Lampiran 1. Contoh Perhitungan Koefisisen Kehilangan Panas (Ut) Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara pelat absorber dan cover (ha). L= 1m ,Tpelat absorber: 840C, Tudara: 35.90C Tf = (84+35.9)/2= 59.950C= 333.1 K ∆T: 48.10C, ρ= 1.0606 kg/m3, β= 0.003143
Koefisien perpindahan panas radiasi antara absorber dan cover (hra) =5.67 x 10-8 Tp = 840C, Tc = 60.670C Emisivitas pelat( p) = 0.11, Emisivitas cover ( c) = 0.88 hra =
Cp= 1008.085 J/kg.K
( (
) )(
)
hra = 1.0153 W/m2.K
k= 0.0287 W/m.K
koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara cover dan udara luar (hc).
μ : 1.998 x 10-5 Pa.s Maka:
v angin = 1.43 m/s Pr: hc = 5.7 + 3.8v = 0.7
Pr =
= 11.1 W/m2.K
Gr = (L3ρ2gcosɸ∆Tβ)/μ2 = 2.951 x 10
Koefisien perpindahan panas radiasi antara cover dan udara luar (hrc)
9
Ra = Gr x Pr = 2.07 x 109 ( nilai lebih besar dari 109 ) Untuk Ra yang laminar (≤109) digunakan nilai Nu: Nu = 0.68 +
Untuk menghitung koefisien perpindahan panas perlu ditentukan Tlangit. Berdasarkan Swinbank (1963) didalam Jansen (1995) dihitung dengan: Tlangit = 0.0552 (Tudara)3/2 = 299.92 K
[
(
)
]
Maka
Untuk seluruh nilai Ra nilai Nu: hrc = Nu= {
[
(
)
Maka Nu = 153.558 Sehingga ha = (Nu x k)/ L = 4.41 W/m2.K
]
}
( (
) )
= 6.36 W/m2K Untuk cover 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, dan 0% terdapat bagian pelat absorber yang tidak tertutup cover sehingga perlu dihitung: Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara pelat absorber dengan udara luar (hb): Vangin = 1.43 m/s
47
Lanjutan Lampiran 1. Maka
+
A= luasan pelat (0.3 m2)
hc = 5.7 + 3.8v
A1 = luasan pelat tertutup cover 2
= 11.1 W/m .K
= (0.3 x 0.4)= 0.12 m2 (cover 40%)
Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara pelat absorber dengan udara luar (hrb): Tlangit = 0.0552 (Tudara)3/2
A2 = luasan pelat tak tertutup cover = (0.3 x 0.6 ) = 0.18 m2 (cover 40%) = 2.631 K/W
= 299.92 K hrb =
=
(
)
(
Rt = 0.114 m2.K/W
) 2
Ut = 8.77 W/m2.K
= 0.843 W/m K Perhitungan tahanan termal =
Untuk perhitungan cover 0% hanya memiliki nilai R2 karena pelat tidak tertutup cover, sehingga:
+ Cover 0%
Ut =
hb= 11.1 W/m2.K,
R1 =
+ (cover) +
R2 =
R2 = Untuk perhitungan cover 100%, tidak memiliki nilai R2 karena seluruh pelat tertutup cover, sehingga: Rt =
hrb = 0.80 W/m2.K
= 0.0837 m2.K/W = Rt Ut = 11.93 W/m2.K
+ (cover) +
= 0.247 m2.K/W Ut = 4.038 W/m2.K
Contoh Perhitungan Laju aliran Massa CD=0.65 A= 0.015 m2
Untuk perhitungan cover 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% memiliki nilai R2 karena sebagian pelat tidak tertutup cover, sehingga: Cover 40% R1 = = 0.252 R2 =
H=0.71 Ti= 55.50C= 328.3 K T0=35.90C=308.91 K
+ (cover) +
Q = CD A [2gH (Ti-T0)/Ti]1/2 Sehingga: Q = 0.65x 0.015[2 x 9.8 x 0.71 (328.3308.91)/328.3]1/2
= 0.0836 = 0.00882 m3/s
48
Lanjutan Lampiran 1. Maka: m=Qxρ = 0.00882 m3/s x 1.07621 kg/m3 = 0.0095 kg/s Perhitungan Hasil Simulasi Numerik menggunakan solver dari simulasi komputer berdasarkan surface integral yang merupakan fungsi dari massa jenis, luas area dan vektor kecepatan ∫ vdA =∑
1v1A1
Sehingga hasil dari perhitungan simulasi numerik simulasi komputer: 0.0098 kg/s Error hitungan simulasi dan pengukuran = 4.11%
49
Lampiran 2. Biaya Konstruksi Kolektor.
