DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PENGESAHAN TESIS .............................................................. ii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN SIDANG ......................................................... iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ......................................................................... iv UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ......................................................................... v INTISARI ................................................................................................ viii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. ix KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................. x DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................. xii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................... xvii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... xxii TERMINOLOGI..................................................................................... xxiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Masalah........................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Identifikasi Masalah.................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Batasan Masalah ..................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................... 4 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 4 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................... 5 1.5 Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................... 5 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... 7 2.1 Tinjauan Umum Tentang Perahu .................................................... 7 2.2 Jenis Perahu ................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 Perahu Pertama (First Boat) .................................................. 11 2.2.1.1 Perahu Alang-alang (Reed Boat) .................................... 11 2.2.1.2 Perahu Umpat (Hide Boat) .............................................. 12 2.2.1.3 Sky Watching .................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Perahu Kano & Perahu Rakit (Canoes & Raft) ...................... 14 2.2.2.1 Perahu Kano Perang ...................................................... 15 2.2.2.2 Perahu Kayak ................................................................. 15
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2.2.2.3 Perahu Kano berkulit Kayu (Bark Canoes) ..................... 15 2.2.2.4 Rakit Geliang (Wriggling Raft)......................................... 15 2.2.2.5 Kon Tiki ........................................................................... 16 2.2.2.6 Perahu Kano Sport (Rafting) ........................................... 16 2.2.2.7 Perahu Cadik (Outrigger) ................................................ 16 2.2.3 Perahu & Kapal Uap (Steam Boat) ........................................ 18 2.2.3.1 Turbinia ........................................................................... 19 2.2.3.2 Kapal Sirius ..................................................................... 19 2.2.3.3 Kapal Uap Dayung .......................................................... 19 2.2.4 Perahu Nelayan (Fishing Boat) .............................................. 21 2.2.4.1 Perahu Skoci Nelayan .................................................... 21 2.2.4.2 Perahu Nelayan Kepulauan (Island Fishing Boat) .......... 22 2.2.4.3 Perahu Mancing Mesir .................................................... 22 2.2.4.4 Kapal Nelayan Modern ................................................... 22 2.2.4.5 Sailing Spirits .................................................................. 22 2.2.4.6 Perahu Nelayan dengan Pukat ....................................... 23 2.2.5 Perahu Dayung (Rowing Boat) .............................................. 25 2.2.5.1 Perahu Viking (Viking Boat) ............................................ 25 2.2.5.2 Oxford Eight .................................................................... 26 2.2.5.3 Perahu Sampan .............................................................. 26 2.2.5.4 Perahu Dayung Yunani (Galleys).................................... 26 2.2.5.5 Perahu Naga ................................................................... 26 2.2.5.6 Perahu Mandarin ............................................................ 27 2.2.5.7 Perahu Angsa (Swan Boat) ............................................ 27 2.2.5.8 Perahu Gondola (Canal Cruiser)..................................... 27 2.2.6 Perahu Layar (Sailing Boat) ................................................... 30 2.2.6.1 Perahu dengan Tiang (Sailrocket) .................................. 30 2.2.6.2 Perahu Trimaran (IDEC II) .............................................. 31 2.2.6.3 Hydroptere ...................................................................... 31 2.2.6.4 Clippers ........................................................................... 32 2.2.6.5 Kapal Layar dengan Metal .............................................. 32 2.2.6.6 Perahu Optimis (Optimist Boat) ...................................... 32 2.2.6.7 Perahu Kembar Lambung (Twin Hull Boat) .................... 