E-Business and E-Commerce Architecture ATI - Antonius Rachmat C, S.Kom, M.Cs
Tradisional vs Elektronik • • • • • • • •
Sulit promosi & akses pasar Harus Face-to-face Bersifat Paperwork Biaya tinggi & Birokrasi Prosedur manual Pasar kurang kompetitif Butuh pegawai banyak Butuh lokasi fisik
• Akses pasar mudah • Penilaian independent • Negosiasi & penawaran standard • Bersifat Paperless • Alur informasi transparan • Anywhere-anytime • Keamanan? • Bisa bersifat “maya”
Key: product, process, dan delivery
Online vs Offline shopping
E-Business E-Business merupakan kegiatan berbisnis di Internet yang tidak saja meliputi pembelian, penjualan dan jasa, tapi juga meliputi pelayanan pelanggan dan kerja sama dengan rekan bisnis (baik individual maupun instansi). E – Business meliputi E-Commerce
EC can also be conducted via: •Private networks, •Local area networks (LANs) •Wide area networks (WANs) -> Internet
E-Commerce • Penggunaan media elektronik untuk melakukan perniagaan / perdagangan – Telepon, fax, ATM, handphone, SMS – Banking: ATM phone banking, internet banking
• Secara khusus – Penggunaan Internet untuk melakukan perniagaan – Ada transaksi yang terjadi
• E-Commerce Perdagangan: – Buy, sell, serving, transfer, exchange
• E-Commerce dimulai sejak 1970-an • Pure EC (cth: e-book) vs Partial EC (cth: book)
EC model newcomers • • • • • • • • • • • •
Blog: blogspot.com, wordpress.com Chemistry: match.com Photo sharing: flickr.com Video Broadcast: Youtube.com Community: Facebook, Friendster, Hi5 Radio online: Petra, Swaragama, Yogyastreamers Online encyclopedia: Wikipedia.org E-learning: E-class, ratemyprofessor.com, collegerecruting.com, powerstudents.com Job market: jobsdb.com, karir.com Travel Service: expedia.com Iklan: Google AdSense & AdWord Real Estate: rumahyogya.com
The Structure of E-Commerce
E-Commerce Business Model
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Google Universe Commerce • • • • • • • • • • •
Google Web Search Engine Google Mobile Apps (Android) Google Translate Google+, Blogger Google Chrome & Picasa Google Docs, QuickOffice Google Groups Google Scholar Google Earth & Google Maps Google Analytics, Adsense, Adwords Youtube, Picasa
E-Commerce Software • ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) sistem informasi pendukung e-business, yg menyediakan berbagai macam kebutuhan perusahaan seperti supply chain, CRM, marketing, warehouse, shipping, dan payment, serta mampu melakukan otomatisasi proses bisnis • CRM (Customer Relationship management) sistem kustomisasi real time yang memanajemen kustomer dan melakukan personalisasi produk dan servis berdasarkan keinginan kustomer, dan menjaga hubungan baik dengan kustomer
E-Business Software • EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) merupakan konsep integrasi berbagai proses bisnis dengan memperbolehkan mereka saling bertukar data berbasis message. • SCM (Supply Chain Management) manajemen rantai supply secara otomatis dan terkomputerisasi.
ERP
CRM
Customer service steps • Requirement: mengetahui kebutuhan customer, bs didapat dari catalog / CD • Acquisition: membantu customer memilih produk, termasuk order online, nego, dan delivery • Ownership: support kepemilikan produk dari customer, dgn forum, FAQ, renewal, mailing list • Retirement: support ttg layanan purna jual, online resale, lelang barang & classified add
EAI system integrating application (contains the composition logic)
message broker, ex: CORBA, RMI SmartQuotation adapter
database adapter
SmartForecasting adapter
SmartQuotation
DBMS applications
SmartForecasting
e-mail adapter
XYZ adapter
XYZ
SCM
Sales Order
Components of EC • People: Sellers, buyers, intermediaries, information systems specialists and other employees, and any other participants • Public policy: Legal and other policy and regulating issues, such as privacy protection and taxation • Marketing and advertising: Like any other business, EC usually requires the support of marketing and advertising • Support services: Many services are needed to support EC. They range from payments to order delivery and after sales services • Business partnerships: Joint ventures, e-marketplaces, and partnerships are some frequently occurring relationships in ebusiness
A framework for E-commerce
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6-19
Kemampuan E-Commerce • OTOMATISASI, proses otomatisasi yang menggantikan proses manual.(“enerprise resource planning” concept) • INTEGRASI, proses yang terintegrasi yang akan meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas proses. (“just in time” concept) • PUBLIKASI, memberikan jasa promosi dan komunikasi atas produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan secara elektronik. (“electronic cataloging” concept) • INTERAKSI, pertukaran data atau informasi antar berbagai pihak yang akan meminimalkan “human error” (“electronic data interchange/EDI” concept) • TRANSAKSI, kesepakatan antara 2 pihak untuk melakukan transaksi yang melibatkan institusi lainnya (pihak ketiga) sebagai pihak yang menangani pembayaran (“electronic payment” concept)
Jenis E-Commerce • Business-to-Consumer (B2C) – Electronic storefronts/mall
• Business-to-Business (B2B) – Google/Amazon
• Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) – Eceran / Lelang
• Business-to-Employee (B2E) – Employee juga sebagai customer/supplier
• E-Government – Layanan online pemerintah
• M-Commerce – Mobile banking, mobile ticketing, mobile television
Auctions and Bartering The major mechanism for buying and selling on the Internet is the electronic catalog. There are two common mechanisms used in its implementation: electronic auctions and bartering online
• Electronic Auctions (e-Auctions): A market mechanism by which sellers place offers and buyers make sequential bids • Forward auctions are auctions where sellers place items at sites for auction and buyers bid continuously for the items. • Reverse auctions, have one buyer, usually an organization, that wants to buy a product or a service. Suppliers are invited to submit bids.