No 1
Uraian
Biaya Kolektor Cover (Rp) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Armaflex
83620
83620
83620
83620
83620
83620
2
Lem Armaflex
65000
65000
65000
65000
65000
65000
3
Kaca
18600
14880
11160
7440
3720
0
4
Pelat Alumunium
19500
19500
19500
19500
19500
19500
5
Besi Siku
53200
53200
53200
53200
53200
53200
6
Pengelasan
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
7
Gerinda
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
8
Pengeboran
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
9
Rivet
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
10
Cat
11
Upah Kerja Total Biaya
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
439920
436200
432480
428760
425040
421320
50
Lampiran 3. Tabel Koefisien Kehilangan Panas Ut 11 April Pukul 08.00 β= 6
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.3
cover 80%
0.3
cover 60%
0.3
cover 40%
0.3
cover 20%
0.3
cover 0%
0.3
2
R2 (m2.K/W)
R1 (m .K/W)
0.38121 0.36634 0.35298 0.33032 0.3005
0.13346 0.13355 0.13349 0.13358 0.13363
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
0.786973 1.104709 1.408464 1.711713 1.996331 2.245075
0.381207 0.271565 0.212998 0.175263 0.150276 0.133626
Ut (W/m2K)
2.62324461 3.68236363 4.69488032 5.70570974 6.65443679 7.48358324
11 April, Pukul 10.00 β= 6
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.17
cover 80%
0.17
cover 60%
0.17
cover 40%
0.17
cover 20%
0.17
cover 0%
0.17
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.33382 0.29499 0.33906 0.29825 0.15173
R2 (m2.K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
0.1387 0.13948 0.13924 0.13961 0.13981
0.898698 1.246176 1.391207 1.695109 2.11446 2.145757
0.333816 0.240736 0.21564 0.17698 0.14188 0.139811
Ut (W/m2K)
2.99566083 4.15392021 4.63735598 5.65036173 7.04819887 7.15252469
11 April pukul 12.15 β= 6
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.53
cover 80%
0.53
cover 60%
0.53
cover 40%
0.53
cover 20%
0.53
cover 0%
0.53
2
R1 (m .K/W)
R2 (m .K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.11718 0.11762 0.11769 0.11781 0.11807
0.900043 1.259583 1.592612 1.931368 2.262515 2.540801
0.333317 0.238174 0.18837 0.15533 0.132596 0.118073
3.00014313 4.19860889 5.30870763 6.43789183 7.54171796 8.46933706
0.33332 0.32105 0.3145 0.29861 0.26622
2
4 April pukul 10.00 β= 15
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.37
cover 80%
0.37
cover 60%
0.37
cover 40%
0.37
cover 20%
0.37
cover 0%
0.37
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.3156 0.30789 0.29734 0.27933 0.26476
2
R2 (m .K/W)
0.12506 0.1252 0.12506 0.12589 0.12599
A/Rt (K/W)
0.950569 1.25925 1.563816 1.868917 2.133097 2.381215
Rt (m2.K/W)
0.3156 0.238237 0.191838 0.160521 0.140641 0.125986
Ut (W/m2K)
3.16856446 4.19750159 5.21272131 6.22972192 7.11032314 7.93738486
51
Lanjutan Lampiran 3. 4 April pukul 12.00 β= 15
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.17
cover 80%
0.17
cover 60%
0.17
cover 40%
0.17
cover 20%
0.17
cover 0%
0.17
2
R2 (m2.K/W)
R1 (m .K/W)
0.31584 0.30872 0.29552 0.28031 0.26204
0.13769 0.13764 0.13768 0.1389 0.13998
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.949856 1.213158 1.480904 1.735451 1.956864 2.143107
0.315837 0.247289 0.202579 0.172866 0.153307 0.139984
3.1661877 4.04385878 4.93634566 5.7848367 6.52287962 7.14368975
4 April Pukul 14.00 β= 15
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.68
cover 80%
0.68
cover 60%
0.68
cover 40%
0.68
cover 20%
0.68
cover 0%
0.68
2
2
R1 (m .K/W)
R2 (m .K/W)
0.34206 0.33205 0.31991 0.29856 0.27224
0.11081 0.11091 0.11079 0.11102 0.11117
A/Rt (K/W)
0.877043 1.264258 1.644576 2.026561 2.382174 2.698582
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.342058 0.237293 0.182418 0.148034 0.125935 0.111169
2.9234769 4.21419245 5.48191957 6.75520375 7.9405789 8.99527373
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.409202 0.311007 0.228456 0.198389 0.162631 0.144358
2.44377976 3.21536599 4.3772013 5.04061287 6.14889857 6.92722158
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
5 April Pukul 08.45 β= 30
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.13
cover 80%
0.13
cover 60%
0.13
cover 40%
0.13
cover 20%
0.13
cover 0%
0.13
2
2
R1 (m .K/W)
R2 (m .K/W)
0.4092 0.43616 0.37517 0.43957 0.32915
0.1448 0.14399 0.14526 0.14437 0.14436
A/Rt (K/W)
0.733134 0.96461 1.31316 1.512184 1.84467 2.078166
5 April Pukul 10.15 β= 30
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.32
cover 80%
0.32
cover 60%
0.32
cover 40%
0.32
cover 20%
0.32
cover 0%
0.32
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.3247 0.32402 0.33308 0.36938 0.31837
2
R2 (m .K/W)
0.13042 0.13075 0.13113 0.13085 0.13102
A/Rt (K/W)
0.92392 1.200747 1.458205 1.697535 2.022567 2.289725
0.324703 0.249845 0.205732 0.176727 0.148326 0.13102
3.07973363 4.00248845 4.86068311 5.65845081 6.74189122 7.63241675
52
Lanjutan Lampiran 3. 5 April Pukul 11.30 β= 30
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.17
cover 80%
0.17
cover 60%
0.17
cover 40%
0.17
cover 20%
0.17
cover 0%
0.17
2
R1 (m .K/W)
2
R2 (m .K/W)
0.28334 0.28022 0.28013 0.31572 0.27641
Rt (m2.K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
0.13853 0.13873 0.14057 0.13967 0.13994
1.05881 1.289588 1.507533 1.660548 1.93542 2.143841
0.283337 0.232632 0.199001 0.180663 0.155005 0.139936
Ut (W/m2K)
3.52936596 4.29862658 5.02510903 5.53515932 6.45140023 7.14613699
9 April Pukul 09.00 β= 45
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.23
cover 80%
0.23
cover 60%
0.23
cover 40%
0.23
cover 20%
0.23
cover 0%
0.23
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.28493 0.28425 0.28036 0.28258 0.27838
R2 (m2.K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
0.13561 0.13544 0.13586 0.13623 0.13701
1.052895 1.286785 1.528007 1.749581 1.977308 2.189635
Rt (m2.K/W)
0.284929 0.233139 0.196334 0.17147 0.151721 0.137009
Ut (W/m2K)
3.5096502 4.28928352 5.09335767 5.83193765 6.59102793 7.29878221
9 April Pukul 12.00 β= 45
v (m/s)
cover 100%
1.43
cover 80%
1.43
cover 60%
1.43
cover 40%
1.43
cover 20%
1.43
cover 0%
1.43
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.24763 0.24584 0.24456 0.25252 0.24981
2
