Havaria-like pollutions of karstic drinking water sources László LÉNÁRT University of Miskolc, Hungary
[email protected]
Eszter HAVAS- SZILÁGYI Ministry of Environment and Water, Hungary
[email protected] Workshop on the protection of groundwater as a source of drinking water in karst areas Malinska, Island Krk 14-15 April 2008
Miskolctapolca
History 1884
K. Papp 1907
Unknown 1913
1891
first preparation of the Miskolc Waterwork
detailed geological investigation 1901-1904 planning on different sites
History 1909 construction of the „Italian well” and of the pumping station 1913 starting water supply from Miskolctapolca waterwork 1986-1990 enlargement of Miskolctapolca waterwork: „New well”
1987-88 designation of the drinking water protection area
Continous research Miskolctapolca area
Hydraulic modelling A. Csepregi 1994
Tracing tests L. Sásdi 2000
June 2006 drinking water pollution
People seeking medical aid due to the disease: nearly 4000 (affected probably a couple of thousands more)
Events in detail
2 June ¾Extreme rainfall in the Bükk Mts. 1 May - 6 June 280 mm 2 June 73 mm ¾superposed on the high water levels of April and May ¾floods in the water courses
0 2006.06.16
2006.06.14
2006.06.12
2006.06.10
Miskolc-Felsőhámor Miskolc-Ómassa Nagyvisnyó-Bánkút Jávorkút Répáshuta
2006.06.08
2006.06.06
2006.06.04
2006.06.02
2006.05.31
2006.05.29
2006.05.27
2006.05.25
2006.05.23
2006.05.21
2006.05.19
2006.05.17
2006.05.15
2006.05.13
2006.05.11
2006.05.09
90
2006.05.07
100
2006.05.05
2006.05.03
csapadék mm-ben
Precipitation 2006 Bükk Mts P. Kovács
A csapadék mennyisége a Bükkben 2006 Utolsó adat 2006. június 17.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 23-0 h
22-23 h
21-22 h
20-21 h
19-20 h
18-19 h
17-18 h
16-17 h
15-16 h
14-15 h
13-14 h
12-13 h
11-12 h
10-11 h
9-10 h
8-9 h
7-8 h
6-7 h
5-6 h
4-5 h
3-4 h
2-3 h
1-2 h
0-1 h
csapadék (mm)
Precipitation 2 June 2006 Jávorkút P. Kovács
A csapadék óránkénti összegei 2006. június 2. Jávorkút
80 óránkénti csapadék (mm) összegzett csapadék (mm)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Measurments in St. István Cave Water level
Miskolc, Szt. István-barlang, Pokol 337
20
332
15
327
10
322
5
317
0 06.03.01
312 06.03.15
06.03.29
06.04.12
06.04.26
06.05.10
06.05.24
06.06.07
06.06.21
06.07.05
Vízszint [ mBf ]
Vízszint [ m ]
Vízszint (2006) 25
03 June (Saturday) ¾karst-flood in the Bükk Mts. (first site investigation) ¾Due to turbidity 2 springs are excluded from the supply ¾Miskolctapolca waterwork is temporarily (13 hours) excluded from the supply due to high turbidity (>10 NTU) ¾Warning the public in the radio to boil the water ¾Miskolctapolca waterwork is back to supply for 22 hours
Bükkszentlászló, Tatárárok 03 June 2006
04 June (Sunday, Pentecost) Miskolctapolca waterwork is excluded again first due to turbidity, then to bacterial pollution from the supply for 7 months
New well
06 June 07 June 08 June
09 June 12 June
Sampling for bacteriological analyses Sampling for water-biological analyses Positive bacteriological results (fecal contamination → starting of substantive measures Meeting of concerned institutions, information for the public, Decision for packed drinking water Data collection from the karst water monitoring system (Mr. Lenart is one the infected) The water can be used if boiled Miskolc University is charged by the Waterwork for the detailed investigation
Turbidity in the New well 547
100 Napi csapadék, Bánkút [mm] 90
Zavarosság napi minimuma [NTU] Zavarosság napi maximuma [NTU] Kizárási határ zavarosság alapján
542
Nv-17 mértékadó karsztvízszint [ mBf]
70
537
60
50
532
40
30
527
20
10
0 2006.01.01
2006.02.01
2006.03.01
2006.04.01
2006.05.01
2006.06.01
522 2006.07.01
Mértékadó karsztízszint [mBf]
