INTEGRASI KEPULAUAN COCOS (KEELING) DENGAN AUSTRALIA SEBAGAI SALAH SATU ALTERNATIF DARI RIGHTS OF SELF-DETERMINATION

ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga

SKRIPSI

JOSEPH AGUNG

INTEGRASI

INDRA SUSETYO

KEPULAUAN COCOS (K E E LIN G )

DENGAN AUSTRALIA SEBAGAI SALAH SATU ALTERNATIF DARI RIGHTS OF SELF-DETERM IN ATIO N

FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERS1TAS

ADRLANGGA

1987

Skripsi

INTEGRASI KEPULAUAN COCOS (KEELING) DENGAN AUSTRALIA SEBAGAI SALAH SATU ALTERNATIF DARI RIGHTS OF SELF-DETERMINATION JOSEPH AGUNG INDRA SUSETYO


INTEGRASI. K E P U L A U A N C O CO S (KEELING) D E N G A N A U S T R A L I A SE B A G A I S AL AH SATU A L T E R N A T I F DARI RIGHTS OF SELF-DETERMINATION

S K R I P S I

OLEH : J O S E P H A G U N G I NDRA S U S E T Y O

FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA S U R A B A Y A 1987

Skripsi



' •'*A

\rlTI. e !' i.A S 'O ^ 'A l

INTE GR AS I K E P U A L A U N C O CO S {K E E L I N G )■DENGAN A U S T R A L I A SE BA GA I SALAH SATU A L T E R N A T I F DARI RIGHTS OF SELF-DETERMINATION

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DAN M E M E N U H I S Y A R A T - S Y A R A T U N T U K i .

MENCAPAI GELAR SARJANA HUKUM

OLEH : J O S E P H A GU NG I NDRA S U S E T Y O 038111254

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■N X V E R Sn AS a i r l a n q q a - j S i i H A, R A Y A

PEMBIM1

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/PEN G U J I

AGOFFMS.H.,

M. A.

FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA S U R A B A Y A 1987

Skripsi



KATA PENGANTAR

Puji Maha Nya,

s y u k u r s a y a p a n j a t k a n ke h a d i r a t T u h a n Yan g

Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat serta

hidayah

s e h i n g g a s a y a d a p a t m e n y e l e y a i k a n sk r i p s i ini u n t u k

memenuhi

syarat

mencapai

gelar sarjana

dalam

rangka

studi a a y a di F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s Airlangga. Pada kepada staf

k e s e m p a t a n ini s a y a s a m p a i k a n t e r i m a

p i m p i n a n fakultas,

sta f p e n g a j a r s e r t a

administrasi akademik Fakultas

Hukum

kasih segenap

Universitas

Airlangga. S e c a r a khusus, B a p a k H a r u n Alsagoff, penuh

saya sampaikan terima kasih kepada * S.H.,

M.A. y a n g d e n g a n s a b a r d a n

perhatian telah memberikan bimbingan dan pengara-

han selama

p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i ini. D e m i k i a n p u l a k e p a d a

B a p a k D j a s a d i n Saragih, *S.H., LL.M. d a n B a p a k Eman, yang

telah

menguji dan memberikan

penilaian

S.H.

terhadap

s k r i p s i ini. Saya

sampaikan

Tran Van Dinh, lia di Jakarta,

pula terima kasih

kepada

Bapak

staf Perpustakaan Kedutaan Besar A us tra d a n B a p a k Haryanto,

st a f U n i t e d N a t i o n s

I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t r e di Jakarta, y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k m e m b a n t‘ u m e m p e r s i a p k a n d a t a y a n g say.a perlukan. S a u d a r a Wardianto,

Juga

kepada

s t a f P e r p u s t a k a a n S u r a b a y a Post, y a n g

telah m e m b a n t u m e n y e l e s a i k a n p e n y u s u n a n sk r i p s i ini. iii

Skripsi



iv Sudah

r>epanta s n y a 1ali pad a k e s e m p a t a n

sampaikan

pula t e r i m a k a si h

Ayahanda,

Susilo,

isteri. tereint.a,

bersama

ini

sedalam - dalamnya Ibundu,

L i n a Krav/at/i,

Sri Indyah,

saya kepada serta

y a n g d e n g a n p e n u h k asih

sayang dan kesabaran serta pengorbanan yang tiada

tara-

nya

m e m b e r i k a n d o r oilman k e p a d a say a u n t u k

lebih

m a j n d a l a m studi.

serta

tekun

telah dan

kakak-kakak,

Jug a

kepada

It-rutarna K a k a k J i m m y d a n I.anriy',

adik

say a sarn-

p a i k a n t e r i m a kaf:ih atas segala p e r h a t i a n d a n b a n t u a n n y a y e l a m a ini. AiU'iirnya s a y a h a r a p k a n skripsi. ini rnempunyai. arti dan

kegunaan,

k h u s u s n y a d a l a m r a n g k a pengernbangan ilmu

h u k u m international.

Surabaya,

N o v e m b e r 1987

J o s e p h A g ung I ndra S u s e t y o

Skripsi



D A F T A R ISI Hal arnan K A T A P E N G A N T A R ...........................................

iii

D A F T A R I SI ....................... « .......................

v

P E N D A W J L U A N ...............................................

1

BAB

BAB

1

II

: SI.'!1,F-DTCTK R M I N AT J0 N DAN P E R K E M U A N G A N N Y A

1. P r i n s i p S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n ...........

8

2. Self--Determination Sebagai. f l a k ......

12

: INTEGRASI .DALAM T I N J A U A N HtJKUM INTERNASIONAL 1. P e n g e r t i a n I n U egrasi .................. 2.

Integ r a s i

: S a lah Sa t u A l t e r n a t i f

Dari S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n ............... BAB

III

17

18

: INTEGRASI K E P U L A U A N C O C O S (KEELING) DENGAN AUSTRALIA 1. S e j a r a h K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling)

...

23

........

27

1. K e s i m p u l a n ...............................

41

2. P r o s e d u r Dan P r o s e s Integrasi BAB

IV : P E N U T U P

2. Saran ..................................... “ ”43 D A F T A R BACAAN D A F T A R LAMPI R A N I. P e t a K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) II. The Act of S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n Op t i o n s

Skripsi



vi III.

Referendum ( 1

f-Pel'erini n a t i o n ) Ordinance

1084 IV.

Skripsi

keaoJ.urji

Ma.iol ifv Uinurn PBB 3 9 / 3 0



P E N I) A 11 U L 11 A N

1 • P e r m a s a l a h a g _:_._La t a r

B ela k a n g

d a n J ktmurjanixga

B a n y a k res o 3.uni d a n dekl.ax'as i P a r s e r i k a t a n B angs a Bangsa

yang mengarah kepada perbaikan

perdamaian

ant&rbangsa,

dan

y a n g m e n j a d i salah sa t u t u j u a n

P e r s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a Bangsa.

K a l a u “U n i v e r s a l D e c l a r a t i o n

on H u m a n Rig ht s" b i s a d i j a d i k a n contoh, deklarasi

maka

penerapan

ini s e c a r a iamgguh-tsungguh akan m e n g h i n d a r k a n

k i t a dari k r i s i s T i mu r Tengah, Malvinas,

terjalinnya

krisis

s e r t a l a i n - l a i n krisi?;.

s e b e t u l n y a m e n j a m i n s ua tu hak danar,

Namibia,

krisis

K a r e n a doklarasi

ini

y.«iit,u hak penfintuan

n a s i b sendiri

(rights of s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n ) . i Di b i d a n g s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n , t e r l i h a t s u a t u pe r -

ju a n g a n

y a n g p a n j a n g sebelurn M a j e l i s U m u m PBB' b e r h a s i l

mengukuhkannya

s e b a g a i h a k s e m u a bangsa.

Majelis

Umum

prinsip

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n sebagai h a k t e r c a n t u m

res o l u s i I mengenai

PBB untuk

ketegasan

tentang dalam

M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 637 A (VII) 16 D e c e m b e r "The

Right

D e t e r m i n a t i o n “. Desember

memberikan

Usaha pertama

to

" D e c l a r a t i o n on t h e G r a n t i n g

to C o l o n i a l C o u n t r i e s and P e o p l e s "

te g a s m e n y a takan,

S elf-

R e s o l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 1514 (XV)

1960 m e n g e n a i

Independence

of P e o p l e s and N a t i o n s

1952

14 of

dengan

b a h w a p r i n s i p s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n m e ru-

pa k a n h a k s e m u a bangsa, dart atas d a s a r h a k inilah k e m e r d e k a a n h a r u s diberikan. 1

Skripsi



Perumusun I

semaoarn itu lceinbali d i m u a t rlalam pasal

dari resolusi ten tang [Jak-Hak

reso l u s i

Asasi

Manusia,

M a j e l i s Urnurn P B B 2;.:00 A (XXI) 16 D e s e m b e r 1966

t.entang "The Int^rnahi.ona] C o v e n a n t on Economic, and Cu l t u r a l R i g h t s " d a n “The Internationa] Civil

yaitu

and P o l i t i c a l R i g h t s ”,

Social,

Covenant

R e s o l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m PBB

2625 (XXV) 24 O k t o b e r 1970 m e n g e n a i “The D e c l a r a t i o n Principles

on

of

of In te rnationa] L a w C o n c e r n i n g F r i e n d l y R e

lation and Cooperation' a mo ng St ates" ke m b a l i m e m u a t

hak

penent,uan n a s i b sendiri. Self-determination

biasanya menunjuk kepada

merdekaan

(independence),

PBB

(XV) 15 D e s e m b e r 1960 rnengakui

1541

suatu mernilih

ke-

t e t a p i reso l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m bahwa

rakyat

se n d i r i

b oleh

"free a s s o c i a t i o n or i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h an

inde

daerah yang belum berpemerintahan

p e n d e n t State" s e b a g a i a l t e r n a t i f dar i p e l a k s a n a a n selfd et e r m i n a t i o n , mengajukan

di s a m p i n g "independence".

persyaratan

d et e r m i n a t i o n ,

y a kn i

R e s o l u s i ini

khusus dalam pelaksanaan p e r s y a r a t a n "free

and

s elf-

voluntary

choi c e " d a n " d e m o c r a t i c processes". Kepulauan verning tering

C oc os (Keeling) - s uatu

Territory"

“ Non-Self-Go

d e n g a n A u s t r a l i a se b a g a i

"adminis

po we r" - t e l a h rnelaksanakan h a k p e n e n t u a n

send i r i p a d a t a n g g a l

14 April 1984 d a l a m s uatu

nasib

referen

d u m d e n g a n has! 1 m a y o r i*tas s u a r a (87,7 %) inenyatakari in t e g r a s i d e n g a n Australia.

Skripsi

M e m a n g k e c i l p e r i s t i w a itu,



b e g i t u p u l a t e m p a t peri stiwa itu terjadi. tiwa

Tetapi p e r i s

i tu pen t i n g bag i p e r k e m b a n g a n h u k u m internas i o n a l ,

k h u s u s n y a h u k u m k e b i a s a a n international. Seperti k i t a ketahui,

M a j e l i s U m u m P B B h a n y a be r -

•tugas mftmberi r e k o m e n d a s i yan g t i d a k mengikat. yang

d i k e l u a r k a n M a j e l i s U m u m P B B b u k a n m e r u p a k a n s uatu

perjanjian g o t a PBB.

yang mengikat secara hukum pada anggota-angTetapi,

m e s k i p u n t i d a k b e r w e n a n g meng'el.uarkan

k e p u t u s a n y a n g rnengikat, tidak satu

Resolusi

bukan be r a r t i M a j e l i s U m u m PBB

rnampu m e n g e m b a n g k a n cara

hukum

internasional.

S alah

mengembangkan

hukum

M a j e l i s U m u m PBB d a l a m

internasional

a d a l a h m e l a l u i p r a k t e k n e g a r a - n e g a r a yan g

berpednrnan p a d a r e s o l u s i dan deklarasi. y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n nya. D i a n t a r a n y a merigenai self-de t e r m i n a t i o n .

2. P e n j e l a s a n J u d u l Judul

:

"Integrasi K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) d e ~

n g a n A u s t r a l i a S e b a g a i S a l a h Sat u A l t e r n a t i f Dari of Self-Determination",

Right

t e l a h m e n c e r m i n k a n inti p e r m a s a -

i

lahannya. Integ r a s i hak

merupakan

self-determination

s a l a h sat u a l t e r n a t i f

y an g

dapat

menentukan

da r i status

"full m e a s u r e of s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t " bagi s u a t u d a e r a h y a n g b e l u m b e r p e m e r i n t a h a n sendiri. dalam

res o l u s i

K e t e n t u a n ini

M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 1541 (XV)

15

tercantum Desember

1960. n i U H FBRPUSTACAAH • W N IV E R S IT A S A iR L A N O O A "

___ s U M A » A Y A Skripsi



4 Dalam

resolusi t e r s e b u t dialas, 1 p r i u w i p sebagai btirikut :

a n t a r a lain di tentu k a n

Pi i n o i p 3e VI A N o n - S e l l M 5 o v e r n i n g T e r r i t o r y can be said to ha v e rt3tn.vhe.jd a ft.il 3 meMuirre u f sel f - g o v e r n m e n t b y : (a) Kuier'.'c-rtoe ay a .‘ ■iovereign i n d e p e n d e n t State; (b) IVree a s s o c i a t i o n with an i n d e p e n d e n t State; (u) I n t e g r a t i o n with an i n d e p e n d e n t State. £>edangl\an bangsa

atau

self--determination be r a r t i u p a y a suatu \

kelompok rakyat untuk

menentukan

s ta t u s p o l i t i k n y a serta bebas m e l a k s a n a k a n

sendiri

perkombangan

ekonoiiii, rjosial, d a n kebudaya?innya.

3. A l a s a n Perni 1 ihan J udul Integrasi tralia

K e p u l a u a n C ocos (Keeling) d e n g a n

rnerupakan k a s u s s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n

m e n a r i k di b i d a n g h u k u m in te rnasional. masih

yang

Aus sangat

Sampai saa t ini,

terdapat perbedaan pendapat tentang self-determi

n a t i o n di k a l a n g a n ahli h u k u m internasional. self-determination

Apakah hak

rnerupakan h a k d a l a m arti h u k u m

atau

h a n y a rnerupakan p r i n s i p y a n g h a r u s dihormati. Di sarnping itu,

K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling)

hanya

b e r u p a k u m p u l a n p u l a u - p u l a u k a r a n g k e o i l y a n g luas t a n a h s e l u r u h n y a h a n y a s e k i t a r 13 k i l o m e t e r persegi. pun

k i r a - k i r a 2680 k i l o m e t e r dari p a n t a i barat.

Letaknya Austra

lia. Dan p e n d u d u k n y a d i b e l e n g g u oleh se j e n i s p e r b u d a k a n di tangtin pernilik p u l a u itu, k e l u a r g a Cl un i e s - R o s a .

Skripsi



Penulisan

ini,

dimaksudkan untuk

mengungkapkan

upaya penduduk wuatu "Non-Gelf-Governing Territory"

me-

l a k s a n a k a n hak se 1 f-de t e rmi n a t i o n . Dari p e n g u n g k a p a n ini akan terlihat; jelac,

bahwa pelaksan&an hak self-determi

n a t i o n b a n y a k b e r g a n t u n g p ad a p e r a n a n d a n k e m a u a n " a dmi n i s t e r i n g power".

Walaupun,

seperti k i t a ketahui,

hak

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n a d a l a h h a k p e n d u d u k w i l a y a h y a n g beri san^kutan, b u k a n hak " a d m i n i s t e r i n g power".

P e n u l i s a n ini rnerupakan studi k asus y a n g b e r s i f a t rnenerangkan d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n dari segi h u k u m i n t e r n a s i onal induksi

Metode dan

yang

d i g u n a k a n b e r s i f a t ek l e t i s

deduksi dengan prosedur

y a n g b e r t u m p u p a d a G t u d i literatur,

antara

pengumpulan

data

d o k u m e n d a n majalatr

ilmiah d e n g a n d i t u n j a n g d o k t r i n atau a j a r a n y a n g r e l e v a n

6. PertanfifXurirt.iawaban Si s t e m a t i k a Bab t e r m i nation,

I berupa tinjauan terhadap

konsep

self-de

s e h i n g g a k i t a k e t a h u i lebih d u l u bagairnana

hak s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n m e n u r u t h u k u m international. dibahas

Juga

perkernbangan hak s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n yan g s e m u l a

rnerupakan pri n o i p y a n g h a r u s dihorrnati, k e m u d i a n b e r k e m bang menjadi hukum kebianaan internasional nal c u s t o m a r y law),

Skripsi

(internatio

sebagai pernbuka ba g i B a b II y a n g me-



a r u p a k a n t i n j a u a n k h u s u s her had^p m a s a l a h integrasi s e b a gai s a l a h satu a l t e r n a t i f d.ari h a k s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n . Pandangan

yang

d i d a p a t dar i Bab II

ini

adalah

y a n g s e m u l a u&l tf-determina+i on rnendapat p e n g e r t i a n sarna

d e n g a n "independence",

diberikannya yaitu dent

a l t e r n a t i f lain

yang

kernudian b e r k e m b a n g d e n g a n se b a g a i

irnplementasinya,

"free a s s o c i a t i o n or i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h an i n d e p e n State

stags''.

or the e m e r g e n c e into any

o t her

P e m b a h a s a n - B a b II ini m e r u p a k a n

political

dasar

untuk

mernbahas p o k o k p e r m a s a l a h a n skripsi ini, y a i t u B a b III. Di

d a l a m B a b III,

ak a n d i u r a i k a n latar b e l a k a n g

atau s e j a r a h K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling),

sehingga

dapat

diketahui statusnya sebelum berintegrasi dengan Austra lia.

S e t e l a h m e n g e t a h u i st atus s u a t u daerah,

ketahui

dapat di

pula apakah penduduk daerah tersebut

mempunyai

h a k u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n n a s i b sendiri. B e r d a s a r k a n h a k s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n tersebut^ ditinjau

p r o s e d u r d a n p r o s e s integrasi .K e p u l a u a n

(Keeling) d e n g a n Australia. pada

P e m b a h a s a n akan

akan Cocos

didasarkan

resolusi-resolusi Majelis Umum PBB yang menyangkut

dekolonisasi.

A k a n d i b a h a s p u l a a p a k a h i n t egrasi t e r s e

but,

implementasi hak penentuan nasib

seb a g a i

(s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n ) , tukan

dalarn

memenuhi syarat-syarat yang diten-

resolusi-resolusi Majelis

PBB

yang

resolusi-resolusi Majelis

Umum

be r s a n g k u t a n .

Terutama

PBB

14 D e s e m b e r 1960,

Skripsi

1514 (XV)

sendiri

Umum

1541 (XV) 15

Desember



1960, .lan

(XXV) 24 O k t o b e r J.U70. an jut-nya

penwLup,

H m W JV, J ikt.-mukakan

kesimpuJ an y a n g rnerupakau rangkunian dari pernbahasan babb a b sebftiumnya.