33 2.2.7 Perahu Penyelamat (Life boat) .............................................. 35 2.2.8 Perahu Mesin (Motor Boat) .................................................... 36 2.2.8.1 Kapal Hydrofoil................................................................ 36 2.2.8.2 Hydroplane...................................................................... 37 2.2.8.3 Jetski ............................................................................... 37 2.2.8.4 Perahu Rawa (Swamp Boat) .......................................... 37 2.2.8.5 Earthrace ........................................................................ 37 2.2.9 Perahu & Kapal Kerja (Working Boat) .................................... 40 2.2.9.1 Kapal Feri ....................................................................... 40 2.2.9.2 Kapal Pemotong Es (Icebreaker) .................................... 40 2.2.9.3 Kapal Keruk (Dredger) .................................................... 41 2.2.9.4 Jet Air.............................................................................. 41 2.2.9.5 Perahu Patroli ................................................................. 41
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2.2.10 Perahu Tinggal (Living Boat) .............................................. 43 2.2.10.1 Perahu Sempit (Narrow Boat) ......................................... 43 2.2.10.2 Perahu Tinggal Bangkok (Bangkok Houseboat) ............. 44 2.2.10.3 Carrier ............................................................................. 44 2.2.10.4 Perahu Tinggal Kashmir (Kashmir Houseboats) ............. 44 2.2.10.5 Bahtera (Ark)................................................................... 44 2.2.11 Perahu Nusantara .............................................................. 47 2.3 Pemeliharaan Perahu Secara Tradisional ..................................... 48 2.4 Karakteristik Perahu Tradisional ................................................... 49 2.5 Persyaratan Kayu Perahu ............................................................. 50 2.6 Pemanfaatan Kayu Perahu di Indonesia ....................................... 51 2.7 Peralatan dan Tenaga Kerja yang Digunakan............................... 52 2.8 Ternate .......................................................................................... 53 2.8.1 Ternate Awal .......................................................................... 54 2.8.2 Sejarah Lahirnya Kota Ternate .............................................. 58 2.8.3 Perumusan Sejarah Jadinya Kota Ternate ............................ 59 2.8.4 Awal Perkembangan Kerajaan Ternate ................................. 60 2.8.5 Pengiriman Armada Kora-kora ke Ambon.............................. 61 2.8.6 Kemunduran Kerajaan Ternate .............................................. 62 2.8.7 Mata Pencaharian .................................................................. 63 2.8.8 Kesenian ................................................................................ 63 2.8.9 Pembangunan dan Modernisasi ............................................ 65 2.8.10 Letak Geografis .................................................................. 65 2.8.11 Demografi ........................................................................... 66 2.8.12 Sumber Daya Alam ............................................................ 68 2.8.13 Sosial Budaya..................................................................... 68 2.9 Tinjauan Budaya ........................................................................... 70 2.9.1 Fenomena Budaya Dalam Semiotik ....................................... 70 2.9.2 Kebudayaan sebagai Signifying Order ................................... 73 2.9.3 Sinkroni dan Diakroni ............................................................. 75 2.9.4 Perkembangan Strukturalisme dalam kaitan dengan Kajian Budaya ........................................................... 75 2.9.5 Pandangan Kesejarahan dengan Pandangan Konseptual ..... 76 2.9.6 Transformasi Budaya dan Modernitas ................................... 76 2.9.7 Modernitas dan kreativitas ..................................................... 80 2.9.8 Masyarakat Ternate dalam Modernitas .................................. 80 2.9.9 Tarikan Tradisi dan Modernitas di Kalangan Masyarakat Ternate ............................................................... 82 2.9.10 Peranan Bangsawan Ternate Melestarikan Nilai-Nilai Tradisional .......................................................... 84 2.9.11 Tarian Budaya Ternate ....................................................... 86 2.10 Tinjauan Laut ............................................................................. 88 2.10.1 Makna dan Fungsi Laut ...................................................... 89 xiv
2.10.2 2.10.3 2.10.4
