HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION Introduction
Faizah Dept. of Computer Science and Electronics, FMIPA UGM
[email protected]
DESKRIPSI KULIAH Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer adalah mata kuliah akan menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip interaksi manusia-komputer yang diterapkan dalam evaluasi dan perancangan berbagai jenis sistem, misalnya antarmuka, halaman web, sistem multimedia dan perangkat bergerak. Dengan kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa memahami proses perancangan sistem yang baik dan memenuhi prinsip-prinsip Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer.
LEARNING OUTCOME Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan pentingnya perancangan antarmuka yang baik Mahasiswa mengenali hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses perancangan Mahasiswa dapat membedakan jenis-jenis tipe interaksi serta menerapkan panduan perancangannya Mahasiswa dapat merancang antarmuka yang baik sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip interaksi manusia komputer Mahasiswa dapat membuat prototipe antarmuka sebagai media presentasi hasil rancangan Mahasiswa dapat mengkritisi desain antarmuka yang kurang baik dan memilih teknik evaluasi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan
OVERVIEW MATERI Pengenalan IMK Needfinding Teori, prinsip dan panduan perancangan antarmuka Tipe-tipe interaksi: menu selection, form fillin, command languages, direct manipulation, natural language Perancangan pesan sistem, tampilan layar, dan warna Prototyping Evaluasi desain Antarmuka masa kini & masa depan: augmented & virtual reality, tangible user interface, perangkat-perangkat I/O baru, dll. Semua Materi dapat di download di elisa.ugm.ac.id Komunitas -Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer-
BUKU ACUAN J.Preece,Y.Roger and H.Sharp, Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction, Wiley (2007) S.Heim, The Resonant Interface: HCI Foundations for Interaction Design, Addison Wesley (2007) D.D.McCracken and R.H.Wolfe, User-Centered Website Development: A Human-Computer Interaction Approach, Prentice-Hall (2004) Dix, Alan, Finlay, Janet., et.al , 2004. Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-046109-1 Shneiderman , Ben., Plaisant, Catherine., et.al. 2010. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (5th Edition) , Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-26978-0 D.Mayhew, Principles and Guidelines in Software User Interface Design, Prentice-Hall (1992)
ONLINE SOURCE
http://www.id-book.com http://wps.aw.com/aw_heim_rinterface_1 http://www.hcibook.com/e3/ http://wps.aw.com/aw_shneider_dtui_4
EVALUASI Tugas/quiz : 30 % MID : 30 % UAS : 40 %
Minimal kehadiran =75%
REWARDS…
Mahasiswa yang mengikuti Lomba UX Disain Gemastik 8 dan masuk 10 besar, akan langsung mendapatkan nilai A , dengan catatan kehadiran minimal 75 % terpenuhi Tetap hadir saat UAS , untuk mengisi daftar absensi
WHAT’S IN YOUR MIND ?
AND MANY MORE….
INTRODUCTION HCI http://www.computing.dcu.ie/~dfitzpat/content/introduction-hci
WHAT IS HCI ? • • • •
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Para Ahli HCI berusaha untuk memahami faktor-faktor yang menentukan bagaimana orang mengoperasikan dan memanfaatkan teknologi komputer Pemahaman ini kemudian digunakan di untuk mengembangkan Tools dan dijadikan sebagai dasar yang membantu seorang desainer membangun dan menghasilkan sistem komputer yang efisien, efektif, dan aman. Untuk memahami interaksi antara manusia dan komputer perlu untuk memahami kekuatan dan keterbatasan manusia, dan juga kekuatan dan keterbatasan komputer. Agar mampu memproduksi sistem komputer yang mudah digunakan, efisien, dan menyenangkan ketika digunakan maka seorang desainer sistem harus berpikir lebih dari sekedar apa yang mampu dimiliki dan dapat dilakukan oleh sistem , namun mereka juga perlu mempertimbangkan interaksi yang terjadi antara pengguna dan sistem komputer. HCI akan melibatkan beberapa disiplin ilmu untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang manusia dan komputer.
