PLEASE NOTE THIS ONLINE VERSION OF THE THESIS HAS DIFFERENT PAGE FORMATTING AND PAGINATION FROM THE PAPER COPY HELD IN THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
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Glossary ABRI
Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia.
AJI
Aliansi Jurnalis Independen, Independent Journalist’s Alliance, established after the press-bannings of 1994.
Aldera
Aliansi Demokrasi Rakyat, People’s Democracy Alliance, a studentbased group founded in 1994.
aliran
a (political-cultural) ‘stream’.
AMM
Angkatan Muda Muhammadiyah, Muhammadiyah Young Generation.
arus bawah
‘under-current’, term used to describe mass or grass roots politics.
BAIS
Badan Intelijen Strategis, Strategic Intelligence Agency.
Bakin
Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara, State Intelligence Coordinating Agency.
Bakorstanas
Badan Koordinasi Pemantapan Stabilitas Nasional, ABRI’s Coordinating Agency for the Maintenance of National Stability.
Balitbang
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Research and development body.
BIA
Badan Intelijen ABRI, ABRI Intelligence Agency.
Bina Desa
A rural-based NGO.
BKK
Badan Koordinasi Kemahasiswaan, Body for the Coordination of Student Affairs.
BPPT
Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology.
CGMI
Consentrasi Gerakan Mahasiswa Indonesia, Indonesian Student Movement Concentration, pre-New Order student movement linked to the PKI.
CIDES
Center for Information and Development Studies, think-tank linked to ICMI.
Cipayung Group
The alliance of five major national student organisations (GMNI, GMKI, HMI, PMII and PMKRI) formed in 1972.
CPDS
Center for Policy and Development Studies, think-tank linked to Generals Hartono and Prabowo Subianto.
CSIS
Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Dewan Dakwah
Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia, Islamic Proselytising Council of Indonesia.
DMPY
Dewan Mahasiswa dan Pemuda Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta Student and Youth Council.
DPA
Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, Supreme Advisory Council.
DPC
Dewan Pimpinan Cabang, Branch (usually kabupaten-level) Leadership Board of a political party or similar organisation.
DPD
Dewan Pimpinan Daerah, Regional (usually provincial-level) Leadership Board.
352 DPKR
Dewan Penyelamat Kedaulatan Rakyat, Council for Saving People’s Sovereignty, a PRD-initiated group formed in 1997.
DPP
Dewan Pimpinan Pusat, Central Leadership Board.
dwifungsi
ABRI doctrine for a ‘dual’ socio-political and defence function.
Elsam
Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat, ‘Institute for Policy Research and Advocacy’, a human rights NGO.
FAMI
Front Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia, Indonesian Students’ Action Front, an inter-city student activist network established for a protest at the DPR in late 1993.
FKMIJ
Forum Komunikasi Mahasiswa Islam Jakarta, Jakarta Communication Forum of Islamic Students.
FKMY
Forum Komunikasi Mahasiswa Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta Student Communication Forum, an important student group in the late 1980s.
FKSMJ
Forum Komunikasi Senat Mahasiswa Jakarta, Jakarta Communication Forum of Student Senates.
Fodem
Forum Demokrasi, Democracy Forum.
Forkot
Forum Kota, City Forum, an important student group formed in 1998, also called Komunitas Mahasiswa Se-Jabotabek (All-Jabotabek Student Community, Jabotabek being the Jakarta-Bogor-TangerangBekasi urban area).
Forsol
Forum Solidaritas untuk Buruh, Workers’ Solidarity Forum, a Jakartabased NGO forum.
FPKR
Forum Pemurnian Kedaulatan Rakyat, Forum for the Purification of People’s Sovereignty.
FSPSI
Federasi Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia, All-Indonesia Federation of Labour Unions.
GMKI
Gerakan Mahasiswa Kristen Indonesia, Christian [Protestant] Student Movement of Indonesia.
GMNI
Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Mahasiswa Indonesia, National Student Movement of Indonesia, historically associated with the Sukarnoist aliran.
Golkar
Golongan Karya, ‘Functional Groups’, the state-backed political party.
golput
golongan putih, ‘white group’, the term used to describe an election boycott or, more accurately, casting an invalid vote by piercing the blank (‘white’) part of the ballot paper.
gotong royong
mutual cooperation.
