E-Business and E-Commerce AMTI - Antonius Rachmat C, S.Kom, M.Cs
Tradisional vs Elektronik • • • • • • • •
Sulit promosi & akses pasar Harus Face-to-face Bersifat Paperwork Biaya tinggi & Birokrasi Prosedur manual Pasar kurang kompetitif Butuh pegawai banyak Butuh lokasi fisik
• Akses pasar mudah • Penilaian independent • Negosiasi & penawaran standard • Bersifat Paperless • Alur informasi transparan • Anywhere-anytime • Keamanan? • Bisa bersifat “maya”
Key: product, process, dan delivery
E-Business E-Business merupakan kegiatan berbisnis di Internet yang tidak saja meliputi pembelian, penjualan dan jasa, tapi juga meliputi pelayanan pelanggan dan kerja sama dengan rekan bisnis (baik individual maupun instansi). E – Business meliputi E-Commerce
EC can also be conducted via: •Private networks, •Local area networks (LANs) •Wide area networks (WANs) -> Internet
E-Commerce • Penggunaan media elektronik untuk melakukan perniagaan / perdagangan – Telepon, fax, ATM, handphone, SMS – Banking: ATM phone banking, internet banking
• Secara khusus – Penggunaan Internet untuk melakukan perniagaan – Ada transaksi
• E-Commerce Perdagangan: – Buy, sell, serving, transfer, exchange
• E-Commerce dimulai sejak 1970-an • Pure EC (cth: e-book) vs Partial EC (cth: book)
EC model newcomers • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Blogers: blogspot, wordpress Chemistry: match.com Photo sharing: flickr.com Video Broadcast: Youtube.com Community: facebook dan friendster Radio online: swaragama, yogyastreamers.com dll Online encyclopedia: wikipedia.org E-book sharing: swook.com, flazx.com E-learning: ratemyprofessor.com, collegerecruting.com, powerstudents.com Job market: jobsdb.com Travel Service: expedia.com Iklan: Google AdSense & AdWord Real Estate:rumahyogya.com
The Structure of E-Commerce
E-Commerce Business Model
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6-7
E-Commerce Application • ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) sistem informasi pendukung e-business, yg menyediakan berbagai macam kebutuhan perusahaan seperti supply chain, CRM, marketing, warehouse, shipping, dan payment, serta mampu melakukan otomatisasi proses bisnis • CRM (Customer Relationship management) sistem kustomisasi real time yang memanajemen kustomer dan melakukan personalisasi produk dan servis berdasarkan keinginan kustomer
E-Business Application
(lanjutan..)
• EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) merupakan konsep integrasi berbagai proses bisnis dengan memperbolehkan mereka saling bertukar data berbasis message. • SCM (Supply Chain Management) manajemen rantai supply secara otomatis terkomputerisasi.
ERP
Customer service step • Requirement: mengetahui kebutuhan customer, bs didapat dari catalog / CD • Acquisition: membantu customer memilih produk, termasuk order online, nego, dan delivery • Ownership: support kepemilikan produk dari customer, dgn forum, FAQ, renewal, mailing list • Retirement: support ttg layanan purna jual, online resale, lelang barang & classified add
CRM
EAI system integrating application (contains the composition logic)
message broker, ex: CORBA, RMI SmartQuotation adapter
database adapter
SmartForecasting adapter
SmartQuotation
DBMS applications
SmartForecasting
e-mail adapter
XYZ adapter
XYZ
SCM
Sales Order
Components of EC • People: Sellers, buyers, intermediaries, information systems specialists and other employees, and any other participants • Public policy: Legal and other policy and regulating issues, such as privacy protection and taxation • Marketing and advertising: Like any other business, EC usually requires the support of marketing and advertising • Support services: Many services are needed to support EC. They range from payments to order delivery and after sales services • Business partnerships: Joint ventures, e-marketplaces, and partnerships are some frequently occurring relationships in ebusiness
A framework for E-commerce
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6-17
Kemampuan E-Commerce • OTOMATISASI, proses otomatisasi yang menggantikan proses manual.(“enerprise resource planning” concept) • INTEGRASI, proses yang terintegrasi yang akan meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas proses. (“just in time” concept) • PUBLIKASI, memberikan jasa promosi dan komunikasi atas produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan secara elektronik. (“electronic cataloging” concept) • INTERAKSI, pertukaran data atau informasi antar berbagai pihak yang akan meminimalkan “human error” (“electronic data interchange/EDI” concept) • TRANSAKSI, kesepakatan antara 2 pihak untuk melakukan transaksi yang melibatkan institusi lainnya (pihak ketiga) sebagai pihak yang menangani pembayaran (“electronic payment” concept)
Manfaat E-Commerce • Jenis bisnis baru – Bisa menjual tanpa modal besar
• Market exposure, melebarkan jangkauan • Memperpendek waktu product cycle – Tidak perlu banyak tangan
• Meningkatkan customer loyality • Mengurangi biaya produksi dan promosi • Mengurangi biaya inventory
Manfaat EC • Mengurangi biaya komunikasi • Hampir tidak terlihat perbedaan antara perusahaan besar dan kecil • Memudahkan konsumen memilih barang, 24 jam nonstop • Mempercepat dan mempermudah transaksi, anywhere • Memungkinkan barang dijual lebih murah
Layanan E-Commerce Khas Indonesia • Contoh layanan khas Indonesia – – – –
Wartel & Warnet SMS Berganti-ganti handphone (lifestyle?) Games, kuis
• Peluang bisnis baru yang khas Indonesia – – – – – –
SMS/Mobile-based applications nonton TV dengan chatting Games, kuis Sport (World Cup) Jual Buku online (bukabuku.com, bukukita.com) Star on TV (Indonesian Idol)