J u g a d i k e m u k a k a n b e b e r a p a aaran yang, di-

rasa perlu. Akhi rnya, diatas,

dengan

diharapkan

akan

a istematika diperoleh

seperti karya

tersebut

yang

c ukup

r u n t u t ilan jftlan.

] 15 UN G A O R Gupp.

Skripsi

16, 06, UN Doc.

A / 4fi84 ( H>60)



B A B

I

S E L F - D E T E R M I N A T I O N DAN P E R K E M B A N G A N N Y A

S u a t u hal y a n g t i d a k d a p a t d i a b a i k a n t e n t a n g h a k asasi m a n u s i a a d a l a h a d a n y a p r i n s i p p e n e n t u a n n a s i b sendiri

( s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n) .

rnerupakan

Prinsip

self-determination

b a g ian y a n g t i d a k d a p a t d i p i s a h k a n

asasi manusia.

dar i

hak

R a n c a n g a n “I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o v e n a n t s on H u

m a n R i g h t s " t e l a h m e n c a n t u m k a n k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n seba2 gai b e r i k u t : 1. S e m u a r a k y a t merniliki h a k atas p e n e n t u a n n a s i b sendiri. B e r d a s a r k a n h a k itu m e r e k a b ebas m e n e n t u k a n s t a t u s p o l i t i k m e r e k a d a n b ebas m e l a k s a n a k a n p e r k e m b a n g a n ekonomi, sosial d a n k u l t u r a l rnereka. 2. N e g a r a - n e g a r a anggota konvenan ini, termasuk yang mempunyai tugas m e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h yan g t i d a k b e r p e m e r i n t a h a n se n d i r i d a n d a e r a h - d a e r a h perwalian, m e m a j u k a n d i r e a l i s a s i k a n n y a h a k p e n e n t u a n n a a i b se n d i r i d a n p e n g h o r m a t a n t e r a h a d a p h a k tersebut, cesuai d e n g a n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n Per s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a Bangsa. Prinsip

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n rnerupakan p r o s e s y a n g

b e r k e m b a n g s e c a r a evolusioner,

y a n g rnerupakan p e n e r a p a n

t i n g k a h laku y a n g " a u t o - d e t e r m i n a t i o n " , n e g a r a k o t a Yunani. leng k a p i

dengan

misalnya

dalam

Perang agama antarsekte Kristen di-

h a k " s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n " se p e r t i

t e r c a n t u m da];nn Perjanji.an Wr-st P h a ] i a t a h u n 1648.

yang 3

8

Skripsi



S e j a k t a h u n 1739, yang

diterapkan

p r i n s i p ini,

s e o a r a umum,

d a l a m p e m i k i r a n d e m o k ratis. determination

rnenjadi

tel ah

sebagai

prinsip

rnempunyai

Di a k h i r abad ke-XVII,

isu y a n g h a n g at di E r o p a

tempat selfketika

pe l b a g a i kelornpok r a k y a t b e r j u a n g u n t u k rnendirikan n e g a ra merdeka,

dan di b e n u a Ame/rika, K a n a d a b e r u s a h a mele4 I»nulw»i i <J I r I ■ i/ti i 11i(j?Mi'i . Dalam

tahun 1915,

Presiden Wilson

g a g a s a n “s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t " .

mengemukakan

Baru p a d a t a h u n 1918.

Wilson

menggunakan istilah "self-determination",

seperti

ya n g

tercantum

Wilson

untuk

Konvensi

dalam

usul

naskah

Presiden 5 Liga H.mgsa B a n g s a pasal III :

The ContA’ a c t i n g P o w e r u n i t e g u a r a n t e e i n g ... terri t o r i a l r e a d j u s t m e n t ... as m a y in t h e f u t u r e become n e c e s s a r y by r e a s o n of c h a n g e s in t h e p r e s e n t racial c o n d i t i o n s and a s p e r a t i o n s or p r e s e n t social and p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p p u r s u a n t t o t h e p r i n c i p l e of s e 1f-det e r rnin a t i o n . S e w a k t u P r e s i d e n W i l s o n dirninta u n t u k inenjelaskan g a g a s a n n y a di K o n p e r e n s i P e r d a m a i a n di Paris,

d i a m e ne-

rnui k e s u l i t a n k a r e n a s i f a t s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n y a n g m u d a h berubah,

se p e r t i d i k a t a k a n M i c h l a P o m e r a n c e "The W i l s o

n i a n c o n c e p t i o n of s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n may, viewed

in a m y r i a d of ways, 6 t h e viewer". Di ngertian

d e p e n d i n g on t h e a n g l e

be of

saruping a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t t e n t a n g peself-determination,

juga

p e n d a p a t menegnai p e n e r a p a h pr i n s i p

Skripsi

obviously,

terdapat

perbedaan

self-determination.



10 Negara-negara

S e k u t u mau m e n e r i m a s e j a u h h a n y a d i t e r a p * ’ kan di n e g a r a - n e g a r a Jerman, A u s t r o - H o n g a r i a , Turki, dan 7 b e k a s K e r a j a a n Rusia. K a r e n a b a n y a k y a n g m e n e n t a n g dan *

m e r a g u k a n k e g u n a a n g a g a s a n dari Wilson, rain at ion

maka self-d©ter

telah d i l u p a k a n d a n d i k u b u r s e s u d a h K o n p e r e n s i ,

Perdamaian

P a r i s d a n t.idak d i m u a t dalarri

Konvenai.

Liga.

B a n g s a Bangsa. A k i b a t k e g a g a l a n di atas,

oleh H i t l e r s e l f - d e t e r

mination

dij&dikan dasar untuk menjalankan kebijaksana* a n n y a y a n g e k s p a n s i o n i s d a n a n e k s a s i o n i s di t a h u n 19308 an, y a n g m e n d o r o n g p e c a h n y a Per;ang D u n i a II. * Setelah tandatanganinya Juni 1945, (2)

b e r a k h i r n y a P e r a n g D u n i a II,

dengan di~

P i a g a m P B B di S a n F r a n s i s c o t a n g g a l

26

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n d i c a n t u m k a n dalarn p a s a l 1

d a n pasal 55 P i a g a m PBB.

Tetapi,

di

dalam

kedua

p a s a l t e r s e b u t t i d a k d i j e l a s k a n apa y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n self-determination, M e n u r u t G l e b Starusheriko, 9 p u n y a i d u a aspek, y a i t u :

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n mern-

1. The i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s p e c t of t h e .principle of s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n p r e s u p p o s e s t h e r i g h t of a people (or nation) t o (a) s e c e d e and fo r m an independent-state; (b) s e c e d e and joint, a n o t h e r state; and (c) r e m a i n in s t a t e as a federal, autonomous, e t c . , member. 2. The internal a s p e c t of p r i n c i p l e of s e l f - d e t e r m i nation, t h a t is, t h e p e o p l e ' s right to m a n a g e its domestic* affairs without interferences from without, p r e s u p p o s e s r e c o g n i t i o n of the r i g h t of people (or nation) to (a) d e c i d e .what its political and social s y s t e m wil l be like; (b) f r e e l y d i s p o s e of its n a t u r a l resources and

Skripsi



u m a n a g e its economic; and (c) d e c i d e all o t h e r d o m e s t i c issues c o n c e r n i n g cultural, religion, etc. •James

Crawford

h e r p e n d a p a t b ahwa istilah

self-

10

d e t e r m i n a t i o n rnempunyai dua.arti,

yaitu :

1. P e r s a m a a n k e d a u l a t a u n e g a r a t e r u t a m a h a k n e g a r a un t u k mernilih sen di ri b e n t u k p e m e r i n t a h a n n y a tanp a ad a u w n p u r Imigan. 2. Hak ra ky at u n t u k mernilih sendiri b«snt,tjV. peuier i n t a h a r m y a t a n p a mengindahkari k e i n g i n a n n e g a r * y a n g m u n j a d i k a n d a e r a h itu bag:iun dar i wi.layahtiya. F e m i k i r a n " s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t " W i l s o n m e r u p a k a n campuran

kesimpulan yang dapat diistilahkan dengan "inter

nal s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n " , se n d i r i

be nt uk p e m e r i n t a h a n n y a ,

te r m i nation", di r i

yakni k e b e b a s a n u n t u k

mernilih

d a n "external s e l f - d e -

y ak ni h a k s e t i a p r a k y a t u n t u k mernilih s e n

kesatuan politiknya dan bebas dari

campur

tangan

11

asing. Sedang

m e n u r u t Ian Brownlie,

determination berarti

:

p a d a u m u m n y a s elf-

12

,"... the a r r a n g e m e n t b y a g r o u p of i n d i v i d u a l s of t h e i r life t o g e t h e r in t h e i r own way, and p r e s e r v i n g the c h a r a c t e r of the group. It m a y be invoked b y a w h o l e p e o p l e as a r ig ht t o independence, ... or b y a religious, ethnic, cu lt u r a l or l i n g u i s t i c g r o u p within the state, as a r ight to effective r e p r e s e n t a t i o n in t h e g o v e r n m e n t or t o o r g a n i z a t i o n as a s e p a r a t e p o l i t i c a l or social uni t "International

Covenant

on Civil and

Political

R i g h t s ” d a n " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o v e n a n t on Economic,

Social

and C u lt u r a l Ri gh ts " m e n e t a p k a n b a h w a sernua r a k y a t punyai itu

Skripsi

h a k u n t u k mfenetukan n a s i b sendiri,

mereka

oleh

rnernkarena

b eb as m e n e n t u k a n atatus p u l i t i k m e r e k a

dtrn



12 m e n g e m b a h g k a n ekonomi,

sosial,

dan kebudayaan

mereka,

s e r t a m e n g o J a h k e b u d a y a a n d a n s u m b e r alarn mereka. Dari dapat

b e b e r a p a p e n d a p a t di atas,

dikatakan

s e c a r a • ringkas

bahwa self-determination adalah

upaya

s u a t u b a n g s a u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n sernua m a s a l a h y a n g

berke-

naan

tang an

d e n g a n si s t e m n e g a r a t e r s e b u t t a n p a c a m p u r

n e g a r a lain.

2. Sel f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n Sebatfai Hak Permasalahan suatu

yang

sampai

kin i

belurn

rnendapat

p e n y e l e s a i a n y a n g m e m a d a i ialah a p a k a h h a k

determination

rnerupakan h a k d a l a m arti h u k u m at a u h a n y a

rnerupakan s u a t u prinsip.

Ada yang berpendapat bahwa hak

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n rnerupakan h a k d a l a m arti pula

self-

pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa

hukurn,

ada

self-determination

rnerupakan p r i n s i p y a n g h a r u s dihormati. Xlrnu

h u k u m m e m a n d a n g h a k se b a g a i s u a t u k e k u a s a a n

b e r d a s a r k a n h u k u m a t a u s u at u k e w e n a n g a n s u b y e k h u k u m unt u k b e r b u a t atau t i d a k b e r b u a t s e s u a t u atau u n t u k m e n u n tut

dari

s u b y e k h u k u m lain

suatu

tindakan

D a l a m k o n t e k s h u k u m internasional,

tertentu.

R u d o p l h v o n Xhering

m e n d e f i n i s i k a n h a k se b ag ai k e p e n t i n g a n y a n g 13 s e c a r a hukum.

terlindung

P r i n s i p a d a l a h asas y a n g me n j a d i d a s a r u n t u k be r piki.r, subyek

Skripsi

bertindak, hukum

dan

dapat

sebagainya. menuntut

Jad i di d a l a m hak,

dilaksanakannya

hak



13 tersebut.

S e d a n g k a n di d a l a m prinsip,

subyek hukum tidak

d a p a t m e n u n t u t p e l a k s a n a a n p r i n s i p tersebut. Seperti diketahui,

M a j e l i s U m u m PBB b u k a n

b adan

legislatif,

sehingga tidak dapat mengeluarkan keputusan 14 y a n g m e n g i k a t s e c a r a h u k u m t e r h a d a p anggotanya. Walaup u n demikian,

b u k a n be r ar ti M a j e l i s Urnurn P B B t i d a k marripu

b e r p e r a n d a l a m p e m b e n t u k a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n h u k u m internasional,

sebagaimanan dikatakan Rosalyn Higgins

:

The lack of a l e g i s l a t i v e c o m p e t e n c e in t h e A s s e m b l y d o e s not, of course, me a n t h a t t h e A s s e m b l y is i n c a pable, t h r o u g h its practice, of c o n t r i b u t i n g to the I d e v e l o p m e n t of c u s t o m a r y i n t e r n a t i o n a l law. The r e s o l u t i o n s and d e c l a r a t i o n s of international organs, r e p e a t e d w i t h s u f f i c i e n t f r e q u e n c y and b e a r i n g the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of 'opinio juris', can e s t a b l i s h a g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e r e c o g n i s e d as legal custom. Jadi a g a r p r a k t e k n e g a r a . d a n organisasi;

interna

si o n a l d a p a t b e r k e m b a n g m e n j a d i h u k u m k e b i a s a a n i n t e r n a sional

h a r u s m e m e n u h i d u a unsur,

sufficient

frequency'

dan

y aitu 'repeated

a d a n y a ’o p i n i o

nece s s i t a t i s ' .

Sedangkan Merrie Faye Witkin 16 b a t a s a n sebagai b e r i k u t :

juris

wit h sive

rnernberikan

F o r a p r i n c i p l e or p r a c t i c e t o d e v e l o p into a g e n e r a l rule of i n t e r n a t i o n a l law, it m u s t fulfill the r e q u i r e m e n t s of 1) r e p e a t e d a p l i c a t i o n ove r time; 2) a c c e p t a n c e by a large m a j o r i t y of states; 3) p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h c o n v i c t i o n th a t t h e p r a c t i n e is binding. Dari p e n d a p a t - p e n d a p a t di atas, bahwa

dikatakan

agar p r a k t e k n e g a r a atau o r g a n i s a s i i n t e r n a t i o n a l

berkembang

munjadi hukum kebiasaan internasional

m e m e n u h i d u a unsur,

Skripsi

dapat

harus

y a i t u p r a k t e k t e r s e b u t harus d i l a k u -



14 kan

berulangkali

praktek

tersebut

dan

adanya

se b a ga i

pendapat

hukum

yang

('opinio

menerima

juris

siv e

n e c e s s s i t a t i s ’j . Di

d a l a m si t u a s i y a n g nyata,

menentukan

memang sulit untuk

s e t e l a h b e r a p a kali atau b e r a p a

lama

dapat

d i k a t a k a n telah t e r b e n t u k s u atu kebiasaan, k a r e n a m e m a n g t i d a k ada k e t e n t u a n y a n g pasti.

M e n g e n a i m a s a l a h ini di-

g a m b a r k a n oleh H a k i m T a n a k a d a l a m k a s u s A f r i k a B a r a t Da17 ya sebagai berikut : • In f o r m e r days, practice, r e p e t i t i o n and 'o p i n i o ju ris sive n e c e s s i t a t i s ’, w h i c h are t h e i n g r e d i e n t s of c u s t o m a r y law m i g h t be c o m b i n e d t o g e t h e r in a v e r y long and s l o w p r o c e s s e x t e n d i n g ov e r centuries. In t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n and information, t h e f o r m a t i o n of a c u s t o m t h r o u g h t h e m e d i u m of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s is g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d and accelerated; the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of such a c u s t o m w o u l d re q u i r e n o m o r e t h a n one g e n e r a t i o n or even f a r less t h a n t h a t . .. S e j a k b e r d i r i n y a P B B t a h u n 1945, tion

t e l a h d i l a k s a n a k a n di p e l b a g a i k a w a s a n

Se b a g a i ilus t r a s i d a p a t d i t a m p i l k a n : Tunisia, Barat

self-determina

Z i m b a b w e ( R h o d e s i a Selatan),

d a n T i m o r Timur),

Sarawak)',

Burma,

Somalia,

Ilongaria,

di

Maroko,

dunia.

Aljazair,

I n d o n e s i a (Irian

M a l a y s i a (Sabah

Siprus,

Toga, Fiji,

dan Samoa

Barat, K e p u l a u a n Cook, d a n b a r u - b a r u ini K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling). Dari

s u a r a y a n g d i b e r i k a n p a d a reso l u s i

U m u m P B B y a n g rnenyangkut s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n , tahui

bahwa

rnayoritas

self-determination.

Skripsi

negara telah

Majelis

dapat dike-

menerima

prinsip

M i s a l n y a reso l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m

PBB



15 1514 (XV) I960,

89 s u a r a setuju,

s u a r a munentan#.

9 suara abstain/ tanpa

W a l u u p u n muntfkin dalurn tintfkat p e r t a m a

resolusi-resolusi

M a j e l i s (Jmurn P B B d i p u t u s k a n

alasan- alasan pol it Is, t e t a p i r e s o lusi-resol usi

herdasar terse b u t

p e n t i n g p e r a n a n n y a di d a l a m mernbentuk apa yan g d i n a m a k a n O p i n i o juris s i v e n e c e s s i t a t i s ’ di d a l a m hukurn k e b i a s a 18 a an i n t e r n a s i o n a l . Dili hat s e c a r a praktis, t i n d a k a n suatu negara.

sulit menentukan motivasi

Apakah tindakan tersebut didasar-

k a n s u a t u kewa.iihan h u k u m atau b e r d a s a r a l a s a n Oleh

karen*

sal it m e n e n t u k a n m o t i v a s i

politis.

tindakan. 19 negarft, H a k i m F i t z m a u r i c e b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a :

s uatu

. . .' it is b e l e i v e d t o b e a sound p r i n c i p l e that, in the long run, it is on l y the a c t i o n s of s t a t e s tha t b u i l d up practice, just as it is on l y p r a c t i c e (co n s t a n t and uniform, as the C o u r t has said) t h a t c o n s t i t u t e s a u s a g e or custum, and b u i l d s u p e v e n t u a l l y a. rule of c u s t o m a r y i n t e r n a t i o n a l law. Selanjutnya apa

Kelseri d a n G u g g e n h e i m

mengembangkan

y a n g d i s e b u t “s i n g l e e l e m e n t th e o r y " d a l a m

pemben20 tukan hukum kebiasaan internasional dengan menyatakan : ... S t a t e p r a c t i c e is s u f f i c i e n t t o p r i d u c e a rule of c u s t o m a r y law, and. p s y c h o l o g i c a l e l e m e n t or 'op i n i o j u r i s 1’d o e s n o t a ls o h a v e t o be p r o v e d t o e x i s t ( ' c o r p u s ’ w i t h o u t *a n i m u s ’ ) ... or mo r e p r e c i s e l y t h a t t h e ’c o r p u s ’ of S t a t e p r a c t i c e is o n l y r e q u i r e d t o p r o v e the e x i s t e n c e of t h e ' a n i m u s ’ ... Dari u r a i a n di atas, s a y a b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a p r i n sip

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n t e l a h meme n u h i u n s u r - u n s u r untuk.

berkembang seperti

Skripsi

yang

menjadi

hukum

kebiasaan

internasional,

d i f o r m u l a s i k a n d a l a m pasal 3*3 (1)

sub

b



16 Statuta

M a h k a m a h I n t e r n as ional

:

"In t e r n a t i o n a l c u s t o m

as e v i d e n c e of g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e a c c e p t e d as law". demikian,

hak

self-determination merupakan

hak

Dengan dalam

arti hukum.