Manfaat E-Commerce • Jenis bisnis baru – Bisa menjual tanpa modal besar
• Market exposure, melebarkan jangkauan • Memperpendek waktu product cycle – Tidak perlu banyak tangan
• Meningkatkan customer loyality • Mengurangi biaya produksi dan promosi • Mengurangi biaya inventory
Manfaat E-Commerce • Mengurangi biaya komunikasi • Hampir tidak terlihat perbedaan antara perusahaan besar dan kecil • Memudahkan konsumen memilih barang, 24 jam nonstop • Mempercepat dan mempermudah transaksi, anywhere • Memungkinkan barang dijual lebih murah
Layanan E-Commerce Khas Indonesia • Contoh layanan khas Indonesia – – – –
Wartel & Warnet SMS Berganti-ganti handphone (lifestyle?) Games, kuis
• Peluang bisnis baru yang khas Indonesia – – – – – –
SMS/Mobile-based applications nonton TV dengan chatting Games, kuis Sport (World Cup) Jual Buku online (bukabuku.com, bukukita.com) Star on TV (Indonesian Idol)
Hambatan / Tantangan • Infrastruktur telekomunikasi yang masih terbatas dan mahal • Delivery channel – Pengiriman barang masih ditakutkan hilang di jalan. – Ketepatan waktu dalam pengiriman barang – Jangkauan daerah pengiriman barang
• Kultur dan Kepercayaan (trust) • Security • Munculnya jenis kejahatan baru – Penggunaan kartu kredit curian / palsu – Penipuan melalui SMS, kuis
• Ketidakjelasan hukum – Digital signature – Uang digital / cybermoney – Status hukum dari paper-less transaction
Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kegagalan E-Business • • • • • • • • •
Tidak ada komitmen yang utuh dari manajemen. Penerapan e-business tidak diikuti proses change management. Tidak profesionalnya vendor teknologi informasi yang menjadi mitra bisnis Buruknya infrastruktur komunikasi Tidak selarasnya strategi TI dengan strategi perusahaan. Adanya masalah keamanan dalam bertransaksi Kurangnya dukungan finansial Belum adanya peraturan yang mendukung dan melindungi pihak-pihak yang bertransaksi (cyberlaw), Menggunakan target jangka pendek sebagai pijakan investasi e-business.
Web Commerce Technologies • • • •
Server hardware Database Server Server side programming language Web Commerce Framework: – Openchart – Zenchart – OsCommerce – Magneto – PrestaShop
E-Commerce Framework Features • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Unlimited Categories Unlimited Products Unlimited Manufacturers Multi Currency Multi Language Product Reviews Product Ratings Open Source Free Documentation Templatable Automatic Image Resize 20+ Payment Gateways 8+ Shipping Methods
Jenis E-Payment
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How e-credit cards work.
Mobile Commerce: Overview • Mobile commerce (m-Commerce, m-Business)—any e-Commerce done in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet – Can be done via the Internet, private communication lines, smart cards, etc. – Creates opportunity to deliver new services to existing customers and to attract new ones
Contoh M-commerce • Pengenalan suara melalui mobile phones untuk pembelian musik • Pembelian tiket melalui mobile phones • SMS informasi dan iklan • Ringtone, Games, dan aplikasi • Pembayaran uang melalui bank • Transfer dana melalui bank • Informasi kurs dan saham • Daily motivation, news
m-Commerce Terminology • Generations – 1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology – 2G: current wireless technology; mainly accommodates text – 2.5G: interim technology accommodates graphics – 3G: 3rd generation technology (2001-2005) supports rich media (video clips) – 4G: will provide faster multimedia display (2006-2010)
Terminology and Standards • GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System • PDA: Personal Digital Assistant—handheld wireless computer • SMS: Short Message Service • EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service • MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service • WAP: Wireless Application Protocol • Smartphones—Internet-enabled cell phones with attached applications
Tantangan m-commerce • Security, protocol, standards • Usability user interface • Heterogeneous Technologies – Platform, programming language, databases, etc
• Business Model Issues
Limitations of m-Commerce • Usability Problem – small size of mobile devices (screens, keyboards, etc) – limited storage capacity of devices – hard to browse sites
• Technical Limitations – lack of a standardized security protocol – insufficient bandwidth
Limiting technological factors Networks •Bandwidth •Interoperability •Cell Range •Roaming
Security •Mobile Device •Network •Gateway
Mobile Middleware •Standards •Distribution
Localisation •Upgrade of Network •Upgrade of Mobile Devices •Precision
Mobile Devices •Battery •Memory •CPU •Display Size
Di belakang Layar EC & MC • Teknologi Client Server – Three tier layer (+ web)
• Teknologi Web Database (Database Layer) – Oracle, MySQL, SQL server, Postgres
• Teknologi Middleware – CORBA, RMI, JDBC, RPC, Web Service
Application Layer Technologies • Micro-browser based: WAP/WML, XHTML, HTML5: W3C • Voice-browser based: VoiceXML: W3C, VOIP • Client-side: J2ME: Java 2 Micro Edition (Sun) WMLScript: Openwave Flash: Adobe • Messaging: SMS, MMS
NEXT • Enterprise Resource Planning