GRB
Gerakan Rakyat Bali, Bali People’s Movement, a coalition formed in response to Megawati’s ouster from the PDI leadership in 1996.
HIPMI
Himpunan Pengusaha Muda Indonesia, Young Indonesian Businesspeople’s Association.
HMI
Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam, Islamic Students Association.
HMI MPO
HMI-Majelis Penyelemat Organisasi, HMI-Council to Save the Organisation, a splinter of HMI which formed to reject the organisation’s acceptance of Pancasila as ‘sole basis’ in the 1980s.
ICKI
Ikatan Cendekiawan Kebangsaan Indonesia, Association of Nationalist
353 Intellectuals ICMI
Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia, Association of Muslim Intellectuals of Indonesia.
IKADIN
Ikatan Advokat Indonesia, the Indonesian Bar Association.
INFID
International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development.
INFIGHT
Indonesian Front for the Defence of Human Rights, activist coalition in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
INGI
International NGO Forum on Indonesia.
ITB
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung Institute of Technology.
JAKER
Jaringan Kesenian Rakyat, People's Art Network, affiliated to the PRD.
KADIN
Kamar Dagang dan Industri, Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Kaditsospol
Kepala direktorat sosial-politik, Head of the Social and Political Affairs Directorate of the Department of Internal Affairs.
KAHMI
Korps Alumni HMI, the HMI Alumni Corps, the chief organisation for former members of the Islamic Students’ Association.
Kakansospol
Kepala Kantor Sosial-Politik, Regional Head of the Office of the Social and Political Affairs Directorate of the Department of Internal Affairs.
Kapuspen
Kepala Pusat Penerangan, Chief of the ABRI Information Centre.
Kassospol
Kepala Staf Sosial-Politik, ABRI’s Chief of Staff for Social and Political Affairs.
kecamatan
sub-regency, the regional administrative unit below the kabupaten level.
keterbukaan
openness.
KIPP
Komite Independen Pengawas Pemilu, Independent Election Monitoring Committee.
kabupaten
regency, the regional administrative unit below the level of a province.
KINO
Kesatuan Organisasi Induk, ‘Basic Organisational Units’, organisations affiliated to Golkar.
KISDI
Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam, Indonesian Committee for Solidarity with the Islamic World.
Kodam
Komando Daerah Militer, Military Area Command.
Kodim
Komando Distrik Militer, Military District Command.
Komnas HAM
Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, National Human Rights Commission.
Kopassus
Komando Pasukan Khusus, Special Forces Command.
Kopkamtib
Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban, Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order.
Kosgoro
Koperasi Serba Usaha Gotong Royong, Mutual Aid All-Purpose Cooperative, a Golkar KINO.
Kostrad
Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat, Army Strategic Command.
KNPI
Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia, Indonesian National Youth
354 Committee, linked to Golkar. KPA
Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria, Consortium for Agrarian Reform.
KSAD
Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat, Chief of Staff of the Army.
LBH
Lembaga Bantuan Hukum, Legal Aid Institute.
Lemhanas
Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional, National Resilience Institute
LKB
Lembaga Kesadaran Berkonstitusi, Institute for Constitutional Awareness.
LPHAM
Lembaga [earlier Liga] Pembela Hak Asasi Manusi, Institute [League] for the Defence of Human Rights.
LPPP
Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Pedesaan, Rural Education and Development Institute.
LP3ES
Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial, Institute for Social and Economic Research, Education and Information.
LSP
Lembaga Studi Pembangunan, Institute for Development Studies.
Malari
Malapetaka 15 Januari, ‘The Fifteenth of January Calamity’, Jakarta riots which coincided with the visit by Japanese P.M. Tanaka in 1974.
MAR
Majelis Amanat Rakyat, People’s Mandate Council, established by Amien Rais in May 1998.
MARI
Majelis Rakyat Indonesia, Indonesian People’s Council, a coalition established during the 1996 PDI crisis.
Masyumi
The major modernist Islamic party in the ‘Old Order’ period.