M a r b a n g u n Ha r d j o w i rogo, Idayu, Jakarta, 1981, h. 59.

Hak-Hak Manusia. Yayasan

3

M.C. Rassiouni, " S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n and The Pa ie s t i n i a n s " . A m e r i n a n J o u r n a l_o f Int e r n a t i o n a l __ L a w, No. 4, Vol. 65, September, 1971, h. 31.. 4 Concise 1979, h.

W e r n e r Levi, Contemporary International Law : A Tnt.rridij r;tion. W e s t v i e w P r e s s Inc. , Colorado, 198.

5 M i c h l a Pornerance, "The U n i t e d S t a t e s and S elfDetermination : Perspective on the Wilsonian Conception", A m e r i c a n Journal...&f.Ia:fcsrna.Liflaal-LaM> No. 1, Vol. 70, Januari, 1976, h. 22-23. 6 ib i d . . h. 4. 7 R o b e r t A. F r i e d la nder, “S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n : A Legal Political Inquiry", d a l a m Y onah A l e x a n d e r dan R o b e r t A. F r i e d l a n d e r (ed.), S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n : N a t i onal.,. Regional. and G l ob al D i m e n s i o n s. W e s t v i e w Press, Colorado; 19R0, h. 307. 8

ibisL., h. 309. 9 R i c h a r d J. Erickson, I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w and_The R e v o l u t i o n a r y State, A.W. Sijthoff, Leiden, 1972, h. 56. 10

J a m e s Crawford, "The C r i t e r i a I n t e r n a t i on a l Law", B r i t i s h . Y e a r b o o k of

Skripsi

Statehood in I n t e r n a t i o n al



L a w . R o y a l I n s t i t u t e of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Affairs, 1976, h. 152. 11

London,

* -

M i c h l a Pometf'&nce,

o' d

. oit. . h.

17.

12

Ian Brownlie, P r i n c i p l e s of P u b lic I n t e r n at i o nal L a w , net. IT, C l a r e n d o n Press, Oxford, 1973, h. 44. 13 W o l f g a n g Friedman, Legal T h e o r y , cet. V, C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y Press, N e w York, 1970, h. 323. 14 Ada y a n g b e r p e n d a p a t bahwa, d i t i n j a u dar i f o r u m PBB, d a l a m h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l ada d u a m a c a m “i n t e r n a t i onal laws;". Y a i t u a), “h a r d laws" : rnisalnya p e r j a n j i a n p e r j a u j i a n internasional, b a i k y a n g m u l t i l a t e r a l m a u p a u n yang bilateral; d a n b) “soft laws" : se p e r t i r e s o l u s i d a n d e k l a r a s i PBB. M e s k i p u n PBB t i d a k d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i s u a t u “l a w - m a k i n g body", n a m u n ahli h u k u m internasional, seperti W o l f g a n g Friedman, L e o Gross, C a s t a n e d a dan l a i n - l a i n m e n g a nggap, b a h w a "soft laws" d a r i P B B a d a l a h p e l o p o r (precursor) dari "hard laws". Rftsolusi d a n d e k l a r a s i P B B rnerupakan s u a t u m a t a - r a n t a i p e n t i n g d a l a m k e l a n j u t a n p r o s e s p e r k e m b a n g a n d a n f o r m ulasi dari p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p b a r u d a l a m h u k u m internasional. (Lihat h a n d - o u t Roes 1an A b d u l g a n i p a d a S e n a t M a h a s i s w a Faku l t a s H u k u m (Jniversitas Airlangga, Jakarta, 17 F e b r u a r i 1987). 15 R o s a l y n Higgins, "The U n i t e d N a t i o n s and L a w making : The P o l i t i c a l Organs", A m e r i c a n J o u r n als of ^Int e r n a t iona l haw. No. 4, Vol. 64, September, 1970, h. 42.| 16 M e r r i e F a y e Witkin, "Transkei : An A n a l y s i s of The P r a c t i c e of R e c o g n i t i o n - P o l i t i c a l or “ Legal", Harvard Int e r n a t i o n a l L a w J o u r n a l . No. 3, Vol. 18, S u m m e r 1977, h. 620. 17 R o s a l y n Higgins,

o p

.

o i t . . h. 39.

18 M n o h t a r K u s u m a a tm ad ja, P & ntfantar H u k u m In t e r n a s i o n a t, net. ill, Binaoipta, Bandung, 1981, h. 147.

Skripsi



1.9 Parry, T£iy._ ln te i-n a t,ia u a l . JL»*w> M achest.f-.r MarinheRt *?•, 1965, h. 63. 20

Clive.*

H. &Dcl_Codific?ation, h. 72.

Skripsi

__ ami

Evidf-nr on

On W o r s S t - y

of

Prftsss,

V}.A . Th rr 1 w a y , 1iif-e mal. \orj>i] Cus'l.nmarv eet. II, A.W. Sijthoff, Leiden, 1972,

J.aw



B A B

II

INTEORA.SI D A X A M TINJA13AN H O K U M I N T E R N A 5 I Q N A L

1 •' Pen;?ert\ an I'ntegras i Istilah grare"

y a n g herarti

S e c a r a umum, sebagai yang

integ r a si b e r a s a l dari k a t a latir/. “inte" w en jadikan utuh"

(to mak e

whole),

E n s i k l o p e d i I n d o n e s i a m e n g a r t i k & n integrasi

" p e n y a t u a n s e c a r a t e r e n c a n a dar i

herb&dfi

bagian-bagian

men.iadi s u a t u kesjatuan yang

serasi

at.au

21

s a t u a n dari

t i n g k a t a n y a n g lebih tinggi".

W e b s t e r D i c t i o n a r y rnengartikan integrasi "incorporation well-ordered

sebagai

of d i v e r s e g r o u p s or i n d i v i d u a l s into community

a

society whose behavior is 22 b a s e d on s i m i l a r standards". Sevang menurut Black's L a w Dictionary, making

whole

or

i n t e g r a si berarti *"the act or p r o c e s s of or entire.

Bringing 23 g r o u p s (as races) as equals".

together

different

D a l a m b i d a n g ilmu p o l i t i k t e r d a p a t d u a p e n g e r t i a n tentang

integrasi.,

y a i t u "The S t ate of c o b e s i a n

w hich

e>:ist in a p o l i t i c a l c o m m u n i t y as d e m o n s t r a t e d by a h i g h d e g r e e of m u t u a l p o l i t i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n among t h e m e m b e r s of t h a t c o m m u n i t y b a s e d on c o n s e n t r a t h e r t h a n c o e r cion" d a n "the p r o c e s s of a s i m i l a t i n g s e g r e g a t e d g r o u p s into a 24 re s t of t h e community". 17

Skripsi



18 Dalam dijurnpai

st*oara e k s p l i s i t d a l a m resolusi

P B B 1541 (XV) PBB

pengertian hukum internasional,

integrasi

Majelis

Umum

15 D e c e m b e r 1960 d a n resolusi M a j e l i s U m u m

2625 (XXV) 24 O k t o b e r 1970 y a n g rnerupakan i m p l e m e n -

tasi d a r i pasal 73 Piagarn PBB.

Tetapi,

di d a l a m

kedua

r e s o l u s i t e r s e b u t t i d a k dijf«laskan s e c a r a t e r p e r i n o i apa y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n integrasi. M i c h a e l B. Akehurst, grasi (XV)

d a l a m m e n a f s i r k a n arti in t e

y a n g d i m u a t d a l a m r eso l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m .PBB 15 D e s e m b e r 1960,

1541

secara singkat mengatakan "inte

gration

means t h a t the t e r r i t o r y be c o m e s par t of an in25 d e p e n d e n t State". Sebagai

s u a t u penafsiran,

m a k a i n t egrasi

dalam

h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l berarti s a lah s a t u p r o s e s p e n c a p a i a n status

"self-government" dalam rangka

self-determination

suatu

daerah

pelaksanaan yang

hak tidak

berpemerintahan sendiri.

2. I n t e g r a s i S a l a h S a t u A l t e rxvati£_...5elf-Determination Salah

s a t u tujuan resolusi M a j e l i s U m u m PBB 1514

(XV) 1960 a d a l a h m e n g h a p u s kolonialisme,

yang

dianggap

mer^jadi p e n g h a l a n g u t a m a k e r j a s a m a internasional, kernbangan ekonomi,

per -

sosial, d a n b u d a y a r a k y a t d a e r a h - d a e -

rah jajtihan s e r t a k e t e r t i b a n d a n perdarnaian dunia.

Reso

lusi

M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 1514 (XV) 14 D e c e m b e r I960 rnenen26 t u k a u ’:

Skripsi



19 2. All p e o p l e s h a v e t h e right to s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n ; by v i r t u e of that r ight t h e y f r e e l y d e t e r m i n e t h e i r p o l i t i c a l st atus and f r e e l y p u r s u e t h eir economic, social, cultural development. 3. I n a d e q u a c y of political, economic, social or e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r e d n e s s s h o u l d n e v e r .serve as a p r e t e x t for d e l a y i n g independence. 4. All a r m e d a c t i o n or repressive m e a s u r e s of all ki n d d i r e c t e d ag aints d e p e n d e n t p e o p l e s shall c e a s e in o r d e r to e n a b l e them to e x e r c i s e p e a c e f u l l y and f r e e l y t h e i r r ight t o c o m p l e t e i n d e p e n dence, and the i n t e g r i t y of t h e i r n a t i o n a l t e r r i t o r y shall be respected. 5. I m m e d i a t e steps shall be take, in T rust and Non .S e l f - G o v e r n i n g Territories or all other t e r r i t o r i e s w h i c h hav e n o t y e t a t t a i n e d i n d e p e n dence, to t r a n s f e r all p o w e r s to t h e p e o p l e s of t h o s e t e r r i t o r i e s in a c c o r d a n c e with t h e i r f r e e l y e x p r e s s e d will and desire, w i t h o u t any d i s t i c t i o n as to rece, c r ee d o r clour, in o r d e r to e n a b l e t h e m to e n j o y c o m p l e t e i n d e p e n d e n c e and freedom. P a d a w a k t u perurausan reso l u s i ini, k o l o n i a l (a n t a r a lain Inggris, A m e r i k a Serikat, apakah

Portugal,

Perancis,

A f r i k a Selatan,

dai*i Spanyol) m e m p e r t a n y a k a n

r a k y a t d a e r a h y an g b e r s a n g k u t a n s e c a r a

ekonomi,

politis,

s o s i a l d a n e d u k a t i f sia p u n t u k merdeka. D e n g a n

a d a n y a k e t e n t O a n p a r a g r a f 3 di atas, dipertanyakan menjadi

negara-negara

hal

negara-negara yang

“ p r e p a r e d n e s s " ya n g

kolonial

penting.

Bahkan

itu

tidak

ditegaskan

dalam

paragraf 5 bahwa kemerdekaan harus segera diberikan atau

tidak

berdasarkan

persiapan

untuk

res o l u s i ini,

itu.

Dengan

self-determination

lagi

ada

demikian, mendapat

p e n g e r t i a n y a n g saraa d e n g a n "independence'*, ,y a n g menjadi alasan

mengapa negara-negara kolonial bersikap

abstain

d a l a m r e s o l u s i ini. Dengan

Skripsi

dikeluarkannya resolusi Majelis Umum

PBB



20 1541 (XV)

19G0,

d i b e r i k a n altf-rnatif lain s e b a g a i , imple-

meritasi s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n ,

y a n g s a l a h sa t u d i a n t a r a n y a

a d a l a h integrasi.

Jadi u n t u k menc a p a i

s el f - g o v e r n m e n t " ,

rakyat daerah yang bersangkutan dapat

rnemilih

a l t e r n a t i f y a n g p a l i n g sesuai

“full m e a s u r e s of

dengan

kehendak

rnereka. S w p a n j a n g p i l i h a n tersebut. a d a l a h .integra^i,

re-

solusi M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 1541 (XV) tapkan pula prinsip-prinsip

15 D e s e m h e r 1960 m ene27 Lain sebagai b e r i k u t :

•Principle VII I n t e g r a t i o n w i t h an i n d e p e n d e n t S tate s h o u l d be on t he b a s i s of c o m p l e t e e q u a l i t y b e t w e e n t h e p e o p l e of t h e e r s t w h i l e N o n - S e l f - G o v e r n i n g T e r r i t o r y and t h ose of th« i n d e p e n d e n t c o u n t r y wi t h which it is integrated. The p e o p l e s of bo t h t e r r i t o r i e s should h a v e equal, s t a t u s and right of c i t i z e n s h i p and equal g u a r a n t e e s of f u n d a m e n t a l rights and f r e e d o m w i t h o u t any d i s t i n c t i o n or d i s c r i m i n a t i o n ; both should have equal rightw and o p p u r t u n i t i e s for r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and e f f e c t i v e at all levels in the executive, l e g i s l a t i v e and judicial o r g a n s of government. P r i n c i p l e IX I n t e g r a ti o n s h o u l d h a v e corne a b out in the f o l l o w i n g circumstances : (a) The integrating territory should have attained an a d v a n c e d s t a g e of s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t w i t h free political institution, its p e o p l e s w o u l d ha v e t h e c a p a c i t y to m a k e a r e s p o n s i b l e choice t h r o u g h i n f o r m e d and d e m o c r a t i c p r ocesses; (b) The i n t e g r a t i o n s h o u l d be the result of the f r e e l y e x p r e s s e d wishes, of the terr i t o r y ' s p e o p l e s a c t i n g with full k n o w l e d g e of t h e c h a n g e in t h e i r status, t h e i r w i s h e s h a v i n g be e n e x p r e s s e d t h r o u g h free and v o l u n t a r y c o i c e and d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s e s i m p a r t i a l l y c o n d u c t e d and b a s e d on u n i v e r l a a d ult suffrage. The U n i t e d N a tions eolud, when it d e e m s it necessary, s u p e r v i v e t h e s e processes. Dalam

me]aksanakan hak

self-determination,

dua

persyarat.au k h u s u s y a k n i "free and v o l u n t a r y choice" d a n

Skripsi



21 "d e m o o r a t i n s

p r o c e s s " h a ru s

persyaratari

tersebut

dipenuhi.

d a p a t tera a p a i

Perwujudan apabila

p i h a k k e t i g a y a n g b e r t i n d a k se b a g a i pengamat. terlibatan

pihak

pelaksanaan "free

terlibat T a n p a ke-

ketiga sulit untuk menentukan

apakah

hak s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n itu m e r u p a k a n

and v o l u n t a r y choice" d a n

D a l a m hal ini,

"democratic

dua

basil

process".

adalah wajar apabila pihak ketiga terse-

b u t ■Perserikat.an B a n g s a Bangsa. t

Integruui

dicantumkan kembali dalam resolusi M a

jelis

TJrnum P B B 2625 (XXV) 24 O k t o b e r 1970 28 lain m e n e t a p k a n :

yang

antara

The e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a s o v e r e i g n and i n d e p e n d e n t State, the f r e e a s s o c i a t i o n or i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h an independent S t a t e or t h e e m e r g e n c e into any o ther political s t a t u s f r e e l y d e t e r m i n e d by a p e o p l e c o n s t i t u t e m o d e s of i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e r ight of selfd e t e r m i n a t i o n by t h a t people. P e r u m u s a n t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n p a n d a n g a n dari suatu panitia

yang

deklarasi

d i b e n t u k M a j e l i s Urnum PBB

yang

akhirnya

diterima

untuk

se b a g a i

me m b u a t resolusi

M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 2625 (XXV) 24 O k t o b e r 1970 t e n t a n g "The Declaration Concerning States".,

of

Principles

Friendly

Relation

of

I n t e r n ational

and

Cooperation

Law Among

P a n i t i a b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a p e r w u j u d a n h a k self-

d e t e r m i n a t i o n h a r u s d i t e k a n k a n p a d a k e h e n d a k r a k y a t (the will of people) y a n g b e l u m t e n t u ingin m e r d e k a d a n puny a i.

pemerintaban

terapung-apung

Skripsi

di

sendiri.

lautan

Dari

internasional

pada tanpa

mem-

terlepas adanya



dukungan

dan

suatu*

hahaya

dianeksir

oleh n e g a r a y a n g lebih k u a t b e b e r a p a

wilayah

tetap

raenempatkan

dir i

dalam

ingin b e r k e d u d u k a n sebagai w i l a y a h

karena

itu,

panitia

implementasi

hak

memberikan

koloni.

alternatif

self-determination

dengan

Ole h

sebagai “free

a s s o o i a t i o n or i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h and i n d e p e n d e n t S t a t e or 29 the e m e r g e n c e into a n y p o l i t i c a l status". Jadi,

hak self-determination yang semula diarti-

kan d e n g a n "independence"., lusi i is

s e t e l a h d i k e l u a r k a n n y a reso-

M a j e l i s Tlmurn P B B 1541 (XV) Urnurn

PBB

2625

(XXV)

1970

1960 d a n r e s o l u s i M a j e dapat

berarti

"free

a s s o c i a t i o n or i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h an i n d e p e n d e n t S t a t e the

or

e m e r g e n c e into a n y p o l i t i c a l status" sebagai i'mple-

mentasinya.

Perluasan

a l t e r n a t i f ini b i s a

s e b a b tidak s e m u a w i l a y a h koloni, m a u p u n teritorial,

dirnengerti,

baik secara demografi

m a m p u berdiri sendiri se b a g a i n e g a r a

merdeka.

21 H a s a n S h a d i l y (ed.), "Integrasi", Ensiklopedi I n d o n e s i a, I c h t i a r B a r u - Van Hoeve, Jakarta, 1932, h. 1461.

22 Webster. Grolies,

V i r g i n i a S. Thatcher, "Integration", The M e w E n c y c l o p e d i c D i c t i o n a r y of E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e , N e w York, 1970, h. 448.

23 •"Inlugration", Bl a c k ' s L a w D i c t i o n a r y , cet. V, W e s t P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1979, ,h. 642.

Skripsi



24 Geoffrey K. Roberts, D i c t i on a r y o f Po 1it i c a 1 An a.1vs i.s . London, 1971, h. 101.

"Integration'’ , £ L o n g m a n G r o u p Ltd. ,

Michael B. Akehurst, A M o d e r n Int r o d u c t i o n to International L a w , cr-t. IV, G e o r g e A l l e n and U n w i n Ltd., London, 1932, h, 252. 26 15 UN G A O R Supp.

