J. Halbertsma Short hamstrings & stretching: stretching : a study of muscle elasticity diss. (1999) (1999) J. Halbertsma et al. Sport Stretching: Effect on Passive Muscle Stiffness of Short Hamstrings Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol77, July 1996
M O M E N T
' NA rekken '' VOOR rekken
Cecılia F. Aquino, Sergio T. Fonseca, Gabriela G.P. Goncalves, Paula L.P. Silva, Juliana M. Ocarino, Marisa C. Mancini Stretching versus strength training in lengthened position in subjects with tight hamstring muscles: A randomized controlled trial Manual Therapy 15; 26–31 (2010)
…stretching did not produce modification of torque–angle curve and flexibility; its effects appear restricted to increases in stretch tolerance.
Cynthia Holzm an Weppler, S. Peter Magnusson Increasing Muscle Extensibility: A Matter of Increasing Length or Modifying Sensation? Physical Therapy Volum e 90, Num ber 3 March (2010).
……. in subjects who are asymptomatic, increases in muscle extensibility observed immediately after a single stretching session and after short term (3- to 8-week) stretching regimens are predominantly due to modification in subjects’ sensation.
Hoek Hoek-uitslag Moment
HOEKUITSLAG
1
Consument en veiligheid Ingesloten bij Sport gericht, Nr. 4 (2010).
Hoe wordt een spier korter? Waarom wordt een spier korter?
Functionele eigenschappen van spierweefsel spierweefsel
Functies van spieren
2
Guillaume -Benjamin GuillaumeDuchenne de Boulogne 18061806 -1875 (Physiologie des mouvements).
Physiologie des' mouvements ' '
Functies van spieren
demonstree a l'aide de l'experimentation electrique, ' l'observation clinique, et applicable a l'etude des paralysies et des deformations. (1867) '
'
?????
Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne de Boulogne (1806 (1806--1875)
SPIERFUNCTIES IN DE DESCRIPTIEVE ANATOMIE
3.6 km/u 5.5 7.2
- origo gefixeerd - origo centraal (proximaal) - anatomische houding (zonder zwaartekracht) - geen andere krachten DescriptiefDescriptiefanatomische houding
Inman V., Ralston H., Todd F. : Human Walking
Gangrichting
Fr
Fr T
T
3
Gangrichting
?
4
??? Z
Fr R Fg
Functionele eigenschappen van spierweefsel spierweefsel
R
Spier Fasciculus
Spiervezels
Myofibril
Sarcomeer
5
Z= 0.05 µm
0.5 c A = 1.27 µm
I Segment Lengths and Thin Fi1a:ment Periods in Skeletal Muscle Fibers of the Rhesus Monkey and the Human SHEPPARD M. WALKER AND G. RANDOLPH SCHRODT ANAT. REC. 178: 63-82, (1974) The range of sarcomere lengths in the muscles of the human lower limb. ALISON CUTTS, J. Anat. (1988), 160, pp. 79-88
Ca. 2.5 µm 1 µm = 10-6m = 1/1000 mm
1000 streepjes hier tussen
T
1mm: 1000 / 2.5 = 400 sarcomeren 1cm: 10 x 400 = 4000 sarcomeren
N c= 0.17 µm
A = actine M = myosine
M. Vastus medialis medialis:: ca. 7 cm = ca. 28000 sarcomeren
M = 1.6 µm
T = titine N = nebuline
Rustlengte: S0 = 2 x 0.05 + 2 x 1.27 + 0.5 x 0.17 = 2.7 µm
Z = z-membraan c = cross-bridge-vrije zone
M. Sartorius:
ca. 45 cm = ca. 180000 sarcomeren
Naar Wickiew icz, 1983
EXTREME POSITIES
GERINGE KRACHT
1.6 F (%) 2.7 Geringe contacten
100 R u
4.1
s
t l e n g t e
0
Antiparallel regions L (µm)
1.6
4.1
2.7
Verkorting en verlenging vanuit de rustlengte:
100 - (Nieuwe Lengte / Oude Lengte) x 100 %
2.7 µ m
41 %
2.7 µ m
1.6 µ m
4.1 µ m
52 %
6
SemiSemitendinosus
Lange en korte spieren
SemiSemimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Data naar: Wickiewicz T. et al. Muscle Architecture of the Lower Limb Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research Number 179 (1983) pp: 275 - 283
α
T
α b
a B
S
7
6
5
Origo-heup-as (cm)
15.8
8.5
6.3
Vezellengte (cm)
c
Heup-as – insertie: 42 (cm) Init. Tuberhoek: 25o Proc. Verlenging: 55%
c2 =a2 + b2 – 2ab cos α c = √ a2 + b2 – 2ab cos α 810
550
Hoekuitslag
500
S =√B2 + T 2 – 2BT cos α α = arccos
B2 + T2 –S2 2.B.T
V α T
7
V = 5.3 cm: 37o V = 7.3 cm: 48o
Vezellengte
Max. Heupflexie ? 63o
“Stijf” Ref “Lenig” V 5.3 6.3 7.3 T 7 6 5 ο 35 25 15 α