Masyumi Baru
Majelis Syarikat Umat Muslimin Indonesia, Council for the Indonesian Muslim Community, the ‘new Masyumi’, established in 1996.
merah-putih
‘red and white’, the colours of the Indonesian flag, typically used to mean ‘secular-nationalist,’ especially in discussions of military factionalism.
MKGR
Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Gotong Royong, Mutual Aid Family-based Council, a Golkar KINO.
MUI
Majelis Ulama Indonesia, Indonesian Council of Islamic Scholars.
Munas
Musyawarah Nasional, National Consultation.
negara hukum
a law-based state.
NU
Nahdlatul Ulama, Islamic Scholars Association.
ormas
organisasi kemasyarakatan, societal organisation or, sometimes, organisasi massa, mass organisation.
OTB
organisasi tanpa bentuk, ‘organisations without form.'
Pangab
Panglima ABRI, Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.
Pangdam
Panglima Daerah Militer, Commander of a Military Area (Kodam)
Parkindo-baru
Partisipasi Kristen Indonesia, Indonesian Christian [Protestant] Participation or the ‘new Parkindo’, named after the old Christian Party, which fused into PDI in 1973.
PBHI
Perhimpunan Bantuan Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesia, Indonesian Legal Aid and Human Rights Association.
355 PCPP
Persatuan Cendekiawan Pembangunan Pancasila, Association of Intellectuals for Pancasila Development.
PERADIN,
Persatuan Advokat Indonesia, the Indonesian Bar Association.
Perinia
Perkumpulan Indonesia Informasi dan Advokasi Hak Asasi Manusia, Indonesian Association for Human Rights Information and Advocacy.
PIPHAM
Pusat Informasi dan Pendidikan Hak Asasi Manusia, Centre for Human Rights Information and Education.
PKI
Partai Komunis Indonesia, Indonesian Communist Party.
PMIB
Persatuan Mahasiswa Islam Bandung, Bandung Alliance of Islamic Students
PMII
Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam Indonesia, Indonesian Islamic Student Movement, aligned with NU.
PMKRI
Persatuan Mahasiswa Katolik Indonesia Catholic Students' Association of Indonesia.
PNI
Partai Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Party.
PNI-Asu
PNI Ali Sastroamidjojo –Surachman, leaders of the PNI’s centre and left in the Sukarno period, a pejorative term for left-wing Sukarnoists; 'asu' is also Javanese for 'dog'
PPBI
Pusat Perjuangan Buruh Indonesia, Center for Indonesian Labour Struggle, workers’ group linked to the PRD.
PPP
Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, United Development Party.
PRD
Partai Rakyat Demokratik, People’s Democratic Party, before 1996 the Persatuan Rakyat Demokratik, People’s Democratic Alliance.
PSI
Partai Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Party.
Pijar
Pusat Informasi dan Jaringan Aksi untuk Reformasi, Information Centre and Action Network for Reformation, a Jakarta student-based group.
PUDI
Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia, Indonesian United Democracy Party, established in 1996 by former PPP legislator, Sri Bintang Pamungkas.
rechtsstaat
a law-based state
SARA
Suku, Agama, Ras dan Antar-Golongan, ‘Ethnic, Religious, Racial and Group identities.
SBSI
Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia, Indonesian Prosperous Labour Union.
SDSB
Sumbangan Dermawan Sosial Berhadiah, Social Philanthropists’ Donations with Prize, a state-run lottery
SIAGA
Solidaritas Indonesia untuk Amien – Mega, Indonesian Solidarity for Amien-Mega.
SIUPP
Surat Izin Usaha Penerbitan Pers, Press Publication License.
SIUPP
Solidaritas Indonesia Untuk Pembebasan Pers, Indonesian Solidarity for Press Freedom.
SKEPHI
Jaringan Kerjasama Pelestarian Hutan Indonesia, Indonesian Network for Forest Conservation (before 1987 Sekretariat Kerjasama Pelestarian Hutan Indonesia, Indonesian Joint Secretariat for Forest
356 Conservation). SMID
Solidaritas Mahasiswa Indonesia untuk Demokrasi, Indonesian Student Solidarity for Democracy, affiliated to the PRD.
SOKSI
Sentral Organisasi Karyawan Swadiri Indonesia, Indonesian Central Organisation of Self-Reliant Functionaries, a Golkar KINO.