16, 29, UN Doc. A / 4 6 8 4 (i960)

J 5 UN G A O R Supp.

16, 66, UN Doc.

25 UN G A O R Supp.

28,

27 A / 4 6 8 4 (i960)

29 122, UN Doc. A / 8 0 2 3 (1970)

29 R o b e r t R o s e n stock, "The D e c l a r a t i o n s of P r i n c i pl e s of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w C o n c e r n i n g F r i e n d l y Relations: A Survey", A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w . Mo. 5, Vol. 65, Oktober, 1971, h. 731.

Skripsi



B A B

III

I N T E G R A S I K E P U L A U A N C OCOS (KEELING) DENGAN AUSTRALIA

1. 8e.iar.ah K e p u l a u a n ..Cocos (K e e I in# ) Kepulauan Hindia

Cocos

(Keeling) t e r l e t a k di

p a d a 12 d e r a j a b 05 rnenit 3 intang s e l a t a n d a n

d e r a j a t 53 rnenit b u j u r tirnur, pantai

Samudera

'‘ barat-

k i r a - k i r a 2688

A u s t r a l i a atau k i r a - k i r a

96

kilometer

1000

kilometer

b a r a t d a y a Jakarta. Kepulauan karang utara

C o c o s (Keeling) t e r d i r i dar i 2?

keoil y a n g t e r b a g i .d a l a m d u a bagian. adalah

pul.au

tungg&l

yang

diberi

pulau5

Di s e b e l a h narna

North

K e e l i n g d a n t i d a k b e r p e n g h u n i ..Di s e b e l a h selatan, k i r a k i r a 24 k i l o m e t e r d a r i P u l a u N o r t h Keeling, t e r d i r i dari s e k e l o m p o k p u l a u k a r a n g y a n g m e n g e l i l i n g i s e b u a h laguna. Hariya d u a p u l a u y a n g dihuni, 30 Home.

y a i t u P u l a u Wes t d a n P u l a u

P u l a u W e s t d i h u n i ole h p e g a w a i offi c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e P e m e r i n t a h Australia, bang, mercusuar,

p a r a p e t u g a s lapa n g a n ter-

s t a s i u n t e l e k n m u n i k a s i , hostel,

d a n be-

b e r a p a o r a n g y a n g b e k e r j a p a d a p e r u s a h a a n miriyak Inggris " S H E L L ”. Ross

P u l a u H o m e dihuni olc h k e l u a r g a J o h n

dan penduduk keturunan campur-baur

Jawa,

CluniftsMelayu,

23

Skripsi



Sunda,

India,

Cina, Afrika, d a n E r o p a y a n g b e r k e r j a di

p e r k e b u n a n k e l a p a rnilik k e l u a r g a J o h n Clunies-Ross.

Luas

t a n a h s e l u r u h K e p u l a u a n C ocos (Keeling) h a n y a s e k i t a r 14 k i l o m e t e r persegi. i

K e p u l a u a n C o c o s (Keeling) pertarna ka l i kan

oleh

K a p t e n W i l l i a m Keeling,

D r a g o n 1' dari E a s t India Company, lauan

diketemu-

komaridan k a p a l

"Red

p a d a t a h u n 1609.

Kepu-

t e r s e b u t •k o s o n g s am pai t a h u n

1826,

.ketika

Ha r e

d a t a n g rnembawa s e k i t a r 90 b u d a k laki-laki d a n perempuan. Alexander

Hare

a d a l a h w a r g a n e g a r a Inggris

yang

pada

jaman R a f f l e s d i a n g g a p b a n y a k b e r j a s a d a l a m m e r e b u t J a w a dari

Belanda.

P a d a t a h u n 1827,

datang rombongan kedua

y a n g dipirnpin o l e h K a p t e n J o h n Clunies-Ross,

seorang. p e -

laut Scotlandia, o r a n g Inggris,

bersarna istri d a n 6 o r a n g anaknya, 12 31 s e o r a n g J a w a s e r t a s e o r a n g Portugis. *

Hare dan Clunies-Ross masing-masing membuka ,kebunan

per-

k e l a p a y a n g m e n j a d i p e n g h a s i l a n utarna k e p u l a u a n

C o c o s (Keeling) s a m p a i sekarang. d i b e r i n a m a K e p u l a u a n Cocos,

K e p u l a u a n itu a k h i r n y a

K e p u l a u a n Kelapa.

Clunies-

Ross d a l a m w a k t u - w a k t u t e r t e n t u d a t a n g ke B a t a v i a m e n c a ri

tenaga

Antara

tambahan untuk * mengurusi

kebun

Hare dan Clunies-Ross kemudian terjadi

kelapanyV perseli-

s i h a n m e n g e n a i p e m i l i k a n K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling). nyak

pekerja

Hare

y a n g pindafr b e k e r j a

di

perkebunan

C l u n i e s - R o s s k a r e n a t e r t a r i k up a h y a n g lebih t i n g g i ko n d i s i y a n g lebih baik.

Ba

dan

A k h i r n y a p a d a t a h u n 1831., A l e x -

p” !

' '£>B*1F »j ST A K A AM

j" HNIYERS1TA3 A I RLANOOA" Skripsi



25 ander

B ar e m e n i n g g a l k a n K e p u l a u a n itu m e n u j u 32 d a n m e n i n g g a l di situ. P a d a t a h u n 1836, lauan

Couos (Keeling),

Singapura

Cha r les D a r w i n rnengunjungi K e p u k e t i k a b a p a k Teori Ev o l u s i

itu

sedang mengadakan perjalanan keliling dunia untuk mempelajari

terbentuknya

k e p u l a u a n karang.

Ch a r l e s

rnenggambarkan para p e k e r j a di p e r k e b u n a n m i l i k

Darwin Clunies-

Ross seba ga i ‘ 'nominally in a s tate of f r e e d o m as regards their

pe rs o n a l

t r e a t m e n t b u t in m o s t o t h e r p o i n t 33 are c o n s i d e r e d slaves". K a r e n a t a k u t akan d i d u d u k i n e g a r a lain, Ross dapat

mengajukan permintaan kepada Ratu memiliki

Inggris.

they

Clunies-

Inggris

supaya

kepulauan tersebut bersama-sama

dengan

Tetapi p e r m i n t a a n C l u n i e s - R o s s ditolak.

Justru

K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) s e c a r a resmi d i n y a t a k a n m e n j a di b a g i a n dari B r i t i s h D o m i n i o n oleh K a p t e n F r e m a n t l e di atas k a p al Inggris H M S J u n o t a n g g a l 1 M a r e t di a k h i r b u l a n Mfci. 1857, keli ruannya, dera

Inggris

Andaman. pada tahun

1857.

Baru

K a p t e n F r e m a n t l e m e n y a d a r i ke-

k a r e n a m i s i d i a seberiarnya m e n a n c a p k a n ben di K e p u l a u a n ’Cocos di

gugusan

Kepulauan

O l e h Inggris k e p u l a u a n t e r s e b u t d i s e r a h k a n k e

C o l o n y of C e y l o n p a d a t a h u n 1878. kemudian,

(Keeling)

penguasaan

dipindahkan

Skripsi

kali

delapan

Kepulauan ini

Cocos

Inggris 34 d i s e r a h k a n k e p a d a G o v e r n m e n t of t h e S t r a i t s Settlement, Dengan

lagi,

atas

Tetapi

ole h

s u a t u s u r a t perjarjjian t e r t a n g g a l 7

Juli



1886,

Ra t u V i c t o r i a m e n g a n u g e r a h k a n se l u r u h t a n a h di K e

pulauan

Cocos (Keeling) k e p a d a ouc-u J o h n

George,

d e n g a n s y a r a t a n t a r a lain,

berhak

Clunies-Ross,

b a h w a Rat u

Inggris

m e n g g u n a k & n t a n a h - t a n a h dari k e p u l a u a n itu t a n p a

s e w a u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n umum,

dan Clunies-Ross

dilarang

m e n g i k a t k a n t a n a h - t a n a h t e r s e b u t k e p a d a s i a p a pun, ali k e l u a r g a n y a ,

tanpa adanya persetujuan terlebih dulu

dari R a t u Int'gris. kan

k ecu-

K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) d i p e r s a t u -

ke d a l a m penieri n t a h a n S e t t l e m e n t of S i n g a p o r e

t a h u n 1903.

pad a

Te+.api k e t i k a p a d a P e r a n g D u n i a II S i n g a p u r a

d i d u d u k i t y n t a r a Jepang,

p e n g u a s a a n k e p u l a u a n ini d i s e 35 rahkan lagi k e p a d a C o l o n y of Ceylon. Sejak

tengah

W i l l i a m K e e l i n g rnenemukan af.nl

s a m u d e r a itu,

knF;ong

K e p u a l a u n C ocos (Keeling)

di

memang

d i a n g g a p s a n g a t strategis, d a n s e l a l u d i g u n a k a n h u a t pos samudera

kapal-kapal

T i m u r Tengah, Selatan.

Inggris

yang

mengarungi

autara

India, K e p u l a u a n Indonesia, d a n L a u t Cin a

Pada

awal

P e r a n g D u n i a I,

kapal

penjelajah

J e r m a n " E m d e n “ m e n y e r a n g k e p u l a u a n itu, t e t a p i d i t e n g g e lamkan 1942,

kapal

perang Australia

di t e n g a h P e r a n g D u n i a II.,

menyerang

pulau-pulau

"Sydney".

Bulan

pemborn-pemborn

itu s e h i n g g a m e r u s a k k a n

Maret Jepang stasiun

i

telekomunikasi 1944-1945, Udara

y a n g d i b a n g u n t a h u n 1901.

Antara

A i r f i e l d C o n s t r u c t i o n S q u a d r o n da r i A n g k a t a n

Australia

(RAAF) m e m b a n g u n lapa n g a n

terbang

P u l a u We s t g u n a m e n g h a d a p i p e m b o m - p e m b o m Jepang.

Skripsi

tahun

di

Se t e l a h



27 P e r a n g d u n i a II berakhir, penduduk Pulau Home dirasakan i t e r l a l u padat. S e h i n g g a a n t a r a t a h u n 1948-1951, se k i t a r 1600

penduduk

Pualau

dipindahkan

Christmas.

Hal

ke ini

Sabah,.

Singapura,

niengakibatkan

penduduk

Kepulauan saja,

dan

C o c o s (Keeling) ti n g g a l b e b e r a p a ratus 36 sampai rjekarang.

o rang

D e n g a n s u a t u p e r s e t u j u a n t a n g g a l 2 N o p e m b e r 1951 Pemerintah

Australia membeli tanah yang

dipakai

untuk

lap a n g a n t e r b a n g di P u l a u West da r i C l u n i e s - R o s s .

Sejak

ta n g g a l 1 S e p t e m b e r 1952, pakai

lapa n g a n t e r b a n g t e r s e b u t d i

se b a g a i p e r s i n g g a h a n (stop over) p e n e r b a n g a n

ko-

m e r s i a l A u s t r a l i a dari S y d n e y k e Johannesburg. Pada (Keeling)

t£inggal 23 N o p e m b e r 1955,

Kepulauan

oleh p e m e r i n t a h Inggris d i s e r a h k a n k e p a d a P e

m e r i n t a h • A u s t r a l i a y a n g k e m u d i a n d i b e r i status t e r i t o r y d e n g a n n a m * resmi T e r r i t o r y of C ocos Islands.

C o cos

Penyerahan

sebagai (Keeling)

ini dilakukari d e n g a n sufttu Rri-t.ish

O r d e r in Co u n c i l y a n g d i b u a t ole h R a t u E l i s a b e t h II berd a s a r k a n Cocos (Keeling)

Islands Act 1955 of t h e

Kingdom

d a n C o m m o n w e a l t h of A u s t r a l i a n Cocos 37 Islands Act 1955.

United

(Keeling)

2. P r o g e d u r d a n P r o s e s Integrasi Keadaan diketahui

orang

Kepulauan sampai

Cocos (Keeling) t i d a k t ahun

1957,

ketika

se b a g a i M e n t e r i E x t e r n a l T e r r i t o r i e s Australia,

Skripsi

banyak Hasluck, rnengun-



28 38

jungi k e p u l a u a n itu t a n g g a l 12 - 17 J a n u a r i 1957. H a s l u c k rnelaporkan, dibelenggu

oleh

penduduk kepulauan

tersebut

s e j e n i s perbugjakan di t a n g a n

keluarga

C l u n i e s - R o s s y a n g m e m e r i n t a h d e n g a n g a y a feodal.

Rumah,

p a k a i a n d a n p e r a w a t a n k e s e h a t a n s e a d a n y a mernang

diberi-

kan

s e c a r a cuma-cuma.

cuma-cuma,

tetapi

t u g a s sehari-hari. diharuskan

Pendidikan pun diberikan

secara

t

h a n y a s e k e d a r b i s a b a c a p e r i n t a h dan S e j a k u m u r 15 tahun,

para

penduduk

b e k e r j a di p e r k e b u n a n k e l a p a railik

keluarga

Clunies-Ross.

Upah para pekerja dibayarkan dalam bentuk

keping-kepi.Mg

plastik

John,

yang dibubuhi

tandatangan

p a n g g i l a n w a r g a s e t e m p a t k e p a d a Joh n Clunies-Ross.

Semua

warga Pulau Home dilarang mengunjungi Pulau

t a n p a ijin dari T u a n John. M e n u r u t Hasluck, tidak

Wes t

Clunios-Ross

m e n g a k u i k e k u a s a a n A u s t r a l i a di s e l u r u h k e p u l a u a n

itu, t e r u t a m a di t a n a h p er k e b u n a n n y a . si k e p u l a u a n itu,

Dia merasa mewari-

yang diberikan kepada keluarga

m o y a n g n y a oleh R a t u V i c t o r i a p a d a t a h u n 1886. m au

Tu a n

berhubungan

dan

berurusan

dengan

nenek

Dia hanya

Ratu

Inggris.

Hasluck mencoba menjelaskan tentang penyerahan kepulauan tersebut

dengan

mengatakan

bahwa

Kepulauan

(Keeling) t e t a p b e r a d a di b a w a h k e k u a s a a n R a t u tetapi k an

P e m e r i n t a h Australia.

Skripsi

Inggris,

kalau dulu pengelolaan dan pengawasannya dilaku-

oleh P e m e r i n t a h Inggris,

rirnkan

Cocos

surat

kepada

sekarang

dilakukan

oleh

J i k a d i a atau p e n d u d u k lain rnentfiRa t u

Inggris

mengenai

masalah



29 K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling), rnaka R a t u Inggris akan m e n y e rahkan untuk atas

surat mereka kepada Gubernur dibahas.

Je n d r a l

Australia

C l u n i e s - R o s s m e n g a n g g a p hal t e r s e b u t di

h a n y a l a h r e k a a n P e m e r i n t a h A u s t r a l i a >d a l a m

mengambil-alih

s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t atas k e p u l a u a n

upaya

tersebut i

d a r i t a n g a n p e n d u d u k setempat. Walaupun akan

ditegaskan

tetap menjamin semua

tetap

tidak

bahwa Pemerintah hak

miliknya,

Australia

Clunies-Ross

mau rnengakui k e k u a s a a n A u s t r a l i a d a n t e t a p

mempertfthankan c a r a - c a r a y a n g f e o d a l i s t i s d a l a m b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n penduduk. suatu Ross

Menurut pengamatan

Hasluck,

ambisi d a n k e p e n t i n g a n p r i b a d i s e h i n g g a tidak

m a u rnengakui k e k u a s a a n

d a l a m p a n d a n g a n Clu n i e s - R os s,

Clunies-

Australia.

Karena,

tanpa cara-cara yang feo

d a l i s t i s akan s u l i t m e n g u s a h a k a n p e r k e b u n a n d a n 39 t a h a n k a n kekuasaannya. Kunjungan an

b e r u s a h a m e r u b a h 1 s t a t u s q u o k e p u l a u a n itu.

73

P i a g a m PBB,

Sekretariat yang

" a d m i n i s t e r i n g power",

pun

Jendral

b e r d a s a r k a n pasal

PBB mengenai perkembangan serta memajukan

tidak

Padahal A us

b e r k e w a j i b a n m e m b e r i k a n la p o r a n

bersangkutan

ekonomi,

me m p e r -

Hasluck tidak merubah keadaan Kepulau

C o c o s (Keeling) d a n P e m e r i n t a h A u s t r a l i a

t r a l i a seb a g a i

ada

kehidupan

sosial dan p e n d i d i k a n penduduknya.

kepada wilayah politik,

Tetapi

"The

r e p o r t s h a v e b e e n ' u t t e r l y m i s l e a d i n g and only N e w York's pre-occupation

Skripsi

can e x p l a i n w h y t h e y

escaped

detection



30 a nd c e n s u r e ".^ Pada

bu'Jan Juni dan D e s e m b e r 1958,

109 p e n d u d u k

P u l a u H o m e b e r e m i g r a s i ke P u l a u Christmas.

B e b e r a p a saat

kemudian,

s e b a g i a n b e s a r dari p e n d u d u k y a n g b e r e m i g r a s i

t e r s e b u t pitid*h ke Australia. Kftpulauan C o c o s (Keeling) ke m b a l i m e n a r i k t i a n b a n y a k o r a n g k e t i k a A.G. Departemen ungkapkan

Kerr,

E x t e r n a l Territories,

p e j a b a t s e n i o r dari

mengunjungi dan meng-

k e a d a a n y a n g d i j u m p a i n y a di s a n a

November

1971.

perha-

pada

b u lan

Dalam laporannya kepada Andrew J’ eacock,

w a k t u itu M e n t e r i E x t e r n a l Territories,

a n t a r a lain d i -

sebutkan bahwa kehidupan penduduknya tidak berubah sejak kunjungan

Has luck t a h u n 1957.

c a m p u r - b a u r itu t e t a p miskin, k u n g t i d a k b i s a k e mana-mana.

41

Penduduk yang b u t a huruf,

keturunan

dan terkung-

Menurut pendapat pendu-

d u k setempat, d u n i a ini d i b a g i m e n j a d i d u a bagian, y a i t u 42 P u l u d a n Negeri. P u l u a t a u p u l a u a d a l a h k e p u l a u a n ternp a t m e r e k a tinggal.