Napi csapadék [mm]; Zavarosság [NTU]
80
Bacterial contamination (Enterococcus) Miskolctapolcai Vízmű, bakteriális szennyeződés, Enterococcus, teljes mérési időtartam. 300
24 Csapadék Avas (mm) Nyers víz Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben)
20
Övárok 1. Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben) Övárok 2. Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben) Klórozott víz Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben)
200
16
150
12
100
8
50
4
0 06.07.21
0 06.08.04
06.08.18
06.09.01
06.09.15
06.09.29
06.10.13
06.10.27
06.11.10
06.11.24
Napi csapadék az avasi mérőállomáson [ mm ]
Bakteriális terhelés [ db/1 ml; db/100 ml ]
250
Bacterial contamination (Ps. aeruginosa Miskolctapolcai Vízmű, bakteriális szennyeződés, Ps. aeruginosa, összehasonlítható mérési időtartam. 250
20 Csapadék Avas (mm)
Övárok 1. Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben)
Bakteriális terhelés [ db/1 ml; db/100 ml ]
200
16
Övárok 2. Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben) Klórozott víz Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben)
150
12
100
8
50
4
0 06.08.28
0 06.09.11
06.09.25
06.10.09
06.10.23
06.11.06
06.11.20
Napi csapadék az avasi mérőállomáson [ mm ]
Nyers víz Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben)
16 June
Water supply is back to normal, special prescription for 0,3 mg/l active chloride in the end points of the supply system
3 July
Draft fact finding report of the municipality Miskolc Investigation and report in the Ministry of Environment and Water
August September October
Final report of Miskolc Report to Environmental Commission of the Parliament
Summary of the reports Circumstances leading to the pollution: Extreme precipitation – high karstwater table The precipitation on the catchment area of the Tapolca springs (76 km2) was cca. 17 million m3 in May and June, 2006. The water abstraction from the Bükk Karst in 2005 was 25,2 million m3. The yield of the Tapolca springs during the flood is estimated of 160-170 000 m3/d. (The maximum yield between 1951-1975 was measured at. 19. March 1966: 109 000 m3/d) The yield measured at 4. May 2006 between the two flood peak was 117 000 m3/d
Pollution sources on the DWPA (drinking water protection area) ¾domestic wastewater - overflow in the treatment plant, ¾ probable leakege of the collecting system ¾wastewater not connected to the collecting system ¾rainwater-connecting to the wastewater system ¾animal farms (horses) ¾illegal waste- and wastewater disposals ¾etc
A single pollution source causing the pollution could not been identified
Miskolctapolca
Deficiencies in the operation of the Waterwork ¾Inadequate checking of the DWPA ¾Inadequate monitoring of the supply system ¾Inadequate chlorinisation system ¾Lack of quick tests ¾Etc.
Necessary measures (many) ¾revision of the DWPA according to the new regulation ¾better control of the pollution sources ¾Special protection for caves and sinkholes ¾investments in the waterwork ¾improvement of the operation of the waterwork ¾preparation for havaria events ¾quick bacteriological tests ¾Improvement of the karst monitoring ¾Raising public awareness
Catchments of Miskolctapolca B. Hernádi 2006
Karst monitoring in the Bükk Mts. (January 2007)
Planned new monitoring wells
Conclusions ¾Karst systems are highly vulnerable (no news) ¾Extreme meteorological events are more and more likely due to the climate change ¾For safe drinking water supply pollution sources should be eliminated ¾The drinking water protection area needs continuous control ¾Operation of the waterwork should be of high quality ¾Monitoring of the karst ¾Monitoring of the abstracted water (quick tests) ¾Havaria plans ¾Public awareness
Miskolctapolca thermal cave