R2 (m .K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.08317 0.08322 0.08349 0.08365 0.08378
1.211503 1.697705 2.177909 2.631164 3.109229 3.580651
0.247626 0.176709 0.137747 0.114018 0.096487 0.083784
4.03834208 5.65901631 7.25969614 8.77054699 10.3640964 11.9355043
9 April Pukul 13.30 β= 45
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.55
cover 80%
0.55
cover 60%
0.55
cover 40%
0.55
cover 20%
0.55
cover 0%
0.55
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.27418 0.2674 0.27378 0.27484 0.28068
2
R2 (m .K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.11557 0.11598 0.11626 0.11681 0.11664
1.094158 1.41667 1.692102 1.98484 2.268437 2.572058
0.274183 0.211764 0.177294 0.151146 0.13225 0.116638
3.64719414 4.72223192 5.64034083 6.61613242 7.5614578 8.57352773
53
Lanjutan Lampiran 3. 10 April Pukul 08.45 β= 60
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.38
cover 80%
0.38
cover 60%
0.38
cover 40%
0.38
cover 20%
0.38
cover 0%
0.38
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.30504 0.33606 0.30556 0.30138 0.29758
2
R2 (m .K/W)
A/Rt (K/W)
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.12773 0.12733 0.1274 0.12762 0.12782
0.98349 1.183908 1.531497 1.811053 2.082225 2.346989
0.305036 0.253398 0.195887 0.165649 0.144077 0.127823
3.27830044 3.94636137 5.10499092 6.03684442 6.94075073 7.8232954
10 April Pukul 12.30 β= 60
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.23
cover 80%
0.23
cover 60%
0.23
cover 40%
0.23
cover 20%
0.23
cover 0%
0.23
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.31216 0.34994 0.31766 0.31269 0.30966
2
R2 (m .K/W)
0.13729 0.13687 0.13692 0.13716 0.13712
A/Rt (K/W)
0.961042 1.122873 1.443397 1.698396 1.943481 2.187905
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
0.312161 0.267172 0.207843 0.176637 0.154362 0.137117
3.20347352 3.74290896 4.81132302 5.66132147 6.47826905 7.29301783
Rt (m2.K/W)
Ut (W/m2K)
10 April Pukul 15.00 β= 60
v (m/s)
cover 100%
0.55
cover 80%
0.55
cover 60%
0.55
cover 40%
0.55
cover 20%
0.55
cover 0%
0.55
2
R1 (m .K/W)
0.30942 0.40882 0.3172 0.30991 0.30264
2
R2 (m .K/W)
0.11754 0.11723 0.11724 0.11736 0.11748
A/Rt (K/W)
0.969562 1.097544 1.591059 1.922493 2.243276 2.553524
0.309418 0.273338 0.188554 0.156047 0.133733 0.117485
3.23187309 3.65848034 5.30352891 6.40830845 7.47758615 8.51174538
54
Lampiran 4. Jurnal file pengerjaan simulasi di fluent. “SETTING MODEL PENYELESAIAN” /define/models> steady Steady solution model is already enabled. /define/models> energy Enable energy model? [yes] y Compute viscous energy dissipation? [no] y /define/models//define/operating-conditions> gravity enable gravitational forces? [yes] y x-component of gravity (m/s2) [0] y-component of gravity (m/s2) [-9.8] z-component of gravity (m/s2) [0] /define/models/viscous> ke-standard Enable the standard k-epsilon turbulence model? [yes] y /define/models/viscous> buoyancy-effects Enable effects of buoyancy on turbulence? [yes] y / define/models/viscous/near-wall-treatment> swf Enable standard wall functions? [no] y /define/models/radiation> solar Enable the Solar Load model? [yes] y /define/models/radiation> solar-calculator Latitude (deg) [-6.580000196834431] Longitude (deg) [106.780003194222] Timezone (+-GMT) [7] North (X-direction) [0] North (Y-direction) [0] North (Z-direction) [1] East (X-direction) [-1] East (Y-direction) [0] East (Z-direction) [0] Day [21] Month [7] Hour [9] Minute [0] Sunshine Factor [1] Sun Direction Vector: X: -0.707, Y: 0.701, Z: 0.0846 / define/models/radiation> s2s Enable the S2S radiation model? [yes] y /define/materials> change-create “SETTING SIFAT MATERIAL” /define/materials> change-create material-name> aluminum material name [aluminum] aluminum is a solid change Density? [no] y Density methods: (user-defined constant) new method [constant] value (kg/m3) [2719] change Cp (Specific Heat)? [no] y
55
Lanjutan Lampiran 4. Cp (Specific Heat) methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial user-defined) new method [constant] value (j/kg-k) [871] change Thermal Conductivity? [no] y Thermal Conductivity methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial biaxial cyl-orthotropic orthotropic anisotropic user-defined) new method [constant] value (w/m-k) [202.4] /define/materials> change-create material-name> glass material name [glass] glass is a solid change Density? [no] y Density methods: (user-defined constant) new method [constant] value (kg/m3) [2700] change Cp (Specific Heat)? [no] y Cp (Specific Heat) methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial user-defined) new method [constant] value (j/kg-k) [840] change Thermal Conductivity? [no] y Thermal Conductivity methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial biaxial cyl-orthotropic orthotropic anisotropic user-defined) new method [constant] value (w/m-k) [0.7799999713897705] /define/materials> change-create material-name> insulasi material name [insulasi] insulasi is a solid change Density? [no] y Density methods: (user-defined constant) new method [constant] value (kg/m3) [50] change Cp (Specific Heat)? [no] y Cp (Specific Heat) methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial user-defined) new method [constant] value (j/kg-k) [800] change Thermal Conductivity? [no] y Thermal Conductivity methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial biaxial cyl-orthotropic orthotropic anisotropic user-defined) new method [constant] value (w/m-k) [0.03799999877810478] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> wall
56