N e ge ri a d a l a h b a g i a n d u n i a lain

di

luar t e m p a t t i n g g a l mereka. Dalam pekerja gu,

la p o r a n

itu pun m a s i h t e t a p d i b a y a r k a n d a l a m b e n t u k k e p i n g -

dengan

beras,

fJpah s e b e s a r itu h a n y a laku

ditukarkan

g u l a a t a u k e b u t u h a n k e c i l - k e c i l di

k e l u a r g a C l u n i es-Ross.

toko

Setiap kejahatan terhadap

p e r k e b u n a n m a u p u n t e r h a d a p masyarakat,

Skripsi

upa h

y a n g h a n y a k i r a - k i r a 2 d o l l a r A u s t r a l i a seming-

k e p i n g plastik.

milik

itu juga d i s i n g g u n g m a s a l a h

rnisalnya rnerusak



31 sarana

p e r k e b u n a n a t a u mencuri,

d i t e n t u k a n C l u n i e s - R o s s sendiri.

dijatuhi hukuman

yan g

H u k u m a n t e r s e b u t rnisal-

n y a “b e k e r j a s e l a m a d u a m i n g g u t a n p a upah" atau "mengurop u l k a n s e j e n i s kumbang,

y a n g m e n j a d i harna kelapa, s ela43 s e m i n g g u t a n p a m e n e r i m a upah". Jadi C l u n i e H - R n s s

ma

selalu

m e n d a p a t k e u n t u n g a n dar i s e t i a p

kejahatan

yan g

terjadi. Di a k h i r laporannya, secara

keseluruhan

A.G.

K e r r rnenyatakan b a h w a

p e n d u d u k K e p u l a u a n Cocos

m e r u p a k a n b u d a k k e l u a r g a C lunies-Ross.

(Keeling)

Memang

dibentuk

e e m a c a m d e w a n p e m e r i n t a h a n bagi p e n d u d u k setempat, pi

teta

s e m u a a n g g o t a d i p i l i h d a n d i k e t u a i ole h C l u n i e s - R o s s

sendiri.

C l u n i e s - R o s s juga m e n o l a k h u k u m A u s t r a l i a

di-

|

b e r l a k u k a n di k e p u l a u a n itu,

k a r e n a hal itu d i a n g g a p n y a

s e b a g a i i n t e r v e n s i t e r h a d a p p e r s o a l a n intern w a r g a K epu44 lauari Cocos (Keeling). Dalam

b u l a n J a n u a r i 1972,

Clunies-Ross mengirim

s u r a t k e p a d a S e k r e t a r i s E x t e r n a l T e r r i t o r i e s d e n g a n mak sud m i n t a p e n g a k u a n s e l f - g o v e r n i n g atas K e p u l a u a n (Keeling)

serta

mengusulkan dibentuk hubungan

Kepulauan

C o o k d e n g a n S e l a n d i a B a r u (free

Cocos seperti

associ a t i o n )

a n t a r a K e p u l a u a n C o c o s (Keeling) d e n g a n Australia. S e l a i n k e d u a hal t e r s e b u t di

atas,

Clunies-Ross

rnenyatakan h&iiwa t u n t u t a n A u s t r a l i a atas K e p u l a u a n Cocos .(Keeling) t i d a k d i d a s a r k a n a l a s a n y a n g kuat.

S e c a r a geo -

i

grafis,

Skripsi

k e p u a J a u a n itu t i d a k t e r m a s u k w i l a y a h n e g a r a m a -



32 n a pun. S e c a r a historis, Clunies-Ross

k e t i k a d i k e t e m u k a n n e n e k moyang

k e p u l a u a n itu k o s o n g (tidak

b e r p e n g h u n i ).

P a d a w a k t u itu, n e n e k moyar/g C l u n i e s - R o s s t i d a k d i b i a y a i at a u d i d u k u n g o l e h s u a t u negara, langan pribadi.

tetapi rnerupakan p e t u a -

T i g a p u l u h t a h u n kemudian,

Inggris m eng-

a n e k s i r k e p u l a u a n itu, y a n g k e m u d i a n t e r b u k t i a d a n y a kekeliruan karena yang dimaksudkan sebenarnya adalah Ke p u lauan Cocos di g u g u s a n K e p u l a u a n Andaman. pendapat atas

C l u n i es-Ross,

Jadi,

kekuasaan Australia

aneksasi P e m e r i n t a h Inggris.

menurut

didasarkan

Di m a s a kini,

dasar

yang dapat diterima adalah perundingan yang bebas (free ly n e g o t i a t e d ) a n t a r a p i h a k - p i h a k y a n g bersangkutan. Setelah

menggambarkan

(Keeling) y a n g aman, bangkan

teratur,

keadaan

Kepulauan

self-go v e r n m e n t ,

Gocos mengem-

s i s t e m s o s i a l y a n g sesuai d e n g a n k e b u t u h a n

dan

!

k e a d a a n penduduk,

s u r a t C l u n i e s - R o s s d i a k h i r i d e n g a n me-

nyatakan bahwa yang dibutuhkan penduduk adalah pengakuan 45 s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t , b u k a n i n t ervensi d a r i Australia. Andrew

Peacock

mengunjungi

Kepulauan

Cocos

(Keeling) p a d a b u l a n S e p t e m b e r 1972, y a n g k e m u d i a n m enghasilkan

dua

kesepakatan antara

d e n g a n Clunifts-Ross.

Pertama,

Pemerintah

Australia

C l u n i e s - R o s s rnengakuj k e

k u a s a a n A u s t r a l i a atas K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) syarat

Pemerintah Australia menjamin serta

h a k m i l i k C l u n i es-Ross. mengajar

Skripsi

dengan

mengbormati

Kedua, g u r u - g u r u A u s t r a l i a b o l e h

p e n d u d u k P u l a u H o m e d e n g a n syarat C l u n i e s - R o s s



33 se n d i r i lulus

y a n g w e w a w a n c a r a i d a n mernilih c alon

guru

yang

di P e r t h d a n g u r u - g u r u t e r s e b u t b e s e r t a k e l u a r g a 46

n y a t i d a k b o l e h t i n g g a l di P u l a u Home. S u a t u d e l e g a s i ( V i s iting Mission) da r i Komi be PBB

(Komite

(Keeling) tersebut

Dekolonisasi) mengunjungi Kepulauan

pada tanggal 7 - 1 0

wakil

Delegasi

Delegasi

dari T r i n i d a d d a n T o b a g o d a n

Indonesia.

PBB itu m e n g e c a m P e m e r i n t a h A u s t r a l i a

melihat

kepi noctngan-kepincangan y a n g

Australia

mentolerir

k e p i n g - k e p i n g plastik. kepada

1974.

Cocos

d i p i m p i n o l e h K o u m e dari Pantai G a d i n g . d e n g a n

anggota

kan,

Ag u s t u s

24

pembayaran

upah

setelah

terjadi.

Mengapa

pekerja

Mengapa upah pekerja

dengan

dibayarkan

Clunies-Ross apabila pekerja tersebut dipekerjamisalnya,

Pulau

West.

di l a p an g a n t e r b a n g m i l i k A u s t r a l i a

di

S e h a r u s n y a pe g a w a i O f f i c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e

d i p i l i h y a n g m e n g e r t i B a h a s a Melayu,

s e h i n g g a d a p a t me47 n g e t a h u i k e i n g i n a n p e n d u d u k y a n g sebenarnya. Pendidikan

yang

rendah,

diberikan kepada penduduk pun

dinilai

sangat

m e s k i p u n ada b e b e r a p a g u r u A u s t r a l i a y a n g m e m b e -

r i k a n pelajaran.

V.

M e n u r u t p e n g a m a t a n a n g g o t a dar i Indonesia, M o h a m m a d Siddik,

rendahnya pendidikan berpengaruh pula dalam 48 k e h i d u p a n beragama. A n t a r a lain d i k a t a k a n : ”... the c h i e f p r i e s t finds d i f f i c u l t t o g e t the p e o p l e to p a y a t t e n t i o n . .. to Mohammedan, laws and religion... this c l e a r l y t h e r e s u l t of lack e d u c a t i on. In fact t h e Cocos I s l a nders m akes s e e m t o v i s i t t h e M o s q u e o n l y d u r i n g R a m a d h a n - t h e fa s t i n g month"

Skripsi



34 Kenyataan

tersebut menunjukkan bahwa

Pemerintah

Australia tidak sungguh-sungguh dalam menjalankan sinya

sebagai

" a d m i n i s t e r i n g power".

f ung-

Hal ini b e r k a i t a n

d e n g a n k e p e n t i n g a n A u s t r a l i a di k e p u l a u a n tersebut,

yang

t e n t u s a j a t i d a k ingin t e r g a n g g u a p a b i l a d i l a k u k a n p erub a h a n - p e r u b a h a s e s u a i d e n g a n pasal 73 Piagarn PBB.

Secara

ekonomis, K e p u l a u a n C o c o s (Keeling) meiaang t i d a k a d a art i n y a bagi Australia. ngat

penting

sekulunya, (Keeling)

Tetapi, dari segi g e o s t r a t e g i c sa-

arti’ nya

terutama

bagi

AS

Australia

d a n Inggris.

dan

sekutu-

Kepulauan

d i p e r g u n a k a n sebagai pos pengarnatan

Cocos

Samudera

H i n d i a d a l a m w a t u j a r i n g a n d e n g a p a n g k a l a n mi liter AS di K e p u l a u a n D i e g o Garnia. Di d a l a m laporannya,

delegasi PBB mendesak Peme-

rantah Australia agar segera melaksanakan

perubahan-pe-

r u b a h a n sesuai p a s a l 73 Piagarn PBB. M e n g i n g a t p e n g e t a h u an

penduduk

yang

tindakan-tindakan

masih

rendah,

dianjurkan

y a n g akan d i a m b i l t i d a k

d e n g a n t e r g e sa-gesa, 49 t a h u n sebelurnnya.

t e t a p i juga t i d a k

supaya

dilaksanakan

selambat-lambat

D e n g a n a d a n y a t e k a n a n dari PBB, P e m e r i n t a h A u s t a lia

mendesak Clunies-Ross melakukan perubahan-perubahan ;

y a n g d i p e r lukan.

Sesuai 'anjuran PBB, p e l a k s a n a a n n y a d i -

lakukan s e c a r a bertahap. dengan

Up a h p a r a p e k e r j a

p e r a t u r a n p e r u n d a n g a n y a n g b e r l a k u di

d a n d i b a y a r d e n g a n m a t a u a n g Australia,

Skripsi

disesuaikan Australia

t i d a k d e n g a n ke-



35 ping-kepirig plastik. G u r y - g u r u A u s t r a l i a b e s e r t a k e l u a r ganya

d i i j i n k a n t i n g g a l di P u l a u Horne.

Pulau

Horne d e n g a n P u l a u We s t d i p e r l a n c a r d e n g a n

kapal-kapal Australia.

kecil

yang

dioperasikan

Sebelumnya angkutan kapal

Hubungan antara

oleh

adanya

Pemerintah

d i o p e r a s i k a n ole h

k e l u a r g a Clunies-Ross. P a d a t a h u n - t a h u n be rikutnya,

Pemerintah Australia

berusaha melepaskan ketergantunan penduduk kepada a r g a C l u n ies-Ross.

Salah satunya adalah membeli sebagian

besiar t a n a h - t a n a h d a r i Clu nies-Ross, keluarga

kelu

keouali tanah milik

C l u n i e s - R o s s s e l u a s e n a m h e k t a r b e s e r t a . r umah

d a n s e g & l a m i l i k n y a di atas t a n a h tersebut, Pengelolaan penduduk

t a n a h - t a n a h itu k e m u d i a n d i s e r a h k a n

Cocos

operative J u l i 1979,

t a h u n 1978. kepada

s e t e l a h d i b e n t u k T h e Cocos Islands

S o c i e t y p a d a b u l a n J a n u a r i 1979.

Pada

Co bulan

d i b e n t u k d e w a n p e m e r i n t & h a n bagi w a r g a Cocos

y a n g d i s e b u t The C o c o s (Keeling)

Islands Council.

Tugas

d e w a n t e r s e b u t a n t a r a lain m e m b e r i k a n pertimbangan' k e p a da "administering power"

rnengenai

semua

m e n y a n g k u t k e p e n t i n g a n p e n d u d u k setempat. Delegasi

masalah

yang

50

d a r i K o m i t e 24 P B B k e m b a l i

mengunjungi

K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) p a d a b u l a n Juli 1980. D e l e g a s i y a n g d i p i m p i n oleh K. Y e r e d a r i P a n t a i G a d i n g itu a n t a r a lain m e l a p orkan, sejak

telah banyak perkembangan yang dicapai

k u n j u n g a n d e l e g a s i p e r t a m a t a h u n 1974 t e r u t a m a di

b i d a n g sosio-ekonorni.

Skripsi

Delegasi PBB mendesak

Pemerintah



36 Australia tik

u n t u k rneningkatkan pengernbangan b i d a n g

p oli-

dan p e n d i d i k a n sampai p e n d u d u k seternpat sia p me'lak-

s a n a k a n h a k s e l f - d e t e r m i na tion. Menteri D a l a m N e ge ri Australia,

T o m McVeigh, me-

n g u n j u n g i K e p u l a u a n C o co s (Keeling) b u l a n N o v e m b e r g u n a ! m e m l m - a r u k a n kereungkinan di 1 a k s a n a k a r m y a termintion.

Setel&h

1932

self-de-

b e r t e m u d e n g a n The Cocos (Keeling)

Is! and« CouiK-i 1 , d i s e p a ka ti b a h w a s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n d i lak.stmakan t a h u n 19133. 1983

Tetapi,

karena pada bulan Maret

di A u s t r a l i a d i a d a k m i penri. 1 i ban an g g n t M

pai/lumen,

m a k a diputn:jkan hak ftelf -deterini nati on akan d i l a k s a n a k a n p a l i n g 1 ami*at a k h i r t a h u n 1984. Pada

se b a g a i

bulan

Sedangkan

Islands

P a r s o n bin Y a p a t d a n W a h i n bin

terpil ih sebagai K e t u a 51 K e t u a Cocos (Keeling) Islands Council.

rnasing* m a s i n g

dan

U n t u k m e n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a p e n d u d u k Cocos ketiga

terp i l i h

K e t u a M a n a g e m e n t C o m m i t t e of t h e Cocos

Co-operative. Byrne

A g u s t u s 1983,• Cr e e bin Hai g

alternatif dari self-determination,

Wakil

mengenai

pada

b ulan

O k t o b e r 1903 di’ k e l u a r k a n k e t e n t u a n y a n g d i s e b u t "The act of

Self-D^terrnination O p t i o n s ” (teks s e l e n g k a p n y a lihat

L a m p i r n n IT).

D a l a m ketent.uan t e r s e b u t d i j e l a s k a n k e t i g a

a l t e r n a t i f senuai reso l u si M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 1541 (XV) 15 D e c e m b e r 1900,

y a i t u M independence*,

free a s s o c i a t i o n or

i n t e g r a t i o n “ d e n g a n s e g a l a konsekuensinya. Di d a l a m s u r a t n y a k e p a d a S e k r e t a r i s J e n d r a l

Skripsi

PBB-,



37

Menteri Lu a r Megeri Australia, kan

Bill Hayden, m e m b e r i t a h u -

b a h w a p e n d u d u k K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling)

me 1 aks ai1 akan

e 1 f-d e t e r m i.n‘ at i o n .

S e k r e t a r i s J e n d r a l PBB,

Se 1 a in

telah siap

it u ,

me 1 a 1 u i

m e n g u n d a n g d e l e g a s i dar i Kornite

24 P B B untuk m e r u n d i n g k a n p e r s y a r a t a n dan w a k t u p e l a k s a naan

hak self-determination septa 52 p e l a ksanaannya.

sekaligus

mengawasi

P a d a wiclang ta n g ga l 7 D e c e m b e r 1983, M a j e l i s U m u m P BB m e m u t u s k a n (38/420),

m e n u n j u k S e k r e t a r i s J e n d r a l PBB

untuk menentukan dan mengirimkan delegasi guna mengawasi pelaksanaan Majelis

self-determination

Umum

“a d m i n i s t e r i n g

P B B 1541 (XV) 15

sesuai dengan Desember

1960.

power'1 d a n p e n d u d u k s e t e m p a t

segera menetapkan ketentuan pelaksanaan

resolusi Kepada

diharapkan

self-determina

tion. I

P a d a tanggal 14 M a r e t 1984,

dikeluarkan ketentu

an p e l a k s a n a a n s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n y a n g d i s e b u t " R e f e r e n dum

( S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n ) O r d i n a n c e 1984" (teks

k a p n y a lihat Larnpiran III). tersebut

ditetapkan

seleng-

D a l a m p a s a l 4 (1); o r d onansi

b a h w a r e f e r e n d u m aka n • d i l a k s a n k a n

p a d a t a n g g a l 6 A p r i l 1984.

B e r d a s a r k a n resol u s i Ma j e l i s

Umurn P B B 637 A (VII)

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n d a p a t di-

laksanakan

dengan

1952,

p l e b i s i t ata u

cara-cara

dernokratis

lain. D el e g a s i

d a r i K o m i t e 24 P B B

D a l a m Negeri Australia,

Skripsi

T o m McVeigh,

didarnpingi

Me n t e r i

t i b a di K e p u l a u a n



38 (Keeling) p a d a t a n g g a l 3 April 1 9 8 4 u n t u k m e l i h a t

Cocob

p e r s i a p a n r e f e r e n d u m sekal igus rnengawasi pe]aksanaannya. D e l e g a s i t e r s e b u t d i p i m p i n se n d i r i ol e h K e t u a K o m i t e PBB,

24

AbduJ K o r o m a d a r i S i e r r a Leone, d e n g a n a n g g o t a Ra-

d r o d r o (Fiji),

N e b o j s a Dirnitrijevic (Yugoslavia), 53 E u g e n i a T r u j i l l o (Venezuela). M e n u r u t pengarnatan delegasi PBB,

Maria

v/alaupun p e n d u

d u k m e n g e r t i arti k e t i g a a l t e r n a t i f y a n g ditawarkau, tapi m e r e k a t i d a k Tnemahami konse k u e n s i n y a .

te

B e r u l a n g kali

hal ini d i t a n y a k a n d a n p e n d u d u k m l n t a saran a p a y a n g sebaiknya

S e s u ai d e n g a n kedudukannya,

delegasi

PBB menjelaskan konsekuensi pilihan mereka dan

menegas-

kan

dipilih.

b a h w a m e r e k a s e n d i r i y a n g h a rus m e n e n t u k a n

tersebut Ross

t a n p a p e n g a r u h s i a p a pun.

pilihan

S e j a k lama C l u n i e s -

b e r u s a h a m e m p e n g a r u h i p e n d u d u k ag a r mernilih

"free

association". Dari 2 61 p e m i l i h y a n g terdaftar,

sernua rnernberikan

s u a r a d a l a m r e f e r e n d u m t a n g g a l 6 April 1984.

Dari sesuai

p a s a l 22 R e f e r e n d u m ( S e l f - D e t e r m i n a t i o n ) O r d i n a n c e 1984, basil

pemungutan suara diumumkan pada tanggal 54 1984 se ba g a i b e r i k u t : Integration F re e a s s o c i a t i o n Independence Invalid ballots Total

Dengan

Skripsi

demikian,

7

April

229 21 9 2 261

m a y o r i t a s s u a r a ( 8 7, 7 %)

menghendaki



39 integrasi

d e n g a n Australia.