SPRIM
Solidaritas Perjuangan Rakyat Indonesia untuk Rakyat Maubere, Indonesian People's Solidarity Struggle with the Maubere People, an East Timor solidarity group linked to the PRD.
STN
Serikat Tani Nasional, National Peasants' Union, affiliated to the PRD.
Suara Ibu Peduli
Voice of the Concerned Mothers, women’s organisation formed in early 1998.
UI
Universitas Indonesia, University of Indonesia.
ulama
Islamic scholar.
Walhi
Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia, Indonesia Environment Network.
Yapusham
Yayasan Pusat Studi Hak Asasi Manusia, Center for Human Rights Studies.
YKPK
Yayasan Kerukunan Persaudaraan Kebangsaan, Foundation for National Harmony and Brotherhood.
YLBHI
Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia, the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation.
YLKI
Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia, the Indonesian Consumers’ Foundation.
357
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405 Newspapers, Magazines, Press Agencies and Electronic News Services
Antara Asian Wall Street Journal Asiaweek The Australian Australian Financial Review Bali Post Bernas Editor Detektif dan Romantika DëTik Far Eastern Economic Review Forum Keadilan Gatra Harian Kami Harian Terbit The Independent Indonesia Raya Indonesia Reports Indonesian Observer Inti Jaya Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta Post Jawa Pos Jayakarta Kedaulatan Rakyat Kompas Matahari Media Dakwah Media Indonesia Media Kita Merdeka The Nation Panji Masyarakat Paron
406 Pikiran Rakyat Republika Reuters Serambi Indonesia Simphoni Sinar Harapan Sinar Pagi South China Morning Post Suara Independen Suara Karya Suara Merdeka Suara Pembaruan Surabaya Post Surya Sydney Morning Herald Tapol Bulletin Tempo Tempo Interaktif Tiras Wall Street Journal Washington Post Xpos
Magazines and bulletins produced by student bodies, NGOs and other groups
Annisa (Yayasan Anissa Swasti) Arena (IAIN Sunan Kalijaga) Awas (KIPP) Balairung (Unit Pers Mahasiswa UGM) Bantuan Hukum (LBH) Black Post: Suara Demokrasi Mahasiswa (Lembaga Pers Mahasiswa ISTN Jakarta) Bongkar (FAMI) Boulevard (ITB) Bulak Sumur (Badan Penerbit Pers Mahasiswa UGM) Buletin Komunikas (Parkindo-Baru) Bunderan (Keluarga Mahasiswa UGM)
407 Citra Patria (Lembaga Pers Mahasiswa Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Jakarta) Didaktika (Unit Penerbitan Kampus IKIP Jakarta) Dongbret (Yayasan Kalyanamitra) Faktum (Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Padjadjaran) Ganesha (Forum Ketua Himpunan Jurusan, ITB) Gaung (Ikatan Keluarga Sastra UI) Gaung (SKEPHI) Gema Padjadjaran (Universitas Padjadjaran) Gugah (Serikat Mahasiswa UII, Yogyakarta) Hayam Wuruk (Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang) Indonesia Human Rights Forum (YLBHI) Jurnal Demokrasi (YLBHI) Jurnal Perempuan Kabar dari Pijar (Yayasan Pijar) Kalpadruma (Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta) Kanaka (Mahasiswa Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar) Ketawang Gede (Unit Aktivitas Penerbitan Kampus Mahasiswa Prawijaya, Malang) Kurir (Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurnalistik Fikom, Unpad) Lentera (Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas Sastra, UI) Lestari Alamku (SKEPHI) Massif (Komite Pergerakan Mahasiswa Bandung) Newsletter (Free School for Socioanalysis, Bandung) Nurani (Universitas Muhammadiyah, Yogyakarta) Pacul (STN) Paradigma (GMNI) Pembebasan (Komite Pimpinan Pusat PRD) Perspektif (Kelompok Studi Humaniora) Pijar (Biro Pers Mahasiswa Fakultas Filsafat UGM) Politika (Forum Kajian & Komunikasi Mahasiswa Universitas Nasional) Politika (Senat Fisipol, Universitas Darul ‘Ulum Jombang) Prima (Senat Mahasiswa Fisipol Universitas Jember) Progres (Komite Internasional Progres) Radar (LBH) Realita (KPMURI) Retorika (Senat Mahasiswa FISIP Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya) Resume (Pusat Pengkajian Informasi & Data) Setiakawan (SKEPHI)
408 Siasat (KPMURI) Sintesis (CIDES) Soka (Forum Belajar Bebas) Solidaritas (Forum Komunikasi Pers Mahasiswa Se-Jabotabek) Solusi (Lembaga Pers Mahasiswa Islam, Yogyakarta) Suluh GRB (Gerakan Rakyat Bali). Suara Dema (Divisi Informasi & Penerbitan Dewan Mahasiswa Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta) Suara Marhaen (Gerakan Rakyat Marhaen, Yogyakarta) Suara Massa (SMID) Sumbu (Solidaritas Mahasiswa Semarang) Thesa (Kelompok diskusi pojok dagu, Bandung) Vokal (IKIP PGRI Semarang)
409 Interviews and other oral sources
Many people interviewed during the course of this thesis requested not be named or otherwise identified.