Lanjutan Lampiran 4. (absorber-shadow absorber cover insulasi) zone id/name [absorber-shadow] absorber Wall Thickness (m) [0.0005] Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque semi-transparent Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque Participates in Solar Ray Tracing? [yes] “SETTING KONDISI BATAS” /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> wall (absorber-shadow absorber cover insulasi) zone id/name [absorber-shadow] cover Wall Thickness (m) [0.005] Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque semi-transparent Radiation BC Type [opaque]> semi-transparent Participates in Solar Ray Tracing? [yes] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> wall (absorber-shadow absorber cover insulasi) zone id/name [absorber-shadow] insulasi Wall Thickness (m) [0.0254] Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque semi-transparent Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque Participates in Solar Ray Tracing? [yes] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> pressure-inlet (inlet) zone id/name [inlet] Gauge Total Pressure (atm) [0] Initial Gauge Pressure (atm) [0] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> pressure-outlet (outlet) zone id/name [outlet] Gauge Total Pressure (atm) [0]
57
Lampiran 5. Simulasi Distribusi Suhu Udara di Bawah Pelat Absorber. Pukul 09.00 β=6
Pukul 09.00 β=15
Cover (°C)
x (cm)
Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
27.48
27.46
27.46
27.46
27.5
27.89
0
27.04
26.98
27.26
27.14
26.98
29.65
5
27.85
27.82
27.82
27.82
27.89
28.55
5
27.06
26.98
27.17
27.21
26.98
29.99
10
28.21
28.18
28.18
28.17
28.3
29.33
10
27.36
27.26
27.21
27.26
27.2
30.2
15
28.42
28.39
28.39
28.38
28.54
29.78
15
27.39
27.38
27.27
27.28
27.26
30.33
20
28.8
28.96
28.77
28.77
29.02
30.67
20
27.43
27.38
27.38
27.38
27.49
30.63
25
28.98
29.24
28.95
28.95
29.79
31.11
25
27.45
27.44
27.44
27.43
27.71
30.84
30
29.35
29.29
29.16
29.23
30.07
31.95
30
27.56
27.55
27.69
27.54
28.24
31.26
35
29.36
29.44
29.22
29.28
30.71
32.36
35
27.61
27.66
27.67
27.65
28.81
31.46
40
29.39
29.54
29.27
29.34
31.05
33.15
40
27.7
27.68
27.69
27.67
30.33
32.03
45
29.4
29.61
29.35
29.39
32.91
33.53
45
27.82
27.74
27.73
27.75
31.68
33.32
50
29.46
29.65
29.6
29.43
35.34
36.05
50
28.76
28.77
27.66
28.75
32.35
34.57
55
29.46
29.72
29.64
29.74
35.83
39.07
55
28.98
29.01
28.78
28.89
34.2
36.32
60
29.52
29.73
29.76
29.81
36.7
39.43
60
29.04
29.06
28.95
29
34.83
36.82
65
29.59
29.74
29.83
30.28
37.43
40.1
65
29.09
29.11
28.88
29.17
35.64
37.49
70
29.74
29.77
29.87
30.68
37.74
40.71
70
29.4
29.26
28.95
29.29
36.1
37.9
75
29.74
29.86
31.18
31.48
38.03
41
75
30.46
30.25
28.99
29.61
36.88
38.61
80
29.76
30.93
36.71
33
38.3
41.26
80
31.09
31.06
29.05
30.74
38.94
40.78
85
29.77
36.29
37.96
35.74
38.97
41.52
85
32.31
32.46
29.19
34.52
39.67
41.6
90
29.86
37.33
38.19
36.27
39.17
42.21
90
32.37
32.57
29.29
38.06
39.98
41.89
95
30.86
37.59
38.87
38.63
41.57
42.41
95
32.52
33.37
30.32
46.54
40.26
42.16
52.4
55
54.34
55
100
35.21
45.13
51.09
53.16
51.09
53.4
100 36 49.32 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
58
Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 09.00 β=30
Pukul 09.00 β=45
Cover (°C)
x (cm)
Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
0
27.15
27.14
27.13
27.13
27.15
29.37
5
27.44
27.43
27.41
27.41
27.42
10
27.64
27.7
27.63
27.61
15
27.77
27.86
27.79
20
28.07
27.99
25
28.12
30
80%
100%
0
28.5
28.57
28.67
28.61
28.5
27.15
30.5
5
28.87
28.92
28.94
28.9
28.77
28.41
27.62
30.24
10
29
29.05
29.03
29.03
28.83
30.7
27.73
27.74
30.49
15
29.03
29.11
29.17
29.07
28.97
30.79
28.01
27.97
28.02
30.96
20
29.15
29.17
29.18
29.07
29.01
30.88
28.06
28.06
28.07
28.23
31.18
25
29.2
29.19
29.2
29.13
29.09
31.36
28.22
28.22
28.28
28.24
28.88
31.61
30
29.22
29.27
29.2
29.17
29.49
31.64
35
28.3
28.31
28.46
28.33
29.38
31.83
35
29.29
29.28
29.26
29.27
29.79
32.18
40
28.45
28.48
28.6
28.48
30.27
32.24
40
29.29
29.33
29.29
29.35
30.55
32.35
45
28.53
29.63
29.55
28.54
30.67
32.43
45
29.35
29.36
29.31
29.48
30.94
32.44
50
29.51
30.19
30.12
29.49
32.26
34.07
50
29.37
29.41
29.32
29.55
31.51
32.93
55
30.13
30.26
30.27
30.4
33.9
35.47
55
29.37
29.42
29.36
29.71
31.75
33.13
60
30.21
30.31
30.39
30.39
34.26
35.67
60
29.39
29.42
29.41
29.79
32.18
33.29
65
30.23
30.43
30.5
30.3
34.88
36.05
65
29.42
29.43
29.46
30.04
32.53
33.81
70
30.26
30.55
30.54
30.5
35.41
36.39
70
29.46
29.47
29.53
30.64
32.68
33.84
75
30.39
30.65
30.58
30.97
35.65
36.56
75
29.49
29.51
29.64
31.09
32.7
33.96
80
30.51
30.66
30.68
31.85
35.88
36.71
80
29.51
29.53
29.79
31.76
32.82
34.06
85
30.6
30.68
30.8
32.98
36.09
36.86
85
29.51
29.79
29.84
31.95
32.94
34.16
90
30.62
33.27
33.42
35.28
36.66
37.27
90
29.6
29.89
31.74
32.18
33.26
34.44
95
30.63
33.54
34.06
38.68
36.82
37.39
95
29.81
31.76
32.07
35.45
33.36
34.53
100 35.68 39.68 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
40.36
41.52
41.87
41.3
100
30.77
36.68
37.95
39.79
38.41
38.06
59
Lanjutan Lampiran 5.
Pukul 12.00 β=6 Cover (°C)
Pukul 09.00 β=60
Cover (°C)
x (cm)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
27.07
27.06
27.09
27.06
27.06
28.13
5
27.26
27.23
27.27
27.49
27.55
28.16
10
27.41
27.38
27.39
27.52
27.63
28.34
15
27.44
27.41
27.55
27.68
28.46
28.64
20
27.49
27.52
27.64
27.72
28.67
28.77
25
27.6
27.52
27.7
27.73
29.02
29.02
30
27.63
27.69
27.78
27.82
29.16
29.13
35
27.69
27.74
27.84
27.87
29.87
29.34
40
27.77
27.81
27.91
28.05
30.63
29.44
45
27.83
27.86
27.99
28.14
30.79
30.05
50
27.98
28.04
28.13
28.77
31.09
30.26
55
27.99
28.09
28.13
29.71
31.35
30.65
60
28.02
28.14
28.14
29.97
31.47
30.72
65
28.12
28.21
28.27
30.19
31.58
30.86
70
28.14
28.24
28.31
30.39
31.69
30.99
75
28.16
28.27
28.49
30.93
32.01
31.05
80
28.17
28.36
30.63
31.1
32.11
31.11
85
28.17
30.56
30.73
31.6
32.61
31.17
90
28.17
30.73
31.08
33.19
33.01
31.36
95
28.33
31.66
32.41
35.9
37.98
31.43
100 30.79 36.9 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
37.75
38.74
39.11
35.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.86 28.46 29.13 29.50 30.16 30.46 31.03 31.31 31.80 32.03 32.46 32.70 32.73 32.89 33.65 33.87 34.38 36.95 38.61 39.17 42.38
27.82 28.40 29.05 29.42 30.08 30.39 30.97 31.24 31.74 32.10 32.83 33.02 33.82 34.51 36.04 36.43 36.63 36.92 38.90 43.18 46.74
27.85 28.44 29.09 29.45 30.11 30.41 30.98 31.25 31.74 31.96 31.10 30.82 31.14 31.36 31.35 31.44 33.67 36.29 38.11 40.20 49.14
27.84 28.43 29.07 29.44 30.13 30.45 31.04 31.32 31.86 32.12 31.27 31.53 31.45 31.58 32.05 37.39 38.35 40.81 45.59 48.49 52.74
27.83 28.43 29.10 29.49 30.29 30.70 31.60 32.11 33.27 33.89 37.37 42.00 42.84 44.33 45.62 46.21 46.75 47.27 48.59 48.95 53.40
28.48 29.51 30.75 31.46 32.84 33.51 34.81 35.45 36.66 37.24 41.18 45.89 46.45 47.49 48.43 48.86 49.27 49.67 50.80 51.14 53.56
60
Lanjutan Lampiran 5.
