboček dané společnosti a dceřiných společností spočívá v podnikové psychologii

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Investice realizované v rámci dlouhodobého zhodnocení Berkshire Hathaway's 200 miliónů akcií nápojového gigantu volného trhu Ceny Účetní hodnota kapitálové investice

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běžné akcie zařadí jsou v rozvaze vedeny buď v ceně pořizovací, nebo tržní pokud Sprint zvýší cenu hodnota akcií tohoto podniku do účetní hodnoty finanční výkazy postup ocenění podniku skutečné hodnoty

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TRANSLATION FI_T_1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22


45 minutes M A

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investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's 200 million Shares Soft-drink giant Open market Are selling for Carrying Values of Stock Investments

Translation oběžných aktiv nebo oběžných pasiv dlouhodobý majetek v rozvaze akcie a dluhopisy podíly v jejích přidružených a dceřiných společnostech spočívá v důvodech, které společnost vedou k jejich pořízení U dlouhodobých investic se může stát společnosti Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií limonádového obra na volném trhu se prodávají Vykazování hodnoty akciových investic

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kmenové akcie objeví se v (rozvaze) V rozvaze se vykazuje jejich nákupní nebo tržní cena Pokud akcie Sprint vzrostou hodnota držených akcií účetní hodnotě finanční závěrka oceňování společnosti skutečné hodnoty

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TRANSLATION FI_T_2

8


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11 12 13


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

75 minutes Translation běžnými aktivy a pasivy

M A

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L SA

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V 1

dlouhodobý majetek v rozvaze akcie a dluhopisy akcie přidružených a dceřiných společností spočívá v rozdílných důvodech, proč jej společnost vlastní U dlouhodobého finančního majetku společnostmi Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií giganta vyrábějícího nealkoholické nápoje na volném trhu Se obchodují Zaúčtování hodnoty pořízených akcií

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do kmenových akcií zaúčtovány uvádějí v pořizovací nebo tržní ceně Jestliže cena akcií společnosti Sprint vzroste hodnota finančního majetku do účetní hodnoty účetní výkazy v oceňovacím procesu skutečné hodnoty

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TRANSLATION FI_T_3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


9 10 11 12 13


14 15 16 17


18 19 20 21 22


45 minutes Translation běžná aktiva nebo běžná pasiva

M A

F A

L SA

C A

V 1

dlouhodobá aktiva (majetek) v rozvaze akcie a dluhopisy podíly v jejích dceřiných firmách nebo pobočkách spočívá v motivaci společnosti k jejich vlastnictví Investice v dlouhodobé kategorii

A A A SA

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investičního fondu Berkshire Hathaway 200 milionů akcií nápojového giganta na volném trhu. Budou prodejné Účtování o hodnotě akciových investic

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1 1 1 0 1

běžné akcie zanese (je do) je do rozvahy zaúčtuje za pořizovací nebo za tržní cenu Pokud by kurz akcií společnosti Sprint vzrostl měl by tento majetek hodnotu do účetní hodnoty finančních výkazů procesu ocenění firmy vnitřní hodnoty

A A A

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127

TRANSLATION FI_T_4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


8

investments made under long term investments Berkshire Hathaway's

9 10


11 12 13


14 15 16


17 18 19 20 21 22

90 minutes Translation provozních aktivech nebo o krátkodobých pasivech dlouhodobá aktiva účetní rozvahy akcie a obligace akcie přičleněných organizací a poboček společnosti spočívá v tom, zda si tyto investice chce společnost ponechat či nikoli Investice, označované jako dlouhodobé společnostmi Berkshire Hathaway 200 miliónů akcií giganta v oblasti nealkoholických nápojů volném trhu Sumu, jež by mohla získat Hodnota investic do akcií

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běžné akcie uvede je jsou v účetní rozvaze vedeny jako pořizovací nebo tržní hodnota Jestliže cena jedné akcie vzroste skutečná hodnota knihované hodnotě finanční výkazy procesu hodnocení vnitřní hodnoty

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http://www.trans-kom.eu/ihv_02_01_2009.html. STOLZE, Radegundiz. ―Dealing with Cultural Elements in Technical Texts for Translation‖. The Journal of Specialised Translation. Issue 11, January 2009, p. 124- 142. Decemer 2011. http://www.jostrans.org/issue11/issue11_toc.php. Subjectmoney.com. March 2012. http://www.subjectmoney.com. SvetUcetnictvi.cz - Alena Březovjáková. c2008. March 2012. http://svetucetnictvi.cz/. TROSBORG, Anna. Text Typology And Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. PACTE. ―Validating the Pacte translation competence model - Results of an experiment‖. 5th European Society for Translation Studies Congress, Ljubljana, 2007. June 2011. http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/conferences VINAY, Jean-Paul and DARBELNET, Jean. Comparative stylistics of French and English : a methodology for translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. VIRTANEN, Tuija. Discourse functions of adverbial placement in English : clauseinitial adverbials of time and place in narratives and procedural place descriptions. Abo: Abo Akademis förlag, 1992.

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RÉSUMÉ This thesis is concerned with the quality of specialised translations in relation to the different level of a translator´s expertise. Short texts from the fields of information technology, automotive industry and finance were translated by three different subject groups – expert translators, professionals working in the relevant field of expertise and students of a translation program. A number of translation problems (Rich Points) from different categories were selected in each text and assessed based on the quantitative method of Acceptability that was taken over from the PACTE Group. Certain Rich Points that seemed to be problematic in majority of translations were addressed and discussed. Another objective was to figure out whether the translation approach of subject groups tend to be rather static or dynamic and if translators with more dynamic approach produce higher quality translations. Information on dynamism was gathered by means of a Questionnaire on Knowledge about Translation which was also borrowed from the PACTE Group. Subsequently, results were tested on individual translations to see if the approach is applied in real as well. In the end, the degree of dynamism was compared with quality. I also paid attention to the total translating time and its impact on the overall quality. The Questionnaire on Translation Problems helped me to get an insight into the translation process of each participant and obtain complementing information not only about translating the specific text.

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RESUMÉ Záměrem diplomové práce bylo zjistit, zda se liší kvalita překladů odborných textů v závislosti na odborných znalostech překladatele. Pro účely práce byly vybrány tři krátké texty z oboru informační technologie, financí a automobilového průmyslu. Každý text byl přeložen profesionálními překladateli, profesionály z oboru a studenty překladatelství. V jednotlivých textech byly definovány tzv. Rich Points (překladatelské problémy) ze tří různých kategorií. Na základě kvantitativní metody Přijatelnosti (method of Acceptability), která byla převzata z praktického výzkumu skupiny PACTE, byly vymezené překladatelské problémy zanalyzovány a vyhodnoceny. Mnohá řešení vybraných Rich Points byla na závěr rozebrána a prodiskutována. Prostřednictvím dotazníku, který skupina PACTE nazvala Questionnaire on Translation about Knowledge, bylo zjištěno, zda se jednotlivé skupiny staví k překladu spíše staticky nebo dynamicky. Aby se přístupy jednotlivých překladatelů ověřily v praxi, byly v jednotlivých překladech vyhledávány dynamické a statické prvky. Na závěr byl zhodnocen i vliv dynamičnosti na kvalitu překladů. Pozornost byla věnována také celkovému času překladu a jeho vlivu na kvalitu. Pomocí dalšího dotazníku (Questionnaire on Translation Problems) byly získány základní informace o překladatelském procesu jednotlivých skupin, ale také doplňující informace týkající se nejen překladu konkrétního textu.

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Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky

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