Formal interviews
Partai Demokrasi Indonesia
Abdoelhamid Notowidagdo, Jakarta DPRD, February 2, 1993. Aberson Marle Sihaloho, DPR member, November 11, 1995. Djadijono, MPR member, November 2, 1995. Djathi Koesoemo, DPR member, November 14, 1995. Laksamana Sukardi, party treasurer, December 5 1995, December 16, 1996, July 17, 1998. Mangara Siahaan, DPP member, December 1, 1995. Megawati Soekarnoputri, December 11, 1995, December 17, 1996. Nico Daryanto, former secretary general, October 24, 1995. Sabam Sirait, DPR member, former secretary general, December 1, 1995. Sophan Sophiaan, DPR member, December 3 1995. Victor Matondang, PDI and PARKINDO, November 23, 1995.
Former PNI leaders and other Nationalists
Selamet Ginting, Gerakan Rakyat Marhaen, October 19, 1993. Soenardi, Gerakan Rakyat Marhaen, December 13, 1993. Soehario Padmodiwirio, February 1, 1994. Abdoel Madjid, November 23, 1993. Prof. Usep Ranawidjaja, former secretary general of PNI and PDI, November 24, 1993. Hardi S. H., former chairperson of PNI, June 24, 1993. Bpk. Melwachdiat Sukardi 1993, Member of Petisi 50 working group Cornellis Lay, February 23, 1994. Ibu Supeni, PNI-Baru, November 13, 1995 Bapak Bagin, Yayasan Pendidikan Sukarno, November 8, 1995 Trie Handono, Gerakan Rakyat Marhaen, PNI-baru, November 10, 1995. Permadi, paranormal, December 2, 1996
410 Soeroto Padmodihardjo, November 30, 1993.
Human rights organisations and other NGOs
Adnan Buyung Nasution, February 8, 1994, April 13, 1994, December 10, 1995, December 15, 1996 Mulyana W Kusumah, YLBHI & PBHI, February 10, 1994, October 24, 1995, December 17, 1996. Melani, LBH Bandung, March 19, 1994. Bpk. Puspoadji, LBH Semarang, February 17, 1994. Hendardi, YLBHI, February 2, 1994. Teten Masduki, January 31, YLBHI, Forsol, 1994. Haji Johannes Princen, LPHAM, YLBHI, April 7 1993; June 10 1993; February 5, 1994. Abdul Hakim Garuda Nusantara, Elsam, YLBHI, October 30, 1995. Effendi Saman, Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Nusantara, November 29, 1994. Rambun Tjajo, June 25, 1993. Harjono Tjitrosoeboeno, YLBHI, IKADIN, November 16 1995. Todung Mulya Lubis; YLBHI, Yapusham, November 15, 1995. Syarif Bastaman, Perkumpulan Indonesia Informasi dan Advokasi November 7 1995 Fauzi Abdullah, formerly LBH, November 29, 1995.