WHAT IS HCI ? Faktor yang mempengaruhi interaksi antara manusia dan komputer meliputi: Faktor organisasi : Pelatihan, desain pekerjaan, politik kerja, peran Faktor lingkungan : Kebisingan, cahaya, pemanasan, ventilasi Kesehatan dan keselamatan faktor : Stres, sakit kepala, ergonomi Pengguna : Psikologi, keterbatasan memori, motivasi, kepuasan Faktor kenyamanan : Tempat duduk, tata letak peralatan Antarmuka pengguna : Input / Output device, ikon, perintah, menu, grafis Faktor tugas : Mudah, kompleks, berulang, keterampilan Kendala : Biaya, rentang waktu, anggaran, staf, peralatan Faktor fungsional system : Hardware, software, aplikasi Faktor Produktivitas biaya : Bagaimana meningkatkan kualitas, meningkatkan output, mengurangi biaya, mengurangi kesalahan
HCI DISIPLINES Disiplin Ilmu yang terkait dengan HCI meliputi: Ilmu Komputer psikologi sosiologi filsafat Seni dan Desain ergonomi ilmu bahasa Kecerdasan buatan dan lain-lain… HCI akan sukses ketika melibatkan dan mempertimbangkan lebih dari satu disiplin ilmu ini pada waktu tertentu. Dengan demikian, HCI dikenal sebagai bidang interdisipliner yang membutuhkan kerjasama dan pengertian antara ahli di berbagai disiplin ilmu tersebut
BRIEF HISTORY OF HCI The term HCI was first adopted during the technology boom of the 1980’s to define an emerging field concerned with understanding the dynamics of human and computer interaction. Originally, HCI was known as Man-Machine Interaction (MMI), but was renamed ‘Human-Computer Interaction’ to reflect the recent growth and evolution in the field, and also to avoid the gender bias MMI implies. In the 1980’s and early 1990’s HCI began to have real impact in the world of computing when the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the first personal computers were developed. Computers were suddenly affordable, and didn’t require specialist training as they had in the past. At the time, marketing a computer as “user-friendly” was very popular as older computers had been notoriously hard to use. However, labeling a system user-friendly at the time often simply meant tidying up screens to be more aesthetically pleasing.Very little thought actually went into designing the system to be usable and efficient. Most systems were not designed to match users’ needs, and these systems required users to cope with very user-hostile interfaces. In contrast, academic HCI researchers of the same era were genuinely concerned with how computers could enrich the work and personal lives of people, and much significant research was conducted during these early years. As consumers began to become less enthralled with novelty, and more concerned with function and productivity, companies and software engineers turned to HCI researchers to learn new techniques and theories to improve usability. New systems developed as a result of this cooperation were more usable, intuitive, and generally successful. Systems developed without concern for HCI theories and principles often failed, and sometimes failed catastrophically.
IMPORTANCE OF HCI
IMPORTANCE OF HCI • In the early days of computing only highly trained specialists could use computers, and
these were massive expensive machines really only found in industry and research. • Today, computers are everywhere, and the range of knowledge and experience of different users is very broad. • Unlike 30 years ago, the majority of computer users nowadays have not received intensive specialised training. • HCI is extremely important when designing clear intuitive systems which will be usable for people with a varied range of abilities and expertise, and who have not completed any formal training. • HCI takes advantage of our everyday knowledge of the world to make software and devices more understandable and usable for everyone. For example, using a graphic of a miniature folder in a computer’s interface helps the user understand the purpose of the folder, as everyone has experience with real paper folders in their everyday lives. • Ultimately, if a system is well designed with HCI techniques, the user should not even have to think about the intricacies of how to use the system. Interaction should be clear, intuitive, and natural.