Pukul 12.00 β=15 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Pukul 12.00 β=30 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.50 27.54 27.48 27.60 27.81 27.91 28.36 28.34 28.45 28.34 30.57 30.44 30.64 30.90 31.12 33.07 34.62 37.29 37.53 37.63 38.99
27.07 27.07 27.64 27.82 27.80 27.90 28.09 28.29 28.44 28.33 30.44 30.52 30.76 31.02 31.07 34.69 37.19 37.44 39.02 42.22 44.44
27.18 27.28 27.71 27.68 27.77 27.87 28.05 28.27 28.63 29.65 30.67 32.46 33.62 35.40 40.51 41.59 42.69 43.94 44.12 45.22 46.60
27.07 27.06 27.44 27.55 28.04 28.19 28.21 28.24 28.46 28.73 29.23 30.64 30.67 31.02 32.06 34.59 37.64 40.46 41.28 47.33 51.36
27.07 27.06 27.45 27.56 27.95 27.96 28.40 29.13 32.99 36.73 37.53 39.65 40.34 41.62 43.21 44.09 44.89 45.10 45.30 45.49 48.05
26.85 28.44 31.36 32.50 32.01 32.38 33.16 33.54 34.29 34.65 35.68 39.04 39.50 40.28 43.31 44.20 44.80 45.41 46.12 47.40 49.66
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.33 28.20 28.48 28.96 29.02 29.24 29.39 29.71 29.94 32.00 33.28 33.33 33.55 33.93 34.17 34.35 34.36 34.20 34.23 34.08 35.37
27.35 27.80 28.23 28.53 29.06 29.11 29.28 29.42 29.72 29.95 32.03 33.33 33.34 33.49 33.87 34.10 34.18 33.31 38.00 38.12 40.68
27.33 28.19 28.48 28.93 29.00 29.39 29.70 29.94 32.09 33.46 33.44 33.54 33.82 34.03 34.13 34.12 34.29 34.49 33.70 41.33 41.68
27.38 27.82 28.21 28.49 28.87 28.93 29.19 29.33 29.73 30.01 31.25 32.07 33.20 33.23 33.70 35.18 36.85 39.01 40.87 41.80 44.86
27.38 27.81 28.19 28.42 29.01 29.43 30.61 31.70 33.65 34.47 37.73 38.12 38.52 38.97 39.05 39.81 40.19 41.73 42.45 43.74 44.28
27.38 27.82 28.19 29.08 29.57 30.09 30.67 31.06 31.87 33.62 34.09 34.14 35.14 35.62 36.55 37.00 37.88 38.29 42.01 45.13 45.54
*x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
61
Lanjutan Lampiran 5.
Pukul 12.00 β=45 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Pukul 12.00 β=60 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.94 28.30 31.00 31.21 31.36 31.74 31.77 31.78 31.91 32.04 32.05 32.16 32.18 32.19 32.20 32.23 32.48 32.61 32.84 32.99 35.50
26.85 27.19 27.74 30.92 31.49 31.71 31.79 31.80 31.93 31.96 31.98 32.17 32.28 32.41 32.64 32.97 33.05 35.49 35.82 36.10 37.11
27.90 28.99 31.04 31.28 31.43 31.64 31.88 31.91 31.96 32.01 32.04 32.17 32.18 32.36 32.46 32.67 32.91 33.01 35.74 36.20 38.89
28.00 28.32 30.66 31.53 31.64 31.78 31.85 32.04 32.23 32.39 32.61 33.05 33.20 33.22 34.09 35.05 35.91 37.41 37.83 40.33 42.78
28.28 29.23 31.43 31.83 32.00 33.00 33.67 34.98 35.19 35.93 36.93 37.43 38.31 39.06 39.39 39.40 39.69 39.97 40.65 40.84 41.69
27.41 28.50 34.05 34.57 34.62 35.75 36.30 37.39 37.70 37.91 38.91 39.28 39.38 39.60 40.20 40.54 40.72 40.95 41.36 41.87 42.02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.33 27.71 28.28 28.39 28.42 28.67 28.80 28.84 29.02 29.13 29.32 29.34 29.37 29.47 29.56 29.58 29.61 29.63 29.89 31.20 31.43
27.33 27.67 28.45 28.46 28.67 28.80 28.83 29.02 29.12 29.37 29.37 29.40 29.44 29.47 29.47 29.49 29.51 29.52 29.61 30.48 34.62
27.33 27.68 28.18 28.42 28.52 28.71 28.75 28.79 29.00 29.10 29.17 29.19 29.21 29.27 29.34 29.44 29.44 29.61 29.66 30.79 34.39
27.28 27.60 28.10 28.31 28.51 28.71 28.83 28.96 29.06 29.09 29.13 29.27 30.28 30.71 31.14 31.58 32.80 33.11 33.82 34.27 35.30
27.21 27.50 27.97 28.31 28.57 29.72 29.96 30.41 30.62 31.56 32.61 32.85 33.26 33.62 33.79 33.94 34.09 34.50 34.62 35.26 36.81
28.52 28.66 28.81 29.33 29.54 29.91 30.07 30.37 30.50 31.27 31.53 32.05 32.14 32.31 32.47 32.54 32.61 32.68 32.88 32.94 34.40
*x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
62
Lanjutan Lampiran 5.
