BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
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SOMATIC AND ASOMATIC CELLS
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Sel Berdasarkan Jumlah Kromosom 1. Sel somatis (2n) – Sel tubuh (sel yang menyusun seluruh tubuh hewan)
2. Sel asomatis (1n) – Sel kelamin (sel gamet) • •
Spermatozoa → spermatogenesis (testis) Oosit → oogenesis dan folliculogenesis (ovary)
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Prokaryotic cells Pili: attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes Nucleoid: region where the cell’s DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane) Ribosomes: organelles that synthesize proteins
Bacterial chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium
Plasma membrane: membrane enclosing the cytoplasm Cell wall: rigid structure outside the plasma membrane Capsule: jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes 0.5 µm Flagella: locomotion organelles of some bacteria
(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Eukaryotic cell
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Animal cell
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid Chromosomes Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Nucleosome
2 nm
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Ribosome produces protein
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Two Types of Ribosomes • Free ribosomes- make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm and are used there. • Bound ribosomes- make proteins for export or for membrane construction.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
ER Ribosomes
Cytosol
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes Large subunit
0.5 µm TEM showing ER and ribosomes
Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Sel Spermatozoa
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Struktur Spermatozoa
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Struktur Kepala Spermatozoa • Sebagian kepala diselubungi oleh akrosom yang didalamnya terdapat enzim-enzim yang berguna untuk fertilisasi (pro acrosin dan hyaluronidase) • Enzim ini diaktifkan saat terjadinya reaksi akrosom
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Ekor Spermatozoa Bagian Middle Piece : • Mitochondrial sheat – menghasilkan energi untuk menggerakkan spermatozoa
• Axoneme – menggerakkan mikrotubulus yang berpola 9+2, sehingga memungkinkan spermatozoa bergerak sliding
• Semua bagian spermatozoa diselubungi membran kecuali pada end piece 14
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Axoneme
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Axoneme (SEM)
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Spermatozoa abnormal
Mitochondria pada leher spermatozoa
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Seluruh Tubuh Spermatozoa Diselaputi Membran (Perlu Dijaga)
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Seluruh Tubuh Spermatozoa Diselaputi Membran (Perlu Dijaga)
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Spermatozoa manusia
Spermatozoa Tikus
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OOSIT (SEL TELUR)
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OOGENESIS • Mitosis • Meiosis I dan II – Meiosis I (pembentukan oosit primer ke oosit sekunder) – Meiosis II (pembentukan ovum dengan polar bodi)
• Oosit siap untuk fertilisasi pada saat Meosis II (metafase) 28
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BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI
Every folliculogenesis step, oocytes undergo atresia and then the best oocytes can be ovulated.
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Possible time of action of nutrition on folliculogenesis Gr ing ow
-180
Re
-50
-9
Very little atresia
Primordial
d ite u r c
S
-4
c e le
te
d
Ovulation 0
+1
Time (days)
50 - 80% atresia
Small Antral
SOMATIC AND ASOMATIC CELLS
Large antral
+10
Pre-ovulatory
Corpus luteum
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Development of Germ Cell Biotechnology Clonning
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Development of Germ Cell Biotechnology
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Embryonic Stem Cell
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