IMPORTANCE OF HCI Daily Life Today computers permeate every aspect of our daily lives. Even if a person does not directly own or use a computer, their life is affected in some way by computing. ATM machines, train ticket vending machines, and hot drinks dispensing machines are just a few examples of computer interfaces a person can come into contact with daily without needing to own a personal computer. HCI is an important factor when designing any of these systems or interfaces. Regardless if an interface is for an ATM or a desktop computer, HCI principles should be consulted and considered to ensure the creation of a safe, usable, and efficient interface. Business and Industry HCI is an important consideration for any business that uses computers in their everyday operation. Well designed usable systems ensure that staff are not frustrated during their work and as a result are more content and productive. HCI is especially important in the design of safety critical systems, such as, for example, those found in power plants,
IMPORTANCE OF HCI Accessibility HCI is a key consideration when designing systems that are not only usable, but also accessible to people with disabilities. The core philosophy of HCI is to provide safe, usable, and efficient systems to everyone, and this includes those with different sets of abilities and different ranges of expertise and knowledge. Any system properly designed with HCI user-centered techniques and principles will also be maximally accessible to those with disabilities. Software Success Good use of HCI principles and techniques is not only important for the end user, but also is a very high priority for software development companies. If a software product is unusable and causes frustration, no person will use the program by choice, and as a result sales will be negatively affected. Untrained users Today, very few computer users actually read the manual accompanying the software, if one exists. Only very specialised and advanced programs require training and an extensive manual. Computer users expect to understand the main functionality of an average program within a few minutes of interacting with it. HCI provides designers with the principles, techniques, and tools necessary to design effective interfaces that are obvious and easy to use, and do not require training.
HCI CHALLENGE
HCI CHALLENGE •
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The development of the silicon chip has changed the way humans work, play, and communicate. Although it may sound like a cliché, computers are literally everywhere, and they are advancing at an astonishing rate. The invention of new hardware, software, and interaction styles are opening up new possibilities for computing every day. One of the biggest challenges faced by HCI is keeping one step ahead of new technologies and new methods of interaction. HCI research must match the evolution of technology if the usability and efficiency of future devices and software is to be ensured. The fundamental challenge is guaranteeing new designs offer good HCI as well as harnessing the potential functionality of the new technology. Very few other disciplines receive contributions from so many different fields of study as does HCI, and this poses unique challenges for those working in the area. As it would be impossible for one person to be an expert in every area that contributes to HCI as a whole, it is critical that experts from various fields work closely together sharing their expertise. Although this co-operation is often achieved successfully and with great results, communication problems can arise due to the very different areas of expertise of the individuals involved.
HCI CHALLENGE-EXAMPLE • Consider the traditional telephone. Originally, older telephones consisted of no more than ten buttons, or a ten step •
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turn dial, and an interface to pick up or hang up. This interface was very easy to use, and the functionality of all controls was obvious to the user. After a brief introduction to the device, the user would have been confident in making and receiving telephone calls. As technology has advanced, so has the humble telephone. Today a telephone can provide many more functions than its predecessor, including: automatic redial, call holding, call transfer, messaging functions, and many more. Instead of being useful, this increased functionality often frustrates the user due to the new interface being poorly designed. The new functions are often difficult to identify and unclear how to operate, with no real relationship between the actual function and the method the user must use to activate the function. In his book ‘The Design of Everyday Things’, (recently revised and updated) Donald Norman discusses the design flaws in modern telephones mentioned above. He continues by contrasting the telephone, with relatively limited functionality, and a car, which can contain over a hundred separate operations and controls. The main question Norman raises is how a telephone could possibly be more difficult to operate than a vehicle. The telephone does not have more functionality than a car, and common sense would indicate a telephone should be much simpler to use. The answer Norman arrives at is the telephone is poorly designed, with no visible association between the controls and the functionality available. In addition, the telephone often provides more functionality than corresponding buttons (or controls), which not only serves to confuse the user further, but also ensures the combinations to trigger particular functions are very difficult to remember. In contrast, the controls of a car are visible, clearly labeled, and intuitive. Importantly, each function of a car has one corresponding control, and so avoids the problem of needing to remember function combinations and codes, as with the telephone example. In conclusion, Norman states that increased functionality and complexity is never an excuse for poorly designed interfaces, and the only reason for bad design is bad designers.