Wilayah Laut ....................................................................... 90 Menata Wilayah Laut .......................................................... 91 Pendekatan Makro Penataan Kawasan Perairan dan Pulau ........................................................................... 91 2.10.5 Sifat Dinamis Laut .............................................................. 93 2.10.5.1 Arus Laut ........................................................................ 93 2.10.5.2 Pasang Naik & Pasang Surut.......................................... 96 2.10.5.3 Ombak ............................................................................ 97 2.10.6 Sistem Keselamatan Laut ................................................... 99 2.10.6.1 Rambu Suar .................................................................... 99 2.10.6.2 Mercusuar ..................................................................... 100 2.10.6.3 Penyelamatan Diri di Laut (Personal Survival) .............. 100 2.10.7 Sosial Budaya masyarakat Pesisir dan Pulau .................. 104 2.11 Tinjauan Estetika ..................................................................... 105 2.11.1 Merancang Dengan Wawasan Estetis.............................. 106 2.11.2 Anatomi Estetika............................................................... 107 2.12 Tinjauan Warna ....................................................................... 107 2.12.1 Persepsi Warna ................................................................ 108 2.12.2 Psikologi Warna................................................................ 109 2.12.3 Rasa Terhadap Warna ..................................................... 109 2.12.4 Makna Budaya Warna ...................................................... 110 2.13
Tinjauan Perjalanan ................................................................. 112
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN............................................................. 116 3.1 Objek Penelitian .......................................................................... 116 3.2 Metode dan Pendekatan ............................................................. 116 3.3 Lokasi Penelitian ......................................................................... 117 3.4 Waktu Penelitian ......................................................................... 118 3.5 Kerangka Berpikir Penelitian ....................................................... 118 3.6 Metode Pengumpulan Data......................................................... 119 3.6.1 Studi Literatur ....................................................................... 119 3.6.2 Observasi/Pengamatan Lapangan ....................................... 119 3.6.3 Wawancara .......................................................................... 119 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN ................................................................. 120 4.1 Analisis Perahu di Ternate .......................................................... 120 4.2 Analisis Perahu Kora-kora........................................................... 123 4.2.1 Perahu Kora-Kora ................................................................ 123 4.2.2 Fungsi dan Peranan Perahu Kora-kora................................ 126 4.2.2.1 Upacara Adat Kololi Kie ................................................ 128 4.2.2.1.1 Keistimewaan ............................................................ 132 4.2.2.1.2 Lokasi ........................................................................ 134 xv
4.2.2.1.3 Akses ........................................................................ 134 4.2.2.1.4 Harga Tiket ................................................................ 135 4.2.3 Ukuran & Kapasitas Perahu Kora-kora ................................ 135 4.2.4 Material Perahu Kora-kora ................................................... 138 4.2.5 Fasilitas Perahu Kora-kora ................................................... 141 4.2.6 Jenis Perahu Kora-kora ....................................................... 141 4.3 Analisis Budaya ........................................................................... 143 4.3.1 Pakaian (Tari Soya-Soya) .................................................... 143 4.3.2 Tari Soya-soya ..................................................................... 144 4.3.3 Festival Legu Gam Ternate .................................................. 146 4.4 Analisis Simbol ............................................................................ 149 4.4.1 Burung Goheba .................................................................... 149 4.4.2 Batik ..................................................................................... 150 4.4.3 Arti Lambang Ternate .......................................................... 151 4.5 Analisa Bentuk ............................................................................ 153 4.6 Analisa Warna ............................................................................. 154 4.6.1 Makna Warna Perahu Kora-kora ......................................... 155 4.7 Analisis Geografis ....................................................................... 158 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..................................................... 162 5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................. 162 5.2 Saran........................................................................................... 162 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. 164 DAFTAR INFORMAN ............................................................................ 167 LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ 168