P a d a t a n g g a l S April 1984,

d e l e g a s i PBB rneninggalkan K e p u l a u a n Cocos (Keeling) ber s a m a ernpat wakil p e n d u d u k Cocos u n t u k m e m b i o a r a k a n sernua k o n s e k u e n s i d a r i p i l i h a n m e r e k a d e n g a n Australia. Di dalarn laporannya, d e l e g a s i P B B a n t a r a lain menyatakan,

b a h w a p e m u n g u t a n s u a r a dilaksanakari d e n g a n wa-

jar d a n t i d a k m e l i h a t a d a n y a u s a h a dar i A u s t r a l i a meinaksa p e n d u d u k m e m i l i h integrasi.

untuk

Seianjutnya dikata

kan, d i t i n j a u d a r i latar b e l a k a n g d a n t i n g k a t k e d e w a s a a n p o l i t i k penduduk,

del eg a si PBB b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a y e o a r a

uniurn p e n d u d u k m e n g e r t i arti ketiga a l t e r n a t i f yan g d i s o d o r k a n ke h a d a p a n mereka. Dengan

demik i a n,

self-determination ditentukan 1541

dalam

secara keseluruhan pelaksanaan

tersebut memenuhi

persy&rat&n

yang

p r i n s i p IX r e s o l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m

(XV) 15 D e s e m b e r 19G0,

y a i t u "free and

PBB

voluntary

choice'' d a n " d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s e s " s e r t a d i l a k s a n a k a n di b a w a h s u p e r v i s i atau perjgawasan PBB. P a d a s i d a n g k e 39 ta n g g a l 5 D e s e m b e r 1985, referendum Umurn

K e p u l a u a n C ocos (Keeling)

diterima

PBB dalarn res o l u si n o m o r 3 9 / 3 0 (teks

lihat Larnpiran IV). Sebelumnya,

hasil Majelis

selengkapnya

pada sidang Komite keem-

p a t M a j e l i s U m u m P B B tanggal 7 N o v e m b e r 1984, P a r s o n bin Yapat,

Cocos (Keeling) vP*, U lain mengatakfin :

Skripsi

Ketua

Islands

Council,

antara



40 We are c e r t a i n l y a small g r o u p of people, very small, b u t n o w we fe«] s t r o n g b e c a u s e we h a v e e n tered int.u a big n a t i o n - t h a t is> the Australian nation, and we h a v e rights w h ich are t h e sa m e as o t h e r Australian. One more matter which is most important is our cu s t o m s and practices. We hav e i n t e g ra t e d w i t h A u s t r a l i a but that doe s not mea n we have thrown a w a y our customs. The Australian G o v e r n m e n t has p r o m i s e d th a t it will h e l p us to p r o t e c t our customs. D a l a m snatu u s a h a dekolonisasi., mulai

dari

suatu

tindakan

dasar

mernang h a r u s diyang

bersifat

m e n g e m b a l i k a n i d e n t i t a s p e n d u d u k y a n g sebenarnya,

yakni

kepribadiannya yang terbentuk berdasarkan patokan-patokan n i l a i sosi n-kultur&lnya.

30 P e n u l i s a n S c j a r a h K e p u l a u a n C ocos (Keeling) t e r u t a m a d i k u t i p d a r i KBRI Canberra, B e b e r a o a Ca t a t a n Tentang : A u s t r a l i a Territories. Australia, Oktober, 1970. 31 ifrid, , h. 31. 32 i b i d . . h. 32. 33 P e t e r Hasting, "A Tale of Two Islands : C o c o s / C h r i s t m a s Story", N e w .Guinea and__ Australia, E a s i f i e and S o u t h - E a s t Asia, Oktober, 1974, h. 7.

The the

34 KBRI Canberra,

op

. c i t . . h. 34.

35 i b i d . . h. 35. 36 ibid

Skripsi



52 i b i d . . h. 67. 53 D e p a r t m e n t of Territories, Annual Re port 1984IS,£5 > Australian Government Publishing Servioe, Canberra, 1986, h. 40. t 54 i b i d ., h. 46. 55 ,, h. 64.

Skripsi



37 ibid, . h. 33. 38 Pet -f.tr Hastings, 39 ■ i11:'i>t. , h.

on. cit. . h.

10.

11.

40 i b i d . ■ h. 5. 41 i b i d . , h.

13.

42 D e p a r t m e n t Of Territories, Annual R e p o r t 19831 9 8 4 . A u s t r l i a n G o v e r n m e n t P u b l i s h i n g Service, Canberra, 1985, h. 61. 43 P e t e r Hastings,

o p

.

nit. . h.

12.

44 i b i d . . h. 14. 45 46 ibid. . h. 17. 47 Bahasa y a n g d’ ipergunakan penduduk setempat s e h a r i ^ h a r i a d a l a h B a h a s a Melayu, k a r e n a s e b a g i a n b e sar n e n e k inoyang m e r e k a k e t u r u n a n Melayu. O l e h k a r e n a • itu, p e n d u d u k s e t e m p a t d i s e b u t p u l a "Cocos Malay". 48 P e t e r Hastings,

op

. c i t . . h. 8.

49 i b i d . . h.

19.

50 D e p a r t m e n t of Territories, 51

Skripsi

op

. cit. . h. 63.

ibid



B A B

TV

P E N U T U P

1. K e s i m p u i.an Salah satu p e n g h a m b a t p r o s e s p e r k e m b a n g a n p r i n s i p self-determination

adalah sifatnya yang mudah

berubah.

Tafsir

tentang prinsip self-determination bisa

antara

pihak

yang satu dengan

s u d u t p a n d a n g si penafsir. katan

mengenai

lain,

tergantung

Akibatnya,

tidak ada kesepa-

prinsip

self-determination

pengertian

s e r t a pe n e r a p a n n y a .

yang

berbeda

Sehingga prinsip self-determination

tidak d i o a n t u m k a n d a l a m konvftnsi L i g a B a n g s a Bangsa. Prinsip self-determination mengalami perkembangan yang

p e s a t s e t e l a h d i c a n t u m k a n d a l a m P i a g a m PBB,

dalam

pasal

1 (2) d a n p a s a l

55.

Lebih-lebih

yaitu se t e l a h

negara-negara Afro-Asia yang baru merdeka diterima

men-

jadi

baru

a n g g o t a PBB.

Sehingga menciptakan mayoritas

dalam

M a j e l i s U m u m PBB,

Dunia

Ketiga

yang biasa disebut

d a l a m M a j e l i s Umum".

"Mayoritas

Denman

dikuasainya

f o r u m M a j e l i s U m u m P B B ole h n e g a r a - n e g a r a D u n i a Majelis hak

Ketiga,

U m u m P B B b e r h a s i l m e n g e l u a r k a n resolusi t e n t a n g

self-determination,

D e s e m b e r 1960.

y a i t u r e s o l u s i 1514

(XV)

14

Dengan semakin banyaknya pelaksanaan hak

self-determination

berdasarkan

reso l u s i

tersebut

di

41

Skripsi



42 atas (lihat h a l a m a n 14),

h a k se3 f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n berkern-

b a n g men j a d i h u k u m k e b i a s a a n international. kian,

hak

Dengan demi-

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n a d a l a h h a k d a l a m arti h u

kum. Dalam

res o l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 1514 (XV)

I960,

s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n d i a r t i k a n d e n g a n “i n d e p e n d e n c e " / y a n g menyebabkan Dengan

negara-negara

dikeluarkannya

kolonial

bersikap

r e sol u s i M a j e l i s U m u m

abstain. PBB

1541

(XV) 15 P e s e m b e r 1960 d a n r e s o l u s i M a j e l i s U m u m P B B 2625 (XXV) 1970, tasinya,

d i b e r i k a n a l t e r n a t i f lain se b a g a i i m p l e m e n -

y a i t u “free a s s o c i a t i o n or i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h an

i n d e p e n d e n t State". nya

alternatif

Vang menjadi

pertimbangan diberikan-

t e r s e b u t di atas

adalah,

tidak

semua

w i l a y a h y a n g b e l u m m e r d e k a raampu b e r d i r i se n d i r i sebagai negara

merdeka.

ekonomi* warga

Hal

demografi,

tersebut bisa dikarenakan m a u p u n teritorial,

faktor

seperti halnya

K e p u l a u a n C o c o s (Keeling) y a n g mernilih

i n t egrasi

d e n g a n Australia. D i t i n j a u dari ko n d i si K e p u l a u a n Cocos satu-satunya integrasi.

pilihan Dari

yang

dapat

segi ekonomi,

d a n t i a d a n y a s u m b e r d a y a alam, warganya

akan

Clunies-Ross Kepulauan pengaruh

Skripsi

bergantung

atau

(Keeling),

dilaksanakan

karena kecilnya wilayah untuk mencukupi kebutuhan

pada

p i h a k lain.

bantuan

:Dari

Australia,

segi

geopolitik,

C o c o s (Keeling) ak a n m e n j a d i a j a n g negara

adalah

lain m e n g i n g a t p n y i s i n y a

perebutan

yang

yangat



43

strategis. tional salah

.Jadi, p i l i h a n " I n d e pendence" d a l a m arti "na

s o v e r e i g n t y " a k an' b e r a r t i p e n u n d u k a n satu n e g a r a d e n g a n

uteny intpang

d i r i : pada

k o n s e k u e n s i n y a y a n g akan jauh

d a r i k e m e r d e k a a n yan g d i i n g i n k a n

serf,a

rne-

n g i n g k a r i arti k e m e r d e k a a n itu sendiri. P i l i h a n "free a s s o c i a t i o n " jelas akan peluang

Cluni e s - R o s s u n t u k

bagi

cara-oara

kembali

memberikan melaksanakan

yang feodalistis terhadap penduduk

aoternpat.;

J u s t r u kondisi ini y a n g ingin d i c e g a h d e n g a n p e l s k s a n a a n hak self-determination.

Agar

tidak menimbulkan perbedaan penafsiran dan

u n t u k m e n j a m i n k e p a s t i a n hukumnya,

perlu diadakan

vensi t e n t a n g h a k s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n , h u k u m d i p l o m a t i k maupu'n h u k u m laut.

ko n -

sebagaimana h&lnya Dalam konvensi^ter

s e b u t b i s a p u l a d i m a s u k k a n p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p lain,

misal-

n y a p r i n s i p n o n d i s k r i m i n as i. Osaha

dekolonisasi

p o l i t i k s e m & t a-mata, aspek

ekonomi,

.sangkulan.

Oleh

bukanlah

penoapai&n

tetapi menyangkut pula pengembangan

sosial,

dan b u d a y a p e n d u d u k y a n g

k a r e n a itu,

Kepulauan

t e r a t a s inya

Cocos (Keeling) y a n g

k et e r be 1 akan g a n

*ber-

bagi P e m e r i n t a h A u s t r a l i a

y a n g p e n t i n g a d a l a h m e m b a n g u n k e h i d u p a n y a n g layak warga

status

dan

dapat

bagi

,m e n j a m i n

k e t e r g ant.ung an • yan g

t e l a h t e r e i p t a s e l a m a ini.

Skripsi



DAFTAR BACAAN

Buku Akehurst, M i c h a e l B. , A M o d e r n I n t r o d u c t i o n to I n t e r n a tional L a w ; cet. IV, G e o r g e A l l e n d and U n w i n Ltd., London, .1982. Alexander, Y o n a h d a n R o b e r t A. F r i e d l a n d e r (ed.), Se]fD e t e r m i n a t i o n : National., R egional, and Globa) DiEQan&ions., W e s t v i e w Press, Colorado, 1980. Brownlie, lan, P r i n c i p l e s of P u b l i c I n t e r n a t i o n a l Law. C l a r e n d o n Press, .Oxford, 1973, Erickson, R i c h a r d J.., I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w and T h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y State. A.W. .SijtUoff, Leiden, 1972. Friedman, Wolfgang, Legal T h e o r y . cet. V, C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y Press, N e w York, 1970. Levi, Werner. C o n t e m p o r a r y I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w : A C o n c i s e I n t r o d u c t i o n . W e s t v i e w P r e s s ;, Colorado, 1979. M a r b a n g u n Ha r d j o w i r o g o , Jakarta, 1981'.

ty$k-Hak M a n u s i a . Y a y a s a n Idayu,

Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, cet. Ill, Binacipta,

Pengantar Hukum Bandung, 1981.

Internasional. ** *

Parry, Clive, The S o u r c e s and. Evidences__Qf Internati onal L a w . M a n c h e s t e r U n i v e r s i t y Press, Manchester, J965. Thirlway, H.W.A., f i c a t i o n . cet.

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C u s t o m a r y L a w and C o d i Ill, A.W. Sijthoff, Leiden, 1972.

Ensiklorcdi dan Ramus A D i c t i o n a r y of P o l i t i c a l , A n a l y s i s , London, 1971. B l a c k 's__._Law D i c t i o n a r y . 1979. E n s 1k 1opedi I n d o n e s i a . ta, 1982.

Skripsi

cet.

V,

L o n g m a n G r o u p Ltd., We s t P u b l i s h i n g Co. ,

Ichtiar Ba r u - Van Hoeve, J a k a r



The

N e w Wfthw1,g»r E n c y c l o p e d i c D i c t i o n a r y o f Flnglish n g u a g e . G r o o l i e s , N e w York, 1970.

La

Majslsb A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of I n t e r n ational L a w . September, 1970. ________

, No. 4, Vol.

65, .September,

________

, No.

5, Vol.

65, Oktober,

1971.

________

, No.

1, Vol.

70, Januari,

1976.

No.

4, Vol.

1971.

B r i t i s h Y e a r b o o k ..of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w , R oyal of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Affairs, London, 1976. Harvard International La ^ J o u r n a l , mer, 1977. Nfitt__ G u i n e a arid_AustraliaJ_ A s i a . Oktober, 1974.

64,

Institute

No. 3, Vol.

t h e P a s i f i c and

18,, S u m

ffouth-East

Terbitan Khusus D e p a r t m e n t of T e r r i tories, Annual R e p o r t 1983 - 1984. A u s t r a l i a n G o v e r n m e n t P u b l i s h i n g Service, Canberra, 1985. _________ * . A n r m a l _ R e g Q r t ..1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 5 , A u s t r a l i a n v e r n m e n t P u b l i s h i n g Service, Canberra, 1986. KBRI

Canberra, Beberapa Catatan tentang T e r r i t o r i e s . Australia, Oktober, 1970.

:

Australian

15 UN G A O R Supp.

16, 66, UN Doc.

A / 468 4 (I960)

15 UN G A O R Supp.

16, 29, UN Doc.

A / 4684 (1960)

25 UN G A O R Supp.

28,

Skripsi

Go

122, UN Doc. A / 8028 (1970)



il'H'

It'iO'

i~ iwv

im' -

*-mo*

inr -

I N D I A

N

O C E A

- trir

N

»ru* -

CO CO S (KEELING) ISLANDS -

U lO M I I M I

4

-Z

) 4

•IL O M IT M t

N*H‘

I

_ L _

N M P 76/1B1.1

Skripsi



T h e A c l o f S c lf J H 't iT m in n lin n

O p tio n s

p r o v id e s th a t lic e

f

a s s o c ia tio n s h o u ld b e th e r e s u lt o f

fr e e a n d v o lu n t a r y c h o ic e b y th e p e o p le s o f th e

P aper f o r presentation l<>the C ocos M alay com m unity, O ctober l l) 83

t e r r i i o i y c o n c e r n e d a n il th e y s h o u ld h a v e th e fr e e d o m

Pream ble

a ls o s a y s th a t p e o p le s h o u ld h a v e th e r i g h t t o

1

to a lt e r th e a r r a n g e m e n ts i f th e y w a n l. T h e

A s a n o n - s e lf - g o v e r n in g t e r r it o r y . th e C o c o s

( K e e li n g ) I s la n d s a r c c o v e r e d b y A r t i c l e U N

7 3 o f th e

C h a r ie r o b lig in g m e tr o p o lita n p o w e r s to e n s u re ,

d e te r m in e

th e ir o w n

P r in c ip le

in t e r n a l a r r a n g e m e n ts w it h o u t

o u t s id e in le if c r e n c e . 7

U n d e r th is o p tio n , a n a g r e e m e n t w o u ld b e

w it h d u e re s p e c t lo r th e c u lt u r e o l th e p e o p le s

n e g o t ia t e d b e tw e e n A u s t r a lia a n d th e C o c o s M a la y

c o n c e r n e d , ih e p o li t i c a l, e c o n o m ic , s o c ia l a n d

c o m m u n ity u n d e r w h ic h

e d u c a t io n a l a d v a n c e m e n t o l' n o n - s e lf - g o v e r n in g

b e h a lf o f th e c o m m u n it y , a ll m a tte r s r e la t in g to

A u s t r a lia w o u ld c o n d u c t, o n

t e r r it o r ie s u n d e r t h e ir c o n t r o l a n d th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f

d c fc n c c a n d r e la t io n s w it h

s e lf - g o v e r n m e n t in t h o s e t e r r it o r ie s ; b y

(h e in d e p e n d e n c e o p t io n , th e c o m m u n i iy w o u ld

U N

t o d e te r m in e h o w

R e s o lu tio n

1 5 1 4 s l a t i n g t h a t a l l j> e o p lc s h a v e th e

r ig h t to s e lf d e t e r m in a tio n a n d c a llin g

f o r th e tr a n s fe r

th e o u t s id e w o r ld . A s w it h have

t h e y w e r e lo g o v e r n th e m s e lv e s ,

th e s ta n d a r d s o f s e r v ic e s th a t w o u ld b e p io v i d c d

and

o f a ll p o w e r s to th e p e o p le s o f n o n - s e lf - g o v e r n in g

th e w a y s b y w h ic h r e v e n u e w o u l d b e r a is e d t o p a y f o r

t e r r it o r ie s ; a n d h y R e s o lu t io n

th e s e t h in g s a n d

1 5 4 I s la tin g th a t a

f o r im p o r ts ,

n o n - s e l f - g o v e r n i n g t e r r i t o r y c a n b e .s a id t o h a v e

K

r e a c h e d a f u l l m e a s u r e o f s e lf - g o v e r n m e n t w h e n it

m a t e r ia ls a n d f in a n c ia l s u p |X > rl b u t w o u ld n o t b e

a c h ie v e s e it h e r in d e p e n d e n c e , f r e e a s s o c ia t io n w it h

o b lig e d t o p r o v id e A u s t r a lia n le v e ls o f s e r v ic e s a n d

a n in d e p e n d e n t s ta te , o r in t e g r a t io n w it h

an

S im ila r ly , to o . A u s t r a lia w o u ld p r o v id e jid v ic e .

s ta n d a r d o f liv in g .

in d e p e n d e n t s la t e .

y

2

e lig ib le

A

b r ie f e x p la n a t io n o f e a c h s e lf d e t e r m in a tio n

o p t io n a n d h o w

it c o u ld b e e x p e c te d to a ffe c t th e

C o c o s M a la y c o m m u n iiy f o llo w s .

fo r U N

m e m b e r s h ip b u t A u s tr a lia , a s p a r t o f

its s t e w a r d s h ip o f f o r e i g n a f f a ir s , w o u l d s e e k to o b t a in w h a t e v e r U N

Independence 3

T h e C o c o s ( K e e lin g ) Is la n d s w o u l d n o t b e

a s s is ta n c e w a s a v a ila b le .