Jenis E-Commerce • Business-to-Consumer (B2C) – Electronic storefronts/mall
• Business-to-Business (B2B) – Google/Amazon
• Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) – Eceran / Lelang
• Business-to-Employee (B2E) – Employee juga sebagai customer/supplier
• E-Government – Layanan online pemerintah
• M-Commerce
Electronic Catalogs
E-Auctions
E-Classifieds
Customization in E-Commerce
Hambatan / Tantangan • Infrastruktur telekomunikasi yang masih terbatas dan mahal • Delivery channel – Pengiriman barang masih ditakutkan hilang di jalan. – Ketepatan waktu dalam pengiriman barang – Jangkauan daerah pengiriman barang
• Kultur dan Kepercayaan (trust) • Security • Munculnya jenis kejahatan baru – Penggunaan kartu kredit curian / palsu – Penipuan melalui SMS, kuis
• Ketidakjelasan hukum – Digital signature – Uang digital / cybermoney – Status hukum dari paper-less transaction
FaktorFaktor-Faktor Penyebab Kegagalan E-Business • • • • • • • • •
Tidak ada komitmen yang utuh dari manajemen. Penerapan e-business tidak diikuti proses change management. Tidak profesionalnya vendor teknologi informasi yang menjadi mitra bisnis Buruknya infrastruktur komunikasi Tidak selarasnya strategi TI dengan strategi perusahaan. Adanya masalah keamanan dalam bertransaksi Kurangnya dukungan finansial Belum adanya peraturan yang mendukung dan melindungi pihak-pihak yang bertransaksi (cyberlaw), Menggunakan target jangka pendek sebagai pijakan investasi ebusiness.
Kiat Membangun EE-Business • • • • •
Membenahi terlebih dahulu sistem pengelolaan sumber daya perusahaan secara terpadu. Membuat perencanaan investasi teknologi secara mendetail dan komprehensif. Menentukan arah investasi teknologi untuk menjawab kebutuhan jangka panjang. Membentuk struktur organisasi yang fleksibel dan adaptif terhadap perubahan. Melakukan kerjasama kondusif dengan berbagai mitra bisnis (vendor, pemasok barang, lembaga keuangan, dan lain sebagainya).
Sistem Pembayaran E-Commerce
Jenis E-Payment
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6-31
How e-credit cards work.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6-32
Auctions and Bartering The major mechanism for buying and selling on the Internet is the electronic catalog. There are two common mechanisms used in its implementation: electronic auctions and bartering online
• Electronic Auctions (e-Auctions): A market mechanism by which sellers place offers and buyers make sequential bids • Forward auctions are auctions where sellers place items at sites for auction and buyers bid continuously for the items. • Reverse auctions, have one buyer, usually an organization, that wants to buy a product or a service. Suppliers are invited to submit bids.
Perangkat Internet Mobile
Mobile Commerce: Overview • Mobile commerce (m-Commerce, m-Business)—any e-Commerce done in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet – Can be done via the Internet, private communication lines, smart cards, etc. – Creates opportunity to deliver new services to existing customers and to attract new ones
Contoh M-commerce • Pembayaran tagihan melalui mobile phones • Pengenalan suara melalui mobile phones untuk membeli karcis bioskop • Pembelian tiket pesawat melalui mobile phones • SMS informasi kuliah • Pembayaran uang kuliah • Transfer dana melalui mobile phone • Informasi kurs dan saham • Daily motivation, news
m-Commerce Terminology • Generations – 1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology – 2G: current wireless technology; mainly accommodates text – 2.5G: interim technology accommodates graphics – 3G: 3rd generation technology (2001-2005) supports rich media (video clips) – 4G: will provide faster multimedia display (2006-2010)
Terminology and Standards • GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System • PDA: Personal Digital Assistant—handheld wireless computer • SMS: Short Message Service • EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service • MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service • WAP: Wireless Application Protocol • Smartphones—Internet-enabled cell phones with attached applications
Tantangan m-commerce • Security, protocol, standards • Usability user interface • Heterogeneous Technologies – Platform, programming language, databases, etc
• Business Model Issues
Usability Approaches • Graffiti (Scaled-down handwriting recognition, Palm devices) • T9 Text Input (Word completion, most cell phones) • Full alphanumeric keypad & scrollbar (Blackberry) • Restricted VoiceXML grammars for better voice recognition • Careful task-based Graphical User Interface & Dialog Design
Limitations of m-Commerce • Usability Problem – small size of mobile devices (screens, keyboards, etc) – limited storage capacity of devices – hard to browse sites
• Technical Limitations – lack of a standardized security protocol – insufficient bandwidth
Limiting technological factors Networks •Bandwidth •Interoperability •Cell Range •Roaming
Security •Mobile Device •Network •Gateway
Mobile Middleware •Standards •Distribution
Localisation •Upgrade of Network •Upgrade of Mobile Devices •Precision
Mobile Devices •Battery •Memory •CPU •Display Size
Di belakang Layar EC & MC • Teknologi Client Server – Three tier layer (+ web)
• Teknologi Web Database (Database Layer) – Oracle, MySQL, SQL server, Postgres
• Teknologi Middleware – CORBA, RMI, JDBC, RPC, Web Service
Application Layer Technologies • Micro-browser based: WAP/WML, HDML: Openwave iMode (HTML): NTT DoCoMo Web Clipping: Palm.net XHTML: W3C • Voice-browser based: VoiceXML: W3C • Client-side: J2ME: Java 2 Micro Edition (Sun) WMLScript: Openwave • Messaging: SMS: Part of GSM Spec.
NEXT • Mobile, wireless, and pervasive computing