43o T = 7 cm: 37o T = 5 cm: 50o
29o Tuberlengte
M. RekRek-tus femoris
Adaptatie van spierweefsel spierweefsel
Voor training
Na training
8
LIT.
IMMOBILISATIE VERKORT
Verkorten, verlengen en sarcomeerlengte
F
IMMOBILISATIE: VERLENGD
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: volwassen, verkort
L
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: volwassen, verkort
F
L F
L
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: volwassen, verlengd
9
F
L F
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, verkort
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: volwassen, verlengd
Groei
Toename aantal sarcomeren in serie
Functioneren in verkorte positie
Afname aantal sarcomeren in serie
}
L
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, verkort
Tegengestelde tendensen!
Verwachting: minder afname sarcomeren in serie dan bij volwassenen
Werkelijkheid: grotere afname van sarcomeren in serie dan bij volwassenen. Peesgroei!!
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, verkort
Groei
Toename aantal sarcomeren in serie
Functioneren in verlengde positie
Toename aantal sarcomeren in serie
}
Gelijke tendensen! Verwachting: meer toename sarcomeren in serie dan bij volwassenen.
F
L
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, verlengd
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, verlengd
10
Verkorte positie
Verlengde positie
Werkelijkheid: afname van sarcomeren in serie. Peesgroei!!
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, verlengd
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: volwassen, overzicht.
Sarcomeren Pees-groei Verkorte positie
Verlengde positie
PROBLEEM : VERLENGINGSMOGELIJKHEID
PROBLEEM : “HEFHOOGT E”
* Adaptatie sarc. in serie: jong, overzicht.
LIT.
DANK VOOR UW AANDACHT
I C C C
I
I
11
Immobilisatie en Adaptatie van Sarcomeren in Serie Goldspink G, Tabary C, Tabary JC, Tardieu C, Tardieu G. Effect of denervation on the adaptation of sarcomere number and muscle extensibility to the functional length of the muscle. J Physiol 1974; 236:733–742. Goldspink DF, Morton AJ, Loughna P, Goldspink G. The effect of hypokinesia and hypodynamia on protein turnover and the growth of four skeletal muscles of the rat. Pflugers Arch 1986;407:333–340. Goldspink G, Scutt A, Loughna PT, Wells DJ, Jaenicke T, Gerlach GF. Gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to stretch and force generation. Am J Physiol 1992;262:R356–363. Goldspink DF, Cox VM, Smith SK, Eaves LA, Osbaldeston NJ, Lee DM, et al. Muscle growth in response to mechanical stimuli. Am J Physiol 1995;268:E288–297. loughna P, Goldspink G, Goldspink DF. Effect of inactivity and passive stretch on protein turnover in phasic and postural rat muscles. J Appl Physiol 1986;61:173–179. Eva Pontén, Jan Fridén Immobilization of the rabbit tibialis anterior muscle in a lengthened position causes addition of sarcomeres in series and extra-cellular matrix proliferation Journal of Biomechanics 41 (2008) 1801–1804 Tabary JC, Tabary C, Tardieu C, Tardieu G, Goldspink G. Physiological and structural changes in the cat’s soleus muscle due to immobilization at different lengths by plaster casts. J Physiol 1972;224: 231–244. Tardieu C, Tabary J, Tardieu G, Tabary C. Adaptation of sarcomere numbers to the length imposed on the muscle. Adv Physiol Sci 1980; 24:99–114. P. E. Williams And G. Goldspink The Effect Of Denervation And Dystrophy On The Adaptation Of Sarcomere Number To The Functional Length Of The Muscle In Young And Adult Mice J. Anat. (1976), 122, 2, Pp. 455-465 Williams PE, Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere length and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J Anat 1978;127:459–468. Williams PE. Use of intermittent stretch in the prevention of serial sarcomere loss in immobilised muscle. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49: 316–317.