Integration

U n d e r th e in d e p e n d e n c e o p t io n , th e C o c o s M a la y

c o m m u n it y w o u ld b e c o m p le t e ly r e s p o n s ib le

f o r a ll

a s p e c ts o f t h e ir liv e s , in c lu d in g

fo r e ig n a ff a ir s a n d

d e fe n c e . It w o u ld b e u p to th e m

to d e te r m in e h o w

th e y w o u ld g o v e r n th e m s e lv e s , h o w

t h e y w o u l d r a is e

10

P r in c ip le ( v i i i ) a tta c h e d to U N

R e s o lu t io n

1541

p r o v id e s t h a t in t e g r a t io n w i t h a n in d e p e n d e n t s ta te . s h o u ld b e o n t h e b a s is o f c o m p le t e e q u a l i t y b e t w e e n th e p e o p le s o f Ih e t e r r it o r y in q u e s tio n a n d th o s e o f th e in d e p e n d e n t c o u n t r y w it h

w h i c h i t is t o b e

re v e n u e lo b u y s u p p lie s , a n d th e le v e l a n d m e th o d o f in t e g r a t e d . l: q u a lit y s h o u ld in c lu d e o p p o r t u n it ie s lo r f u n d in g o f s e r v ic e s , in c lu d in g e d u c a t io n a m i h e a lt h , e f f e c t iv e p a r tic ip a t io n a t a ll e x e c u t iv e , le g is la t iv e a n d th a t w o u ld b e p r o v id e d

to th e c o m m u n ity .

The

j u d i c i a l le v e ls .

c o m m u n it y w o u ld o w n a ll I h e la n d a n d h e n c e a ll th e f a c i lit ie s in

th e T e r r i t o r y a n d w o t d d b e r e s p o n s ib le

c o m m u n ic a t io n s w it h

11

U n d e r t h is o p t io n . C o c o s M a la y s c o u ld c o n t in u e

to b e A u s t r a lia n c itiz e n s w it h

f o r t h e ir u p k e e p in c lu d in g th e a ir f ie ld a n d

Ih e r i g h t t o r e s id e

p e r m a n e n t ly in A u s t r a lia . T h e y w o u ld

th e o u ts id e w o r ld .

h a v e th e r ig h ts

a n d p r iv ile g e s o f a ll A u s t r a lia n c itiz e n s a n d . o f 4

I n k e e p in g w it h h e r p o l i c y o f h e lp in g in d e p e n d e n t

s ta le s , p a ii ic u l a r ly in

c o u r s e , th e o b lig a t io n s o f a ll A u s t r a lia n c it iz e n s . F o r

h e r o w n a re a o f th e w o iK I. in s ta n c e , in d u e c o u r s e , w h e n t h e ir in c o m e s r is e to

A u s t r a lia c o u ld b e e x p e c te d to s u p p ly a d v ic e ,

Ih e le v e l a t w h ic h o th e r A u s t r a lia n s p a y in c o m e t a x .

m a te r ia ls a n d m o n e y to th e n c w ly - in d c p c n d c n t s ta te . A u s t r a lia w o u ld n o t . h o w e v e r , h a v e a n o b lig a t io n to

th e y c o u ld

b e r e q u ir e d to p a y in c o m e t a x . b e c a u s e

th e e c o n o m y o f th e Is la n d s h a s n o t y e t d e v e lo p e d p r o v id e A u s t r a lia n

le v e ls o f s e r v ic e s a n d s ta n d a r d o f

f u l l y , it is in t e n d e d t o r e v ie w

in th r e e y e a r s lim e th e

liv i n g , a s s h e w o u ld b e o b lig e d t o d o u n d e r th e e x is t in g e x e m p t io n f r o m

in t e g r a t io n o p t io n . 5

T h e n c w ly - in d c p c n d c n t s ta te w o u ld b e e n t it le d to

12

A u s t r a lia , a s a m u lt i- c u lt u r a l s o c ie t y c o m m it t e d

t o r e s p e c tin g a p p ly to jo in

in c o m e ta x .

ih e r ig h t s a n d t r a d i t i o n s o f m i n o r it y

th e U n it e d N a t io n s a n d its a g e n c ie s . c u lt u r e s , w o u ld c o n t in u e to p r o te c t th e Is la n d e r s '

S o m e a s s is t a n c e c o u ld

b e e x p e c te d fr o m

Ih c s e

a g e n c ie s b u t c o n t r ib u t io n s w o u ld b e le v ie d

fo r

r i g h t s in t h i s r e g a r d . A s s is t a n c e w o u l d m a in t a in in g

m e m b e r s h ip .

Skripsi

in

p u r s u its .

Free A ssociation 6

b e g iv e n

t r a d itio n a l a ils , c r a fts a n d o th e r c u lt u r a l

13

P r in c ip le ( v ii) a tta c h e d to U N

R e s o lu t io n

154 I

A s h a s b e e n th e p r a c tic e

in r e la t io n to o th e r

c o m m u n itie s , th e A u s t r a lia n G o v e r n m e n t w o u ld



tin w

m i o b li g a t io n t o r a is e th e C o c o s M u la y s e r v ic e s

iu u l s ta n d a r d n f l i v i n g

o w n e r s h i p o f t h e C o u n c i l t h e la n d a t p r e s e n t le a s e d t o

t o A u s t r a lia n le v e ls ; a s p u n o f

th e C o - o p e r a t iv e ,

t h is c o m m it m e n t A u s t r a lia w o u l d c o n li iu i e ( o h e lp

2 0

( h e c o m m u n it y e x a m in e

a ll le v e ls o f th e A u s t r a lia n ju d i c ia l s y s te m

w a y s o f b r o a d e n in g I h e

I s la n d s ' e c o n o m ic h a s e b y d e v e lo p in g a lt e r n a t iv e

C o c o s M a la y s w o u ld c o n tin u e to h a v e a c c e s s to

a v e m f lt t f o r a p p e a l a g a in s t o r o b je c t io n

iiu lu s ir ic .N a n d m e a s u r e s a im e d a t g r e a t e r

in c lu d in g

to

a d m in i s t r a t iv e d e c is io n s .

s c l f - s u f l i c i e n c y . I ( is t h e i n t e n t i o n t h a t ( h is w i l l b e a c h ie v e d a s s o o n a s p o s s ib le , c o m m e n s u r a te w it h a v a ila b ility o f re s o u rc e s fr o m

th e c o m m u n i t y h u t in n o t m o r e th a n r e v ie w

m c c h a n is r n

th e

b o th G o v e rn m e n t a n d 10 y e a rs . A

w il l b e im p le m e n te d . T h e G r a n ts

C o m m is s io n , u s e d b y th e A u s t r a lia n G o v e r n m e n t o v e r t h e la s t 5 0 y e a r s f o r s u c h t a s k s , w i l l b e a s k e d t o r e p o rt to th e G o v e r n m e n t o n p ro g re s s a fte r 5

y e a rs .

P h ila t e lic re v e n u e w o u ld c o n t in u e to b e p a s s e d t o th e C o u n c il lo r c o m m u n ity u s e . M

In r e c o g n it io n o f th e im p o r ta n c e o f e d u c a tio n

f o r th e fu tu r e o f th e C o c o s M a la y p e o p le , A u s t r a lia - w ill c o n t in u e t o g iv e p r io r it y to p r o v id in g e d u c a tio n f a c i lit ie s o f t h e h ig h e s t s ta n d a r d p o s s ib le , w it h th e a im

o f e q u ip p in g C o c o s M a la y s t o t a k e o v e r o f l ic ia l

p o s it io n s a t a ll le v e ls . G o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y m e n t o f G t c o s M a la y s w o u ld b e p r o g r e s s iv e ly e x p a n d e d . H e a lth

f a c i lit ie s in c lu d in g a e r ia l e v a c u a t io n

w o u ld b e

m a in t a in e d a n d im p r o v e d . 15

A u s t r a lia p r o p o s e s t o e x te n d a ll a p p r o p r ia te

C o m m o n w e a lt h

la w s t o th e T e r r it o r y w h ic h a t

p r e s e n t d o n o t a p p ly , in c lu d in g s o c ia l s e c u r it y a n d h e a lth le g is la t io n . 16

In p u r s u in g th e s e o b je c t iv e s , h o w e v e r , th e

A u s t r a lia n G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e c o n s c io u s o f th e d a n g e rs o f o v e r ly - r a p id c h a n g e f o r th e c o m m u n ity a n d w o u ld c o n s u lt c lo s e ly w it h

th e c le c t c d

r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s o f th e c o m m u n i t y a b o u t a n y p r o p o s e d m e a s u re s . 17

T h e a im

w o u l d b e t o le a v e th e c o m m u n i t y ,

t h r o u g h it s e le c t e d r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s , t o m a n a g e it s o w n a f f a ir s t o th e g r e a te s t e x te n t p o s s ib le , a n d . w it h o u t in te r fe r e n c e

in it s c u lt u r e , t r a d it io n s , r e lig io n a n d

la n d u s e , t o g iv e th e C o c o s M a la y c o m m u n i t y d e m o c r a t ic a lly c le c t c d r e p r e s e n ta t io n a t T e r r i t o r ia l a n d F e d e r a l le v e ls a p p r o p r ia t e to t h e ir c ir c u m s t a n c e s . T o ’th is e n d . A u s t r a lia w o u ld e x p a n d th e p o w e r s a n d f u n c t io n s o f th e C o c o s ( K e e li n g ) Is la n d s C o u n c il to in c lu d e a p p r o p r ia t e r e s p o n s ib ilit ie s g o in g b e y o n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t p o w e r s in a re a s a f f e c t in g t h e ir d a ily liv e s . T h e ju r is d ic t io n

o f th e C o u n c il w o u ld b e

e x p a n d e d t o in c lu d e th e e n t ir e T e r r i t o r y . T h e C o u n c il w o u ld c o n t in u e t o h a v e a n a d v is o r y r o le o n a n y m a tte r s a ff e c t in g th e T e r r it o r y b e y o n d t h e ir p r o p o s e d p o w e r s . In a d d it io n , a ll a d u lt Is la n d e r s w o u l d h a v e a v o te

in F e d e r a l e le c t io n s a n d n a t io n a l r e fe r c n d u m s ,

F o r th is p u r p o s e . C o c o s w o u ld b e jo in e d

to th e N T

e le c t o r a t e . IK

A u s t r a lia w o u ld c o n t in u e t o b e r e s p o n s ib le f o r

t h e d e f e n c e o f t h e is la n d s . 19

T h e A u s t r a lia n C jo v c m m c n t r e c o g n is c s th e

p r o f o u n d s ig n i lic a n c c o f th e la n d f o r th e C o c o s M a la y c o m m u n ity a n d w o u ld V a n s f e r to th e

K5!tIK

FBRrUSTAKAAH

\

••BITERS!!AS A 1R L A N 004- j

M I R A B Skripsi

A * * ___

J



THE T E R R ITO R Y OF CO CO S (KEELING) ISLA N D S

Referendum (Self-determination) Ordinance

1984 No. i of 1984 I, T H E G O V E R N O R - G E N E R A L of the Commonwealth of Australia, acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council, hereby make the following Ordinance under the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act !955. Dated 14 March 1984. N. M. S T E P H E N Governor-General By His Excellency’ s Command, TO M UREN Minister of State for Territories and Local Government

An Ordinance relating to the conduct of a referendum P A R T I— P R E L I M I N A R Y Short title 1. This Ordinance may be cited as the determination) Ordinance 1984.'

Referendum

(Self-

Interpretation 2. In this Ordinance, unless the contrary intention appears

“ absent vote”means a vote cast at a mobile polling station by an elector referred to in sub-section 16 (1); “ elector”means a person whose name ison the roll; “Gazette”means the Government Gazette of the Territory; “Committee of Appeal” means the Committee constituted under sub-section 8(1);

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R eferen d u m (S elf-d eterm in a tio n )

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“ referendum”means the referendum conducted for the purposes of this Ordinance; “referendum day”means 6 April 1984; “ the roll”means the electoral roll prepared, under subjection 5 *(I), for the purposes of the referendum. P A R T II— A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Returning Officer and scrutineers 3. (I) The Administrator shall, by notice published in the Gazette,appoint a person to be the Returning Officer in relation to the referendum. (2) The Administrator shall, by notice in writing published in the Gazette, appoint not less than 2 persons to be scrutineers in relation to the referendum. PARI III— H O L D I N G O F R E F E R E N D U M The referendum 4. (I) for the purpose of ascertaining the preference of the electors in relation to proposals relating to the peace, order and good government of the Territory, there shall be a referendum which, subject to this Ordinance, shall be held on 6 April 1984 in the Territory. (2) The proposals to be put to the electors at the referendum shall be the proposals set out in the ballot paper in the Schedule. Electoral roll 5. (1) The Minister shall, by notice published in the Gazette, appoint a person to prepare an electoral roll for the purposes of the referendum.

(2) A notice for the purposes of sub-section (1) shall contain the name and the address of the person appointed under that sub-section. (3) An elector isentitled to vote in the referendum. (4) The names of the persons who are, when the roll is prepared, enrolled on the electoral roll prepared and maintained under sub-section 17 (2) of the Local Government Ordinance 1979 shall be entered by the person appointed under sub-section (1) on the roll. (5) Where the person appointed under sub-section (1) is aware of the name of a person whose name does not appear on the roll but who isentitled to be an elector, he shall, before the roll is published under sub-section (7), enter the name of that person on the roll. (6) Where the person appointed under sub-section (1) is aware of the name of a person whose name appears on the roll but who is not entitled to be an elector, he shall, before the roll is published under sub-section (7), remove the name of that person from the roll.

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(7) The person appointed under sub-section (1) shall cause the roll lo be published in the Gazette not later than 16 March 1984. Alteration of roll— upon application 6. (1) A person who is entitled to be enrolled, but whose name does not appear on the roll,may claim to have his name entered on the roll.

(2) A claim referred to in sub-section (1) shall be made orally or in writing to the person appointed under sub-section 5 (I) so as to be received by him before 5 o’ clock in the afternoon of 26 March 1984. (3) Where the person appointed under sub-section 5 (1) is of the opinion that a person who has made a claim under sub-section (1) is eligible to be an elector, he shall cause the name of that person to be entered on the roll. (4) Where the person appointed under sub-section 5 (1) is of the opinion that a person who has made a claim under sub-section (1) isnot eligible to be an elector, he shall reject the claim and shall give notice of the rejection to the claimant forthwith. (5) The person appointed under sub-section 5(1) shall not accept a claim under sub-section (1) received by him after 5 o’ clock in the afternoon of 26 March 1984. (6) N o alteration under this section shall be made to the roll between 6 o’ clock in the afternoon on 26 March 1984 and the day on which the result of the referendum isdeclared. Alteration of roll— in certain circumstances without application 7. (1) Subject to sub-section (4), the person appointed under sub-section 5(1) shall remove from the roll the name of any person who— (a) isdead; or (b) ceases to be eligible to be an elector.

(2) Where the person appointed under sub-section 5(1) removes, under paragraph (1) (b), a name frofh the roll, he shall inform the person concerned as soon as possible of the removal of his name from the roll. (3) Subject to sub-section (4), the person appointed under sub-section 5(1) may correct a name on the roll where he is informed of a change in that name. (4) No alteration under this section shall be made to the roll between 6 o’ clock in the afternoon on 26 March 1984 and the day on which the result of the referendum isdeclared, Appeals 8. (1) The Minister may, by notice published in the Gazette, appoint 3 persons to constitute a Committee of Appeal.

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R efe re n d u m {S elf-d eterm in a tio n )

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(2) A person(a) who has made a claim under sub-scction 6(1) and whose claim has been rejecled under sub-section 6 (4); (b) who, not being a person referred to in paragraph (a), has made a claim under sub-section 6(1) and whose name has not been entered, or isnot correctly entered, on the roll;or (c) whose name has been removed from the roll, may apply to the Committee of Appeal for an order under this section. (3) An application under this section may be made either orally or in writing and shall be made to the Committee of Appeal, or in writing to the Returning Officer who shall forward such an application received by him to the Committee of Appeal, before referendum day. (4 ) The Committee of Appeal shall hear and determine an application made under thissection.

(5) In hearing and determining an application made under this section (a) the procedure of the Committee of Appeal shall, subject to this Ordinance, be determined by the Committee; (b) the proceedings shall be conducted with as little formality and technicality, and with as much expedition, as the requirements of this Ordinance, and a proper consideration of the application, permit; and (c) the Committee isnot bound by rules of evidence. (6) Where the Committee of Appeal hears and determines an application made under this section, itmay order that the name of the applicant be entered, correctly entered or reinstated*on the roll, as the case requires. (7) The person appointed under sub-section 5(1) shall give effect to an order made by the Committee of Appeal under this section. Persons entitled to have their names entered on the roll 9. A person— (a) who has attained the age of 18 years; (b) whose principal place of residence is on Home Island in the Territory; and (c) whose principal place of residence was on Home Island in the Territory during the whole of the period of 12 months immediately preceding 26 March 1984, is,subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, entitled to have his name entered on the roll. P A R T IV— V O T I N G Voting at the referendum 10. (1) The referendum shall be by secret ballot.

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' N o. I. 1984

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(2) Subject to section 17, the voting at the referendum shall commence at 8 o'clock in the morning on referendum day and shall conclude at 3 o'clock in the afternoon on that day. Polling places and staff 11. (1) The poff for the referendum shaff be tafcen ai such p/ace or pfaces as the Returning Officer, by notice published in tht Gazette, appoints.

(2) The Returning Officer may, in a notice referred to in sub-section (I), appoint a mobile polling station solely for the taking of absent votes and shall, in the notice appointing that mobile polling station, state the days on which and the times and places, whether inside or outside the Territory, at which that mobile polling station will be open to receive absent votes. (3) Subject to this section, the Returning Officer shall appoint a Presiding Officer for each polling place. (4) Where the Returning Officer appoints more than 1 polling place, he may be the Presiding Officer at a polling place. (5) Where the Returning Officer appoints only 1 polling place, he shall be the Presiding Officer at that polling place. (6) The Returning Officer may appoint a poll clerk to assist the Presiding Officer at a polling place. (7) At each polling place there shall be 1 or more separate voting compartments. (8) Subject lo sub-sections 13 (7), (9) and (11), a person who is not an elector about to vote shall not enter a voting compartment during the poll. Penalty: $10. (9) The Returning Officer shall not appoint a person under the age of 18 years to be a Presiding Officer or poll clerk. (10) In this section, a reference to a polling place includes a reference to a mobile polling station. Ballot papers, voting stamps and ballot boxes 12. (1) Subject to this section, the ballot papers to be used for the purposes of the referendum shall be substantially in accordance with the ballot paper set out in the Schedule.