Pukul 15.00 β=6 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Pukul 15.00 β=15 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.25 27.48 27.71 27.85 28.09 28.20 28.33 28.36 28.43 28.50 28.51 28.53 28.61 28.65 28.66 28.67 28.68 28.70 28.76 29.34 32.73
27.25 27.48 27.71 27.84 28.09 28.20 28.50 28.51 28.52 28.61 28.65 28.67 28.68 28.70 28.76 29.36 32.68 33.21 33.64 33.88 40.37
27.25 27.48 27.70 27.84 28.08 28.19 28.30 28.34 28.39 28.48 28.57 28.59 28.63 28.66 28.70 28.74 28.81 29.62 33.09 34.13 42.92
27.25 27.48 27.71 27.85 28.10 28.21 28.40 28.47 28.51 28.72 28.76 28.82 28.83 28.95 29.26 30.19 32.14 32.48 33.91 35.98 44.40
27.28 27.54 27.81 27.97 28.29 28.46 28.81 28.99 29.39 29.59 30.76 32.29 32.56 33.04 33.45 33.80 33.96 34.39 34.53 36.02 44.90
27.60 28.07 28.64 28.96 29.57 29.87 30.44 30.72 31.25 31.50 33.07 35.00 35.23 35.66 36.04 36.20 36.51 36.93 37.07 38.86 49.56
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
26.94 26.94 27.08 27.16 27.23 27.24 27.30 27.33 27.47 27.52 28.07 28.13 28.24 28.37 28.39 28.99 29.43 30.29 30.37 30.43 31.98
27.01 27.16 27.18 27.20 27.23 27.30 27.37 27.38 27.42 28.06 28.20 28.24 28.28 28.42 29.11 29.64 30.36 30.37 30.43 30.93 37.82
26.93 26.93 27.11 27.18 27.19 27.22 27.29 27.32 27.37 27.45 27.46 28.01 28.04 28.18 28.22 28.24 28.25 28.27 28.54 29.15 40.03
26.93 26.96 27.07 27.11 27.21 27.25 27.29 27.32 27.40 27.43 27.45 28.08 28.16 28.30 28.36 28.44 28.58 29.27 31.61 32.82 43.36
26.94 26.94 27.08 27.12 27.24 27.25 27.38 27.64 28.31 29.05 30.34 31.43 31.81 32.32 32.62 33.13 34.40 34.87 35.06 35.24 42.17
28.55 28.76 28.89 28.97 29.15 29.28 29.53 29.66 30.01 30.36 31.53 32.60 32.90 33.31 33.55 33.96 35.24 35.71 35.89 36.05 42.87
*x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
63
Lanjutan Lampiran 5.
Pukul 15.00 β=30 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Pukul 15.00 β=45 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.04 27.23 27.36 27.45 27.67 27.73 27.78 27.88 27.93 28.53 28.95 28.95 28.98 29.00 29.09 29.16 29.19 29.20 29.20 29.24 29.59
27.04 27.23 27.36 27.44 27.63 27.73 27.78 27.88 27.93 28.52 28.92 28.96 28.96 29.00 29.08 29.13 29.20 29.24 29.25 29.26 33.47
27.18 27.38 27.38 27.43 27.76 27.83 27.87 27.91 28.46 28.91 28.99 29.05 29.07 29.11 29.15 29.22 29.33 29.35 29.03 31.12 35.26
27.05 27.23 27.38 27.48 27.59 27.61 27.71 27.76 27.91 27.99 28.55 28.90 28.94 29.11 29.55 30.08 30.68 31.14 32.12 33.37 35.55
27.09 27.30 27.43 27.47 27.57 27.64 27.80 27.96 28.85 29.27 30.27 31.25 31.47 31.86 32.21 32.36 32.51 32.65 33.03 33.14 35.87
28.47 29.20 29.04 29.20 29.51 29.66 29.94 30.08 30.35 30.47 31.52 32.42 32.55 32.80 33.02 33.13 33.23 33.32 33.58 33.66 35.94
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.97 28.21 28.27 28.34 28.34 28.39 28.39 28.43 28.46 28.47 28.48 28.50 28.54 28.57 28.58 28.58 28.64 28.75 28.79 30.06 29.44
27.96 28.18 28.26 28.30 28.37 28.38 28.42 28.47 28.47 28.47 28.47 28.49 28.55 28.56 28.56 28.57 28.62 28.77 28.82 30.05 31.83
27.98 28.19 28.25 28.34 28.37 28.40 28.42 28.44 28.44 28.45 28.47 28.51 28.53 28.55 28.56 28.56 28.58 28.64 28.73 28.77 33.92
27.95 28.19 28.27 28.32 28.34 28.37 28.40 28.46 28.48 28.57 28.64 28.76 28.79 28.82 29.14 29.47 29.68 30.03 30.16 32.30 34.29
28.03 28.17 28.22 28.34 28.35 28.46 28.75 28.94 29.30 29.36 29.57 29.87 30.02 30.28 30.51 30.62 30.68 30.71 30.80 31.10 33.58
29.07 29.16 29.25 29.26 29.61 29.79 30.13 30.25 30.29 30.60 30.73 30.75 30.82 31.00 31.15 31.16 31.23 31.29 31.35 31.53 34.92
*x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
64
Lanjutan Lampiran 5.
Pukul 15.00 β=60 Cover (°C)
x (cm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27.02 27.13 27.23 27.24 27.29 27.35 27.39 27.45 27.45 27.53 27.54 27.62 27.63 27.68 27.73 27.73 27.73 27.80 27.92 28.45 28.94
27.01 27.24 27.33 27.41 27.45 27.47 27.51 27.55 27.62 27.65 27.69 27.70 27.70 27.71 27.72 27.79 27.80 27.89 28.46 29.41 31.78
27.01 27.11 27.21 27.24 27.51 27.55 27.62 27.65 27.71 27.71 27.72 27.73 27.74 27.83 27.84 27.97 28.69 29.50 30.40 31.26 35.26
27.00 27.12 27.25 27.49 27.52 27.56 27.73 27.75 27.81 28.31 28.51 28.70 28.89 29.45 29.61 29.97 30.36 31.32 31.51 31.69 34.15
27.02 27.14 27.32 27.33 27.44 27.54 27.98 28.09 28.31 28.41 28.77 29.67 29.87 29.96 30.04 30.13 30.36 30.44 30.79 31.06 34.25
27.72 27.74 27.86 28.07 28.16 28.33 28.40 28.54 28.61 29.02 29.17 29.47 29.57 29.65 29.69 29.73 29.78 29.90 29.94 30.20 32.57
*x = jarak dari inlet kolektor
65
Lampiran 6a Koordinat Titik Validasi Suhu Kolektor Cover 100%. koordinat (β=6°)
Titik Suhu
koordinat (β=15°)
koordinat (β=30°)
koordinat (β=45°)
koordinat (β=60°)
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
T2
0.15
0.061
0.87
0.15
0.08
0.879
0.15
0.116
0.893
0.15
0.133
0.938
0.15
0.189
0.944
T3
0.15
0.134
0.137
0.15
0.273
0.151
0.15
0.481
0.25
0.15
0.651
0.418
0.15
0.771
0.608
T4
0.15
0.041
0.876
0.15
0.058
0.875
0.15
0.097
0.885
0.15
0.114
0.925
0.15
0.178
0.926
T5
0.15
0.084
0.446
0.15
0.18
0.428
0.15
0.306
0.517
0.15
0.418
0.62
0.15
0.657
0.786
T6
0.15
0.117
0.135
0.15
0.253
0.151
0.15
0.462
0.25
0.15
0.631
0.409
0.15
0.748
0.602
Titik validasi diambil berdasarkan pembuatan simulasi di fluent. Dengan koordinat (0,0,0) yang terlihat pada Gambar 59a. Nilai x = 0.15 menunjukkan titik berada di tengah kolektor yang disebut dengan gambar potongan iso surface pada x = 0.15 yang terlihat pada Gambar 59b. Titik validasi kolektor cover 80% (T7, T8, T9, T10, T11), cover 60% (T12, T13, T14, T15, T16), cover 40% (T17, T18, T19, T20, T21), cover 20% (T22, T23, T24, T25, T26), dan cover 0% (T27, T28, T29, T30, T31) memiliki koordinat yang sama untuk setiap kemiringan kolektor.