KEY TOPICS OF HCI User Centred Design (UCD) User-centred design is a design philosophy developed by the HCI community, which encourages the involvement or consideration of the end user at every stage of the design process. User-centred design is inspired by the success and usability of systems which have been developed by focusing on the end user and their needs at each stage of the system development. The user-centred design process can involve many different techniques to identify users needs, gather system requirements, and to involve the users. These techniques and methodologies will be discussed in greater detail later in the course. Human Cognition In HCI the emphasis is very much on the user’s abilities and needs, and to fully understand these limitations, HCI experts must understand the depths of human cognition. Of primary importance is understanding how exactly human perception works, and how humans comprehend and understand the everyday world. The limitations of human memory and attention have also been the subject of large amounts of research and are of great interest to HCI. All of these factors heavily influence how people interact with computers, and how they comprehend those interactions. By understanding the internal dynamics of human cognition, HCI specialists aim to improve interaction between humans and systems, and to understand why systems have failed in the past. The strengths and limitations of human cognition will be examined further in the HCI Basics chapter
KEY TOPICS OF HCI Interaction Styles
There are many different styles of interaction which can be implemented when developing a system. Each of these will be discussed in more detail in the Interaction styles section of the HCI Basics chapter. • Command language • Natural language • Menu systems • Form filling dialogues • Direct manipulation The choice of which interaction style to use is a very important one as choosing the wrong style could render the application ineffective and unusable. For example, a menu or form driven interaction style could be perfect for use in a travel agents for booking holidays. However, using menus or forms would be completely unsuitable for a professional computer animator who would prefer to use an interaction style allowing the direct manipulation of objects. Similarly, command line interfaces might be very useful and efficient for expert users, but may confuse and frighten novice computer users. By assessing the needs of the user, and the environment in which the application is to be used, HCI can help to determine which interaction style is most suitable in a given situation.
Interaction Devices
As there are many different styles in which we can interact with computers, there are also many different devices which can be used to achieve this interaction. Historically, the keyboard and mouse have been the most popular interaction devices available. However, new innovate interaction devices are now available which allow touch screen and gesture-based interaction, such as the wii-mote or the iphone. Speech and video can also be very useful interaction devices allowing hands free, or non-visual, interaction with computers. There also exists a range of assistive technology devices which provide similar functionality to the interaction devices discussed above, but are physically designed differently to be more suitable for people with a variety of disabilities. HCI is interested in the different applications of all these interaction devices, and is concerned with designing systems that utilise the most appropriate and efficient interaction device for the task.
KEY TOPICS OF HCI Usability Evaluation One of the most important goals of HCI is to ensure that systems are usable, which means they are easy to learn and easy to use. Traditionally, the term usability has been used to encompass the following values (Eason 1988): 1 Safety 2 Utility 3 Effectiveness 4 Efficiency 5 Learnability 6 Appeal (user satisfaction) Usability evaluation sets out to determine exactly how usable a system is by conducting series of user tests and expert evaluations. Usability testing should be conducted at every stage of the design and development process, and again with the finished product. Ensuring a product has high usability ensures the success of the product with the intended users and environment.
KEY TOPICS OF HCI Accessibility The accessibility of systems is a major concern to HCI, as the main aim of HCI is to ensure that systems are easy, effective, efficient, safe, and enjoyable for all users, regardless of ability. HCI is one of the founders of modern accessibility, and lead the movement to encourage the development of accessible products and systems. It is important to note the distinction between the terms usability and accessibility within HCI as often the two are confused. Usability refers to how easy and effective a system is for the target group of end users, which may not include any computer users with disabilities. Accessibility specifically refers to the ability of people with disabilities to interact with systems easily and successfully and perhaps using assistive technologies. Although these terms may seem very similar, it is possible for a system to be usable for the group it was designed for, but inaccessible to people with disabilities. Environment In addition to the constraints of human cognition, HCI is also concerned with other factors that influence how systems can affect users. It is crucial that these factors are accounted for, or disastrous errors could arise. For example, many more factors must be considered if a system is to be designed for use in a nuclear power plant, instead of in the average office, and these include: • Noise levels which might prevent audio feedback from the system • Safety goggles or gloves which may make using a mouse impossible • Distractions which may force the user away from the system momentarily All these factors and more must be considered when designing safety critical systems, or tragedy could occur. Although the nuclear power plant is an extreme example, the environment in which a system is to be used can have major consequences for how the system must be designed. HCI plays an important role in identifying environmental and social issues which can affect the use of systems, and providing techniques to ensure the design of the system will be usable, effective, and safe.
NEXT LECTURE…
Needfinding HCI Factor