Other NGOs
Gadis Arivia, Suara Ibu Peduli, December 20, 1998. Dadang Juliantara, Yogyakarta NGO forum, March 14, 1994. George Aditjondro, March 2, 1994. M. M. Billah, February 23, 1994. Indro Tjahjono, SKEPHI, November 29 1993; November 24, 1995. Noer Fauzi, LPPP, March 22, 1994. Ita Askamal, Kalyanamitra, July 27 1993. Kartjono, Bina Desa, November 17, 1995. Aris Santoso, Bina Desa, October 25, 1995. Asmara Nababan, INFID, November 11 1995. Deddy Triawan, WALHI, November 17 1995. Wiladi Budiharga, LPIST, November 21, 1995.
Hak Asasi Manusia,
411 Angger Djati Wijaya, Forum LSM/LPSM DIY, December 4, 1996
Forum Demokrasi and YKPK
Abdurrahman Wahid, Fodem, NU, December 6 1993; November 6 1995. Bondan Gunawan, February 11, 1994, October 31 1995, November 8 1995, December 15, 1996, July 13, 1998. Dr. Daniel Dhakidae, Forum Demokrasi, Kompas, October 25, 1995. Marsillam Simanjuntak, August 24, 1993; October 24, 1995. Rahman Tolleng, March 14 1994, November 23 1995 Eko Cokrojoyo, YKPK November 19 1995. Franz Magnis Suseno, September 18 1993. Midian Sirait, YKPK, November 28, 1995. Hasjim Wahid, NU, YKPK, November 3, 1995. Suko Sudarso, YKPK, November 16, 1995. Sunarso Djajusman, former deputy head of Bakin and Ambassador to Malaysia; YKPK November 16, 1995; Sunarto, YKPK, November 16, 1995. Marzuki Darusman, Golkar, Komnas HAM, YKPK, November 29, 1995.
Petisi 50 and FPKR
Soeyitno Soekirno, November 16, 1993. Chris Siner Key Timu, April 12, 1993; November 11, 1993; October 30, 1995. Radjab Ranggasoli, November 14 1993. Dr. Deliar Noer, October 15, 1993. Ali Sadikin, November 16, 1995 Melwachdiat Sukardi, November 17, 1993.
ICMI and CIDES
Adi Sasono, February 4, 1994 Moh. Jumhur Hidayat, July 15 1993; October 27, 1995, November 14, 1996. M. Dawam Rahardjo, February 1, 1994 Eggi Sudjana, November 29 1995, July 10, 1998. Amien Rais, July 15, 1998.
412 Tamsil Linrung, July 10, 1998. Priyo Budi Santoso, November 29, 1995, November 14, 1996. M. Syafi’i Anwar, November 12, 1993. Amir Santoso, July 15, 1993
Miscellaneous
Rudini, Former Army Chief of Staff and Interior Minister, November 14, 1995. Sayidiman Suryohadiprojo, November 27, 1995 Maj. Gen. (retd.) Zein. A. Maulani, Defence and Security Affairs Advisor to Habibie, November 19 1995, July 18, 1998. Soemitro, December 6, 1995. Brigadier General (retired) Roekmini Koesoemo Astoeti, Komnas HAM, formerly of FraksiABRI November 29, 1995. Major General (retired) RK Sembiring Meliala, formerly of Fraksi-ABRI, November 16, 1996 Sri Bintang Pamungkas, PUDI, November 26, 1996 Ridwan Saidi, Masjumi – Baru, November 27, 1996 Hariman Siregar, former UI student leader, March 1, 1994; November 25, 1995 Prof. Sarbini Sumawinata, March 15, 1994. Panda Nababan, Forum Keadilan, November 27, 1995 Dr. Arief Budiman, February 16, 1994, October 14, 1995. Eros Djarot, Detik, October 28 1995. Harry Tjan Silalahi, CSIS, November 14, 1995. Panda Nababan, Forum Keadilan, November 27, 1995 Rizal Ramli, Econit, November 21, 1995. Mochtar Pabotinggi, LIPI, November 20, 1995. Lukman Hakim, LIPI, former 1978 student activist, November 22, 1995. Salim Said, academic, November 17, 1995 Eki Syachrudin, Golkar, December 5 1995. Soebadio Sastrosatomo, formerly of the PSI, June 15, 1993. Moerdianto, Yayasan Soedjatmoko, September 8 1993. Sarwono Kusumaatmadja, former Minister of the Environment, October 19, 1998. Bambang Sulistomo, PCPP, November 27, 1995. Muchtar Pakpakhan, SBSI, February 9, 1994.