Iso Surface x = 0.15 a
(0,0,0)
b
Gambar 59. Koordinat (0,0,0) pada Kolektor Kemiringan 30o(a), Iso Surface x = 0.15 (b).
66
Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. Validasi Kolektor Surya Tipe Backpass. β =6 Validasi (pukul 10.00)
Validasi (pukul 08.00) Kolektor
Cover 100%
Cover 80%
Cover 60%
Cover 40%
Cover 20%
Cover 0%
Titik suhu T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 rata-rata
T-CFD (°C)
T-ukur (°C)
30.28 34.21 29.9 30.8 31.53 29.78 34.55 27.42 28.55 29.69 29.39 35.42 27.3 29.57 30.02 29.2 34.49 28.04 28.04 29.22 29.53 33.26 26.85 27.41 28.53 29.37 30.16 27.12 27.93 28.47
31.34 33.62 29.13 29.65 29.87 31.9 34.6 28.3 29.6 29.89 31.36 33.05 27.68 29.56 30.26 31.25 34.13 28.24 28.52 29.14 27.52 32.59 27.4 28.36 28.89 29.87 31.83 27.72 28.93 30.09
Error (%) 3.38 1.76 2.65 3.88 5.56 6.65 0.14 3.13 3.52 0.69 6.28 7.18 1.37 0.02 0.77 6.55 1.06 0.71 1.68 0.27 7.29 2.07 2.01 3.35 1.24 0.36 1.18 2.15 3.44 5.37
2.86
T-CFD (°C)
T-ukur (°C)
67.94 82.15 45.02 48.69 56.03 63.02 83.4 46.4 47.83 49.16 63.96 73.95 37.33 43.99 47.32 57.45 72.11 36.93 39.86 42.8 55.26 64.37 40.07 43.11 46.15 55.04 61.52 37.24 40.47 45.33
67.49 80.9 45.48 50.21 56.25 64.02 80.04 46.5 49 50.01 63.77 70.2 36.32 44.71 48.06 62.3 73.31 36.87 39.27 42.67 56.32 68.51 38.76 39.22 42.38 61.65 65.98 36.6 39.81 47.6
Validasi (pukul 12.15)
Error (%) 0.67 1.55 1.03 3.03 0.39 1.57 4.2 0.23 2.39 1.7 0.31 5.34 2.78 1.61 1.55 7.78 1.63 0.17 1.5 0.3 1.89 6.04 3.4 9.92 8.89 10.72 6.76 1.74 1.67 4.77
3.18
T-CFD (°C)
T-ukur (°C)
58.22 68.97 44.76 47.45 52.84 47.31 68.6 36.66 41.98 44.65 52.15 58.2 39.32 41.98 44.65 50.01 58.01 39.34 43.77 44.67 52.99 55.62 39.87 41.45 42.5 49.11 52.47 37.36 42.39 44.07
58.45 66.65 45.38 48.32 52.09 48.3 68.06 36.81 43.56 45.75 53.06 60.01 43.38 43.82 45.03 52.51 58.7 43.32 43.06 43.47 50.26 56.31 42 41.89 42.08 49.73 51.34 41.54 41.79 42.74
Error (%) 0.4 3.47 1.37 1.8 1.44 2.04 0.79 0.4 3.61 2.41 1.72 3.01 9.36 4.19 0.85 4.77 1.17 9.19 1.65 2.76 5.43 1.23 5.07 1.03 0.98 1.26 2.18 10.06 1.45 3.12
2.94
67
Lanjutan Lampiran 6b.
Kolektor
Cover 100%
Cover 80%
Cover 60%
Cover 40%
Cover 20%
Cover 0%
Titik suhu T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 rata-rata
Validasi (pukul 10.00) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 62.4 60.44 3.24 85.86 84.16 2.02 43.88 41.82 4.93 47.08 47.33 0.54 56.12 56.85 1.28 62.35 61.25 1.79 82.84 81.13 2.11 41.86 41.46 0.96 43.79 43.06 1.68 47.71 46.35 2.95 56.59 59.31 4.58 80.12 79.03 1.39 38.94 37.59 3.59 44.82 45.2 0.83 47.77 46.3 3.16 56.34 59.14 1.98 79.59 81.16 1.11 38.91 40.44 3.79 44.72 45.45 1.61 50.97 50.99 0.04 39.45 40.63 2.9 67.96 68.51 0.8 38.8 42.56 8.85 41.6 43.07 3.42 44.39 43.67 1.66 61.01 62.64 2.6 66.85 66.95 0.16 37.47 38.57 2.86 41.89 45.74 8.43 46.87 47.6 1.54
2.56
β =15 Validasi (pukul 12.00) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 66 65.9 0.16 93.68 92.57 1.21 41.72 40.03 4.23 46.22 44.86 3.04 54.01 53.18 1.57 63.11 65.11 3.07 92.49 89.84 2.94 37.01 38.89 4.82 43.03 44.15 2.53 49.06 48.03 2.14 59.64 60.4 1.26 92.42 90.4 2.24 39.96 38.48 3.87 46.52 46.38 0.31 48.09 48.85 1.55 62.49 64.08 2.49 91.65 89.93 1.92 39.81 39.25 1.43 41.07 40.87 0.49 46.29 46.78 1.04 42.96 39.94 7.56 73.82 75.01 1.59 36.7 39.75 7.68 42.1 41.49 1.48 43.98 42.58 3.28 57.04 57.68 1.11 62.8 61.1 2.78 39.76 39.56 0.5 44.64 47.72 6.47 45.52 43.71 4.14
2.63
Validasi (pukul 14.00) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 46.75 47.83 2.24 50.29 50.33 0.08 43.6 39.44 10.55 46.26 44.76 3.35 51.41 47.82 7.51 44.32 45.03 1.59 51.54 48.75 5.71 38.13 40.57 6.02 43.99 44.84 1.91 46.09 44.96 2.51 42.77 43.65 0.62 46.28 46.38 0.07 34.88 35.73 2.39 36.63 38.02 3.66 39.1 38.38 1.88 41.79 42.92 2.63 49.58 49.02 1.15 34.97 35.28 0.87 37.9 36.88 2.75 39.07 38.16 2.38 39.54 37.65 5 45.99 44 4.52 35.85 32.77 9.39 36.77 36.16 1.68 39.06 37.12 5.21 40.94 40.8 0.34 42.39 40.61 4.37 34.93 35.61 1.93 36.31 37.83 4.01 36.78 37.87 2.9