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar II. 1. Bentuk-bentuk Kaki Perahu ................................................. 8 Gambar II. 2. Tubuh perahu ....................................................................... 9 Gambar II. 3. Perahu Firaun .................................................................... 10 Gambar II. 4. Nenek moyang perahu berupa potongan kayu besar bundar ................................................................................................................. 12 Gambar II. 5. Perahu dengan potongan kayu yang diikat bersama ......... 13 Gambar II. 6. Perahu kayu yang digali yang dinamakan “Dugout” ........... 13 Gambar II. 7. Perahu alang-alang ............................................................ 13 Gambar II. 8. Perahu sembunyi (Hide boat) ............................................ 14 Gambar II. 9. Sky watching boat .............................................................. 14 Gambar II. 10. Perahu kano perang......................................................... 16 Gambar II. 11. Perahu kayak ................................................................... 17 Gambar II. 12. Perahu kulit kayu (Bark canoe) ........................................ 17 Gambar II. 13. The Kon Tiki raft ............................................................... 17 Gambar II. 14. Perahu untuk olahraga Adventure.................................... 18 Gambar II. 15. Perahu Cadik ................................................................... 18 Gambar II. 16. Perahu uap pertama dengan nama Turbinia .................... 20 Gambar II. 17. Kapal Sirius ...................................................................... 20 Gambar II. 18. Kapal uap dayung ............................................................ 21 Gambar II. 19. Perahu Jukung milik Madura ............................................ 23 Gambar II. 20. Perahu nelayan Mesir kuno ............................................. 23 Gambar II. 21. Kapal nelayan tuna dengan helicopter ............................. 24 Gambar II. 22. Perahu yang memiliki mata yang dipercayamemiliki "jiwa" ................................................................................................................. 24 Gambar II. 23. Kapal pembawa pukat raksasa ........................................ 25 xvii
Gambar II. 24. Viking boat ....................................................................... 28 Gambar II. 25. Perahu Oxford Eight......................................................... 28 Gambar II. 26. Perahu sampan ................................................................ 28 Gambar II. 27. Perahu kuno Yunani yang disebut Galley ........................ 29 Gambar II. 28. Perahu naga..................................................................... 29 Gambar II. 29. Perahu Mandarin.............................................................. 29 Gambar II. 30. Perahu Angsa .................................................................. 30 Gambar II. 31. Perahu gondola ................................................................ 30 Gambar II. 32. Perahu Sailrocket ............................................................. 33 Gambar II. 33. Perahu trimaran model IDEC II ........................................ 33 Gambar II. 34. Perahu Hydroptere ........................................................... 34 Gambar II. 35. Kapal Clipper ................................................................... 34 Gambar II. 36. Kapal besar yang bernama Shin Aitoku maru .................. 34 Gambar II. 37. Perahu Optimist ............................................................... 35 Gambar II. 38. Perahu dua lambung ........................................................ 35 Gambar II. 39. kapal penyelamat (lifeboat) .............................................. 36 Gambar II. 40. Kapal Hydrofoil ................................................................. 39 Gambar II. 41. Perahu Hydroplane .......................................................... 39 Gambar II. 42. Jetski ................................................................................ 39 Gambar II. 43. Perahu rawa ..................................................................... 40 Gambar II. 44. Perahu ferry ..................................................................... 42 Gambar II. 45. Kapal pembelah es yang bernama Icebreaker ................. 42 Gambar II. 46. Kapal keruk ...................................................................... 42 Gambar II. 47. Perahu patroli polisi.......................................................... 43 Gambar II. 48. Narrowboat atau perahu tinggal ....................................... 45
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Gambar II. 49. Perahu tinggal di Bangkok ............................................... 45 Gambar II. 50. Carrier .............................................................................. 46 Gambar II. 51. Perahu hotel di Kashmir ................................................... 46 Gambar II. 52. Bahtera ............................................................................ 46 Gambar III. 1. Peta lokasi penelitian di Ternate Selatan ........................ 117 Gambar III. 2 Pola Pikir Penelitian ......................................................... 118