'(2) Subject to this section, the Administrator shall determine the form of the voting stamps to be used for the purposes of the referendum. (3) The Returning Officer shall furnish to each Presiding OlVicer a sufficient number of ballot papers and voting stamps. (4) The voting stamps shall be identical in colour, configuration and detail, shall be specially printed for the referendum and each shall be capable of being affixed to the ballot paper to indicate a vote.

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R i'jcri’mlunt (S vlf-ih -tcrm in a tion )

N o. /, 19X4

(5) The description of a proposal to be put lo the electors shall appear on the ballot paper under a symbol representing the proposal and there shall be sufficient space below the description for a voting stamp to be affixed in that space. (6) The Presiding Officer shall initial each ballot paper on the back before delivering it to an elector voting at the polling place at which he presides. (7) The Returning Officer shall furnish to each Presiding Officer a ballot box capable of being locked and with an opening in the top through which the ballot papers may be deposited. (8) A ballot box furnished to a Presiding Officer under sub-section (7), other than an absent vote ballot box referred to in sub-section 17 (I), shall be displayed empty to electors present immediately before the commencement of polling and then it shall be locked and sealed and shall remain locked throughout the polling and its key shall be retained by a scrutineer. Method of voting 13. (1) An elector may vote at any polling place or mobile polling station appointed by the Returning Officer. (2) Subject to sub-section 15 (3), the Presiding Officer at a polling place shall deliver to each elector desiring to vote at that polling place a ballot paper initialled in accordance with sub-section 12 (6). (3) Subject to sub-section 15 (3), the Presiding Officer at a polling place shall deliver to each elector desiring to vote at that polling place a voting stamp furnished to the Presiding Officer under sub-section 12 (3). (4) Where the Presiding Officer has delivered a ballot paper and voting stamp to an elector in accordance with sub-sections (2) and (3) he shall place a mark against the name of that elector on a copy of the roll. (5) An elector who has received a ballot paper and voting stamp under sub-sections (2) and (3) shall— (a) enter a voting compartment; (b) without leaving the compartment, affix the voting stamp in the space on the ballot paper below the proposal for which he wishes to vote; (c) fold the ballot paper so as to conceal his vote; and (d) in the presence of Presiding Officer, place the ballot paper in the ballot box. (6) An elector may ask a Presiding Officer or poll clerk to identify the proposals on the ballot paper or to indicate to him the respective positions of the proposals on the ballot paper. (7) When an elector makes a request referred to in sub-section (6) of a Presiding Officer or poll clerk, the Presiding Officer or poll clerk shall accompany the elector to a voting compartment and shall there comply with that request.

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7

(8) In complying under sub-scction (7) with a-request, a Presiding Officer or poll clerk shall identify to ihe elector concerned each of the proposals on the ballot paper in the order in which itappears on the ballot papgr. (9) Where the sight of an elector is so impaired that he is unable to vote without assistance or where the elector cannot vote without assistance for some other reason, the Presiding Officer, in the presence of a scrutineer or another person chosen by the elector and, if necessary, an interpreter, shall affix ihe voting stamp on the ballot paper in accordance with the wishes of the elector. (10) A Returning Officer, scrutineer, interpreter or other person who assists an elector under this section shall not disclose to any person the nature of the vote of an elector exercised before him. Penally: $20. (11) Where a Presiding Officer or poll clerk complies, under sub-scction (7), with a request, a scrutineer and, ifnecessary, an interpreter may be present in the voting compartment. Spoilt ballot papers 14. (1) If any voter, before depositing his ballot paper in the ballot box, satisfies the Presiding Officer that he has spoilt the ballot paper by mistake or accident, he is entitled, on giving it up, to receive a new ballot paper from the Presiding Officer, who shall there and then cancel the spoilt ballot paper, mark itaccordingly and set itaside. (2) Where a voter has affixed his voting stamp to a ballot paper that he has given up as a spoilt ballot paper he is entitled, when he receives a new ballot paper, to receive a new voting stamp from the Presiding Officer, who shall there and then cancel the voting stamp on the spoilt ballot paper. (3) Spoilt ballot papers shall be retained by the Presiding Officer and handed by him to the Returning Officer in a parcel after the votes have been counted. Questions 15. (1) A Presiding Officer at a polling place shall ask an elector inlending to vote at that polling place to state his full name and address, whether he needs assistance in casting his vote and whether he has already voted at the referendum, but shall not ask an elector any other question. (2) A person shall not make a false statement in answer to a question asked of him in pursuance of sub-section (1). Penalty; $20. (3) A Presiding Officer shall not give a ballot paper or voting stamp lo a person unless (a) the person states his full name and address and that he has not already voted; and (b) the name of the person ison the roll.

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R e fe re n d u m (S elf-d eterm in a tio n )

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Absent vote application 16. (1) An elector who, on referendum day (a) by reason of illness or infirmity, will be unable to attend at a polling place to vote; (b) being a woman— because of pregnancy, will be unable to attend at a polling place to vote; or (c) will be absent from the Territory, may apply for an absent vote. (2) An application under paragraph (1) (a) or (b) shall be made not earlier than 16 March 1984 and not later than 3 o’ clock in the afternoon on 5 April 1984. (3) An application under paragraph (1) (c) shall be made not earlier than 16 March 1984 and not later than 3 o’ clock in the afternoon on 3 April 1984. (4) An application under sub-section (1) shall be made to the Returning Officer or to a Presiding Officer at a mobile polling station, shall state the reason for the application, and may be made either orally or in writing.

Mobile polling station 17. (1) A mobile polling station shall be equipped with a copy of the roll, a ballot box marked “Absent Vote Ballot Box", a voting compartment, ballot papers and voting stamps.

(2) Sections 12,13,14 and 15 apply to voting at a mobile polling station. (3) The ballot box issued in respect of a mobile polling station shall be displayed empty to electors present immediately before the first absent vote is cast, then locked, sealed and not opened again until the commencement of the counting of votes. (4 ) During the period commencing when the ballot box referred to in sub-section (3) is locked in accordance with that sub-section and ending immediately before the commencement of the counting of votes, the Returning Officer shall have custody of the key of the ballot box.

(5) An elector who applies for an absent vote under paragraph 16(1) (a) or (b) shall be visited by a mobile polling station on referendum day. (6) An elector who has applied for an absent vote under paragraph 16(1) (c) shall vote at a mobile polling station on a day before referendum day. (7) A mobile polling station shall not visit any elector after 3 o’ clock in the afternoon of referendum day.

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9

1>ART V — C O U N T I N G T H E V O T K S Counting the votes 18. (1) Subject to sub-section (2), immediately after the close of the poll at the referendum, the Presiding Officer at each polling place and mobile polling station shall bring, unopened, the ballot box from that place or station, as the case may be, to Ihe Returning Officer.

(2) The Presiding Officer at a mobile polling station, being a mobile polling station that is not open to receive votes on referendum day, shall cause the ballot box issued in respect of that station to be delivered to the Returning Officer on or before referendum day. (3) When the Returning Officer receives the ballot boxes referred to in sub-section (I), he shall cause each of them to be opened, together with any ballot box received by him in pursuance of sub-section (2), and the total number of formal votes polled in favour of each proposal to be ascertained in the presence of scrutineers. (4) The Returning Officer may appoint a person to assist him to count the votes. (5) Subject to section 19, where an elector has placed his voting stamp below a proposal on the ballot paper, his vote shall be recorded in favour of that proposal. Informal votes 19. (1) A vote shall be informal if—

(a) it isnot authenticated by the initials of a Presiding Officer; or (b) the intention of the voter can not be clearly ascertained from the ballot paper. (2) Informal votes shall be rejected when the votes are counted. Objections 20. (1) Where a scrutineer objects to a vote on the ground that it is informal, the Returning Officer shall mark the vote “ admitted”or “ rejected” according to his decision to admit or reject the vote.

(2) Sub-section (1) does not prevent the Returning Officer from rejecting a vote, being a vote in respect of which a scrutineer has not objected, as informal. Recount 21. At any time before the declaration under section 22 of the result of (he referendum, the Returning Officer may, of his own motion, or shall, at the request of a scrutineer, direct a re-count of the votes cast at the referendum.

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R efe re n d u m (S elf-d e te r m in a tio n )

N o. I, 1984

P A R T VI— R E S U L T O F R E F E R E N D U M Declaration of result of referendum 22. Before 6 o’ clock in the afternoon on 7 April 1984 the Returning Officer shall declare in public (a) the number of formal voles polled in favour of each proposal; and (b) the number of informal votes, and the Returning Officer shall give to the Administrator a notice specifying the matter so declared and cause a copy of that notice to be published in the Gazette. Validity of referendum 23. A court shall not declare the referendum to be void, or make any orderaffecting the result of the referendum, on account of any delay in the conduct of the referendum, in the polling or in the declaration of the result, or on account of any absence or error of, or omission by, any person, being an absence, error or omission that did not, in the opinion of the court, affect the result of the referendum. P A R T VII— C O M P U L S O R Y V O T I N G A N D O F F E N C E S Compulsory voting 24. (1) As soon as practicable after the declaration under section 22 of the result of the referendum, the Returning Officer shall prepare, from the copies of the roll, a list of the names and addresses of persons who were electors and who did not vote and shall furnish the Administrator with the listso prepared. (2) Within 1 month after the declaration of the result of the referendum, the Returning Officer shall cause to be given to each elector whose name appears on the list prepared in accordance with sub-section (1) a notice stating that the elector failed to vole and asking the elector to notify the reasons for that failure to vote. (3) Each notice under sub-section (2) shall specify a date, not being a date less than 21 days after the date of the giving of the notice, by which the reasons for failure to vote are to be notified. (4) An elector who has received a notice under sub-section (2) shall, on or before the date specified in the notice in pursuance of sub-section (3), notify the Administrator, cither orally or in writing, of his reasons for failure to vole. (5) Ifan elector is unable, by reason of absence from his place of residence or physical incapacity, to notify the Administrator in accordance with sub-section (4), any other person who has personal knowledge of the facts may notify the Administrator and that notification shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be compliance by the elector with the provisions of that sub-section.

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N o. I, 1984

(6) Upon receipt of a notification in accordance with sub-section (4) or (5), the Administrator shall endorse on the list prepared in accordance with sub-section (1), opposite to the nanie of the elector by or on behalf of whom the notification was given, a note that the notification was received. (7) The Administrator shall endorse on the list prepared in accordance with sub-section (1), opposite lo the name of each elector to whom a notice under sub-section (2) has been given and from or on behalf of whom he has not received a notification in accordance with sub-section (4) or (5), a note to that effect. (8) A list purporting to be prepared by the Returning Officer and endorsed by the Administrator in accordance with this section, and any extract from or copy of the list, purporting to be certified, by writing under the hand of the Administrator, to be a true and correct extract or copy, is evidence in any court— (a) of the fact that an elector whose name appears on the listdid not vote; (b) that a notice under sub-section (2) was received by the elector; and (c) that the elector did, or did not, as the case may be, comply with sub-section (4). Offences 25. (1) An elector shall not— (a) fail,without a valid and sufficient reason, to vote at the referendum; (b) having received a notice under sub-section 24 (2), fail to comply with sub-section 24 (4); or (c) state to the Administrator a false reason for having failed to vote. Penalty: $4.

(2) A person shall not make a false statement to the Administrator in relation lo the failure of an elector to vote. Penalty: $4. (3) A person shall not— (a) vole more than once at the referendum; (b) falsely personate any other person with a view to obtaining a ballot paper and a voting stamp or with a view to exercising a vote; or (c) threaten, offer or suggest any violence, injury, punishment or other detriment in relation to— (i) an enrolment; (ii) support of or opposition to a proposal; or (iii) the exercise of a vote. Penalty: $20. (4) A person other than— (a) an elcctor to whom a ballot paper has been issued; or

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R eferen d u m (S e lf-d e te r m in a tio n }

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(b) a Presiding Officer acting in pursuance of sub-scction 13 (9), shall not alVix a voting stamp on a ballot paper. Penalty: $20. (5) A person shall not give, confer or procure or promise or ofTer to give, confer or procure money or other property or benefit of any kind to, upon or for an elector or another person— (a) in order to influence the elector in his vote in the referendum; (b) in order to induce the elector to refrain from voting in the referendum; or (c) in order to induce the elector to support or oppose a proposal to be pul at the referendum. Penalty: $20. (6) An elector shall not ask for, receive or obtain money or other property or benefit of any kind for himself or another person upon the understanding that — (a) his vote al the referendum will be influenced as a result or given in a particular manner; (b) he will refrain from voting in the referendum; or (c) he will support or oppose a proposal to be put at the referendum. Penalty: $20. (7) Proceedings for an offence under this section shall not be instituted except by the Administrator or a person authorized in writing by the Administrator for that purpose. P A R T VIII— M I S C E L L A N E O U S Regulations 26. The Minister may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Ordinance, prescribing all matters which are necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to this Ordinance.

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Referendum (Self-determination) SCHEDULE

No. 1.1984

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R e s o l u t i o n a d o p t e d by the U n i t e d N a t i o n s G e n e r a l A s s e a b l y , t h i r t y - n i n t h session, on 5 D e c e m b e r 1983 G e n e ral

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R e c a l l i n g i t s r e s o l u t i o n s 1 5 1 4 ( X V ) o f 14 D e c e m b e r 1 96 0, c o n t a i n i n g the D e c l a r a t i o n of the G r a n t i n g o f I n d e p e n d e n c e to C o l o n i a l C o u n t r i e s a n d P e o p l e s , a n d 1 5 4 1 ( X V ) o f 15 D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 0 , R e c a l l i n g a lso its d e c i s i o n 3 8 / 4 1 2 of 7 D e c e m b e r 19 8 3» b y w h i c h it n o t e d , in t e r a l i a , t h a t t h e a d m i n i s t e r i n g p o w e r h a d d i s c u s s e d w i t h the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s c o m m u n i t y t h e q u e s t i o n o f h o l d i n g an a c t o f s e l f d e t e r m i n a t i o n to d e t e r m i n e t h e i r f u t u r e p o l i t i c a l s t a t u s , and its d e c i s i o n 3 8 / 4 2 0 of 7 D e c e m b e r 1983, b y w h i c h it a u t h o r i s e d t h e S e c r e t a r y - G e n e r a l to a p p o i n t a n d d i s p a t c h a U n i t e d N a t i o n s m i s s i o n to v i s i t t h e C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s in 1 9 8 4 a n d r e q u e s t e d h i m to s u b m i t a r e p o r t o n the f i n d i n g s o f t h e m i s s i o n to t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y a t i t s t h i r t y ninth s e s s i o n , H a v i n g h e a r d t h e s t a t e m e n t o f t h e C h a i r m a n o f the U n i t e d N a t i o n s V i s i t i n g M i s s i o n d i s p a t c h e d to t h e C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s in A p r i l 1 9 8 4 p u r s u a n t to G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y d e c i s i o n 3 8 / 4 2 0 and h a v i n g c o n s i d e r e d the r e p o r t of the V i s i t i n g M i s s i o n , N o t i ng w i t h a p p r e c i a t i o n the a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e a d m i n i s t e r i n g p o w e r in t h e w o r k o f the S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e o n t h e S i t u a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d to t h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o n t h e G r a n t i n g o f I n d e p e n d e n c e to C o l o n i a l C o u n t r i e s a n d P e o p l e s in r e g a r d to t h e C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s a n d

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the c o - o p e r a t i o n it h a s e x t e n d e d to the C o m m i t t e e , i n c l u d i n g the r e c e i v i n g of v i s i t i n g m i s s i o n s to the T e r r i t o r y in 1 9 7 4 a n d 1 9 8 0 . 1. N o t es w i t h s a t i s f a c t i o n the o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f the U n i t e d N a t i o n s V i s i t i n g M i s s i o n to 0 b s e r v | t h e A c t of S e l f D e t e r m i n a t i o n in the C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s , 1984; T a k e s n o t e t h a t the p e o p l e o f t h e C o c o s (K e e 1 i n g ) I s l a n d s voted by a s u b s t a n t i a l m a j o r i t y for integration with Australia; 5* E n d o r s e s the v i e w o f the V i s i t i n g M i s s i o n t h a t , in so d o i n g , the p e o p l e o f t h e T e r r i t o r y h a v e e x e r c i s e d t h e i r r i g h t to s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e C h a r t e r o f the U n i t e d N a t i o n s a n d the D e c l a r a t i o n o f t h e G r a n t i n g of I n d e p e n d e n c e to C o l o n i a l C o u n t r i e s a n d P e o p l e s , c o n t a i n e d in G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y r e s o l u t i o n 1 5 1 4 ( X V ); 4* C o n s i d e rs it a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t , in v i e w o f the d e c i s i o n o f the p e o p l e o f the C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s , the t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n in r e s p e c t o f the C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s u n d e r A r t i c l e 7 3 e o f the C h a r t e r s h o u l d ce ase; 5. T a k e s_n o t e o f the a c t i o n s t a k e n b y the G o v e r n m e n t o f A u s t r a l i a to t r a n s f e r o w n e r s h i p o f l a n d to the C o c o s ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s c o m m u n i t y a n d to e x t e n d r e l e v a n t l e g i s l a t i o n to t h e c o m m u n i t y so t h a t it m a y e n j o y t h e s a m e b e n e f i t s a s t h o s e a v a i l a b l e to t h e A u s t r a l i a n c o m m u n i t y at l a r g e , as w e l l a 3 the G o v e r n m e n t ' s a s s u r a n c e s tha t the u n i q u e c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y , h e r i t a g e and t r a d i t i o n s of the C o c o s c o m m u n i t y w i l l be p r e s e r v e d ; 6* E x p r e s s e s i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n to t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f A u s t r a l i a , as t h e a d m i n i s t e r i n g p o w e r c o n c e r n e d , a n d to t h e C o c o a ( K e e l i n g ) I s l a n d s C o u n c i l f o r t h e c o o p e r a t i o n e x t e n d e d to t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s ; 7* E x p r e s s e s i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n to t h e S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e on t h e S i t u a t i o n wi.th r e g a r d to the I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n on t h e G r a n t i n g o f I n d e p e n d e n c e to C o l o n i a l C o u n t r i e s a n d P e o p l e s f o r the w o r k it h a s a c c o m p l i s h e d , in c l o s e c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e a d m i n i s t e r i n g p o w e r , in r e s p e c t o f the Territory.

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INTEGRASI KEPULAUAN COCOS (KEELING) DENGAN AUSTRALIA SEBAGAI SALAH SATU ALTERNATIF DARI RIGHTS OF SELF-DETERMINATION

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