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Excentrische oefeningen verschuiven van het maximaal te leveren moment naar langere spierlengten
Excentrische oefeningen veroorzaken een toename van de spiervezellengte c.q. het aantal sarcomeren David L. Morgan And Jason A. Talbot The Addition Of Sarcomeres In Series Is The Main Protective Mechanism Following Eccentric Exercise Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4 (2002) 421{431
J. Alonso, M. P. McHugh, M. J. Mullaney, T. F. Tyler Effect of hamstring flexibility on isometric knee flexion angle–torque relationship Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009: 19: 252–256
Butterfield, Timothy A., Timothy R. Leonard, and Walter Herzog. Differential serial sarcomere number adaptations in knee extensor muscles of rats is contraction type dependent. J Appl Physiol 99: 1352–1358, 2005
Philippou, G. Bogdanis, A. Nevill, M. Maridaki Changes in the angle-force curve of human elbow flexors following eccentric and isometric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol (2004) 93: 237-244 Lynn, R., and D. L. Morgan. Decline running produces more sarcomeres in rat vastus intermedius muscle fibers than does incline running. J. Appl. Physiol. 77(3): 1439-1444, 1994.
Tara G. Potier · Caroline M. Alexander Olivier R. Seynnes Effects of eccentric strength training on biceps femoris muscle architecture and knee joint range of movement Eur J Appl Physiol (2009) 105:939–944
R. Lynn, J. Talbot, D. Morgan Differences in rat skeletal muscles after incline an decline running Eur J Appl Physiol (1998) 85: 98-104
Het gaat veel meer om de (verlengde) positie waarin wordt geoefend dan om de excentrische contractie
David L. Morgan And Jason A. Talbot The Addition Of Sarcomeres In Series Is The Main Protective Mechanism Following Eccentric Exercise Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4 (2002) 421{431
Kenny Guex, Francis Degache, Gérald Gremion, & Grégoire P. Millet Effect of hip flexion angle on hamstring optimum length after a single set of concentric contractions Journal of Sports Sciences, 2013 Vol. 31, No. 14, 1545–1552
Kieran O’Sullivan, Sean McAuliffe, Neasa DeBurca The effects of eccentric training on lower limb flexibility: a systematic review Br J Sports Med 2012;46:838–845.
Anthony J. Blazevich, Dale Cannavan, David R. Coleman and Sara Horne Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles J Appl Physiol 103:1565-1575, 2007
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We have also shown that adaptations in fascicle length are not influenced by contraction mode, but are most likely influenced by the training range of motion (i.e., fascicle strain); contraction velocity probably has little effect.
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Jennette L. Boakes, Jared Foran, Samuel R. Ward, and Richard L. Lieber Muscle Adaptation by Serial Sarcomere Addition 1 Year after Femoral Lengthening Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research Number 456, pp. 250–253, 2006
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The fact that fascicle length increased dramatically and in vivo sarcomere length decreased slightly showed the substantial increase in serial sarcomere number. As the serial sarcomere number represents fascicle length divided by sarcomere length, the serial sarcomere number increased from 25,000 (9.1 cm/3.64 m) to 58,650 (18.2 cm/3.11 m). This corresponds to a serial sarcomere synthesis/incorporation of approximately 350 per day. Therefore, the sarcomere number increased more than enough to compensate for the limb-length change. Return
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