Student and former student activists
413 I conducted interviews and informal discussions with a great number of students and former student activists. It is impossible to name them all individually. Key informants came from the following organisations: SMID, Yayasan Pijar, Politika (Unas) Yayasan Humanika, HMI-MPO, SMJ (Solidaritas Mahasiswa Jakarta), SMS (Solidaritas Mahasiswa Semarang), SMY (Solidaritas Mahasiswa Yogyakarta), FKPMJ (Forum Komunikasi Pers Mahasiswa Jakarta), Bakor (Bandung), KPMURI (Komite Pergerakan Mahasiswa untuk Rakyat Indonesia, Bandung), Ganesha, KPMB (Kesatuan Pergerakan Mahasiswa Bandung), DMPY, FKMY, (Yogyakarta), FKMS (Forum Komunikasi Mahasiswa Surabaya), Kelompok Studi Mentari, Cakrawala Timur (Surabaya), Formajo (Forum Mahasiswa Jombang), FKMM (Forum Komunikasi Mahasiswa Malang), HMI, GMNI, DPOI-GMNI, PMKRI. and from 1998, Forum Komunikasi Senat Jakarta, Forkot, KPRP, Senat Mahasiswa UI, and others.
Amongst the many who provided invaluable information, several stand out: Standarkiaa and Pius Lustrilanang (Aldera), Arnold Purba, M. Fadjroel Rachman, Koster (Bandung), Lukas Luwarso and Poltak Wibowo (Semarang), Daniel Indrakusumah, Munif Laredo, Bimo Nugroho, Garda, Petrus, Wilson, Webby, Anom (PRD/SMID), Nuku Suleiman, Bambang Beathor Suryadi, Antot, Hakim, Amir Husin Daulay, Andri (Yayasan Pijar), Syamsunar (Jombang), Henry Aruan, Stanley, Agustiana (Garut), Trimedya Panjaitan (LBH), Ngurah Haryadi (Denapasar), as well as Harry Wibowo; Nugroho Katjasungkana; Hendradjit, Umar Haisim, Oki, Bambang, Asnawi, Maria Pakpakhan, Hilmar Farid, Abdul Rachman Saleh, Sugeng Bahagijo, Rama Pratama, Agus E. Santoso and Santoso AS.
Informal interviews / Participant observation
In addition to formal interviews, I was privileged to observe or participate in meetings and other functions held by many organisations during my stay in Indonesia. I also had many informal conversations with activists and leaders from many organisations. Among those who generously shared their time, observations, analysis and facilities with me were leaders and representatives of the following organisations: Aldera; Aliansi Perempuan Demokratik Indonesia; Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Nusantara (Bandung); Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia, YLBHI (Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Surabaya, Jakarta offices); Formaci (Forum Mahasiswa Ciputat); Forum Demokrasi; ICMI; ISAIS Institut Studi Arus Informasi, Institute for the Study of Free Flow of Information; Jaker; Parkindo-baru; PDI (various branches); PNI-baru; Pemuda Demokrat (various branches); PMKRI; PRD; STN; SMID (and its predecessor 'Solidaritas Mahasiswa' groups in various towns); SPRIM; Pipham;
414 PPMI (Persaudaraan Pekerja Muslim Indonesia); Yayasan Buruh Membangun; Yayasan Perempuan Mardika; Yayasan Kalyanamitra; Yayasan Soedjatmoko; Yayasan SPES; CIDES; GMNI; SISBIKUM; SPID; LP3ES; Bina Desa; Elsam; Forum LSM/LPSM DIY; INFID; Walhi; YLKI; Solidaritas Perempuan; Yayasan Arek; Yayasan Pijar; FAMI; Cakrawala Timur; Gerakan Rakyat Bali; LPPP (Bandung); KPA; Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah; LBH Ampera (Bogor); Yayasan Humanika; Kontras (Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan); PBHI; PIPHAM; Yapusham.