Gambar IV. 1. Perahu mesin untuk Nelayan .......................................... 120 Gambar IV. 2. Perahu mesin model sema-sema ................................... 121 Gambar IV. 3. Perahu Feri Ternate........................................................ 121 Gambar IV. 4. Perahu Nelayan dengan mesin temple ........................... 121 Gambar IV. 5. Perahu Sema-sema ........................................................ 122 Gambar IV. 6. Perahu Sema-sema yang sedang terapung di tengah laut ............................................................................................................... 122 Gambar IV. 7. Perahu panjang .............................................................. 122 Gambar IV. 8. Perahu penyeberangan dan perahu patroli Ternate ....... 123 Gambar IV. 9. Lukisan Cora-Cora yang merupakan perahu dayung Tradisi Maluku Utara. Perahu Kora-kora pertengahan abad 14 ........................ 124 Gambar IV. 10. Perahu Kora-kora menggunakan Cadik........................ 125 Gambar IV. 11. Perahu Kora-kora tahun 1990-an ................................. 125 Gambar IV. 12. Miniatur perahu Kora-kora di Museum Bahari .............. 125 Gambar IV. 13. Perahu Kora-kora saat ini ............................................. 126 Gambar IV. 14. Fungsi dan peranan perahu kora-kora.......................... 127 Gambar IV. 15. Upacara adat Kololi Kie yang menggunakan perahu KoraKora dengan mesin tempel .................................................................... 129 Gambar IV. 16. Perahu kora-kora yang menggunakan speedboat ........ 130 xix
Gambar IV. 17. Kegiatan ritual yang mengelilingi Pulau Ternate ........... 130 Gambar IV. 18. Perahu kora-kora yang dihiasi oleh bendera ................ 131 Gambar IV. 19. Gambar 4.2d. Perahu kora-kora model speedboat ....... 131 Gambar IV. 20. Gambar 4.2.2. Kegiatan ritual yang menggunakan perahu kora-kora dengan bantuan mesin .......................................................... 132 Gambar IV. 21. Perahu kora-kora tampak samping ............................... 136 Gambar IV. 22. Gambar potongan perahu kora-kora dari samping ....... 136 Gambar IV. 23. Perahu kora-kora tampak atas ..................................... 136 Gambar IV. 24. Perahu kora-kora tampak depan .................................. 137 Gambar IV. 25. Bahan baku dari kayu Gofasa ...................................... 139 Gambar IV. 26. Pembuatan perahu kora-kora oleh pengrajin ................ 140 Gambar IV. 27. Proses pembuatan........................................................ 140 Gambar IV. 28. Pembuatan perahu Kora-kora model Juanga ............... 140 Gambar IV. 29. Memasuki proses pewarnaan ....................................... 141 Gambar IV. 30. Juanga .......................................................................... 141 Gambar IV. 31. Perahu Kora-kora (original) .......................................... 143 Gambar IV. 32. Perahu Kora-kora Juanga (Ternate) dan Kangunga (Tidore) .................................................................................................. 143 Gambar IV. 33. Miniatur perahu kora-kora Juanga ................................ 143 Gambar IV. 34. Pakaian adat tarian soya-soya ..................................... 144 Gambar IV. 35. Tarian Soya-soya secara massal.................................. 146 Gambar IV. 36. Festival Legu Gam 2012 di Ternate.............................. 147 Gambar IV. 37. Remaja yang terlibat Festifal Legu Gam 2012 .............. 148 Gambar IV. 38. Simbol kesultanan, burung Goheba.............................. 149 Gambar IV. 39. Ruang kesultanan dengan simbolik burung Goheba .... 150 Gambar IV. 40. Baju Sultan yang melambangkan burung Goheba ....... 150
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Gambar IV. 41. Batik Ternate yang berciri khas simbolik burung .......... 151 Gambar IV. 42. Batik Ternate yang berciri khas simbolik burung .......... 151 Gambar IV. 43. Simbol lambang kota Ternate ....................................... 152 Gambar IV. 44. Makna warna yang terkandung dalam perahu kora-kora ............................................................................................................... 156 Gambar IV. 45. Gambar. Warna Kuning ................................................ 156 Gambar IV. 46. Gambar. Warna Hijau ................................................... 157 Gambar IV. 47. Gambar 2.1. Provinsi Maluku Utara .............................. 159
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II. 1. Makna budaya warna ........................................................... 112 Tabel II. 2. Hubungan tiga unsur ............................................................ 113 Tabel IV. 1. Tabel ukuran ....................................................................... 137 Tabel IV. 2. Tabel material ..................................................................... 139
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