3.31
68
Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. β =30 Kolektor
Cover `100%
Cover 80%
Cover 60%
Cover 40%
Cover 20%
Cover 0%
Titik suhu T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 rata-rata
Validasi (pukul 08.45) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 45.03 43.16 4.34 55.12 52.81 4.39 32.26 30.96 4.19 34.39 32.67 5.27 39.46 37.31 5.78 39.58 41.57 4.79 45.64 43.51 4.92 33.52 30.48 9.97 35.39 33.33 6.19 36.55 35.76 2.2 40.01 39.39 1.57 54.02 54.13 0.2 34 31.31 8.59 36 35.07 2.66 39.67 38.47 3.12 41.4 43.31 4.41 56.6 37.42 51.28 31.9 32.21 0.95 33.8 34.49 2.01 35.7 38.16 6.45 42.64 42.02 1.47 55.28 49.22 12.31 32.48 32.19 0.88 32.68 32.7 0.06 32.88 32.56 0.97 37.82 43.78 13.6 41.74 49.39 15.5 31.96 34.63 7.71 32.93 35.85 8.13 34.89 35.93 2.89
6.56
Validasi (pukul 10.15) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 44.49 43.95 1.23 61.31 58.15 5.44 31.91 31.36 1.75 34.44 33.46 2.94 39.97 36.81 8.58 43.64 43.35 0.67 60.27 56.97 5.79 33.66 32.75 2.78 35.33 36.09 2.13 40.31 38.24 5.43 43.23 57.52 24.85 60.88 81.77 25.55 33.6 37.1 9.43 35.21 41.17 14.47 38.42 46.4 17.2 43.03 36.78 16.97 60.36 45.64 32.25 33.58 33.69 0.35 35.15 34.99 0.46 36.73 37.66 2.48 42.88 43.81 2.12 56.87 50.11 13.5 33.55 32.44 3.44 35.11 34.28 2.41 36.66 34.15 7.37 41.99 43.78 4.09 46.42 47.44 2.15 34.22 33.64 1.73 35.33 37.83 6.6 36.44 38.85 6.2
7.68
Validasi (pukul 11.30) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 72.73 64.31 13.1 92.08 84.06 9.54 38.39 40.16 4.41 45.81 43.07 6.35 55.13 51.89 6.25 56.19 61.45 8.57 88.43 84.6 4.54 37.37 38 1.64 40.06 45 10.97 45.44 50.73 10.43 53.53 52.47 2.02 85.82 82.16 4.45 34.69 39.56 12.3 40.07 49.23 18.6 46.68 56.67 17.64 54.09 52.61 2.82 63.3 58.6 8.01 35.68 38.36 6.97 39.36 42.06 6.41 41.21 46.48 11.34 53.74 30.8 74.46 70.04 70.38 0.49 37.43 39.85 6.07 39.04 40.6 3.86 40.15 40.79 1.58 55.61 56.69 1.9 62.55 66.95 6.58 36.17 38.57 6.24 37.55 42.77 12.2 40.33 46.63 13.5
9.77
69
Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. β =45 Kolektor
Cover 100%
Cover 80%
Cover 60%
Cover 40%
Cover 20%
Cover 0%
Titik suhu T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 rata-rata
Validasi (pukul 09.00) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 56.26 53.49 5.19 74.2 69.52 6.73 34.44 36.86 6.57 41.12 39.7 3.55 49.31 43.85 12.44 47.89 52.55 8.87 67.19 68.26 1.56 35.83 36.81 2.67 40.65 40.98 0.81 44.09 44.36 0.61 46.49 54.35 14.47 67.22 70.5 4.65 35.83 37.3 3.94 40.66 42.74 4.87 46.08 45.81 0.59 47.8 57.36 16.67 59.79 64.81 7.75 35.8 38.36 6.67 38.2 40.47 5.61 43.93 45.98 4.44 46.76 50.26 6.96 62.53 59.65 4.82 35.5 35.38 0.36 37.76 40.6 7.01 40.01 41.88 4.48 45.74 49.73 8.04 50.56 48.42 4.43 32.84 34.63 5.15 36.53 37.83 3.45 38.37 40.79 5.94 5.64
Validasi (pukul 12.00) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 64.45 61.93 4.08 92.72 83.96 10.43 43.7 43.3 0.93 51.76 49.02 5.59 64.59 54.67 18.15 60.99 59.57 2.38 82.49 83.7 1.45 43.07 46.7 7.78 50.24 55.24 9.06 54.95 56.75 3.17 60.69 59.9 1.31 82.96 81.77 1.45 39.44 40.34 2.23 46.52 49.62 6.25 54.8 55.3 0.91 59.52 58.35 2 69.64 72.58 4.05 39.27 41.23 4.75 42.65 43.16 1.18 49.39 49.28 0.23 50.65 55.83 3.66 65.53 66.84 0.93 37.46 39.05 4.07 42.66 41.59 2.57 42.87 41.98 2.1 58.14 54.7 6.3 62.42 62.08 0.56 38.95 39.56 1.55 39.29 43.77 10.23 49.31 45.66 8 4.25
Validasi (pukul 13.30) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 67.67 57.95 16.77 90.57 76.45 18.48 40.05 40.53 1.17 47.29 44.86 5.42 57.83 50.2 15.19 55.85 56.21 0.64 82.78 79.74 3.81 37.89 39.97 5.21 43.88 45.73 4.06 46.87 49.81 5.91 55.57 57.33 3.06 73.29 72.36 1.29 40.81 41.13 0.78 43.76 48.15 9.11 48.87 52.37 6.69 54.41 56.17 3.13 66.61 67.19 0.87 39.78 42.42 6.24 42.22 44.55 5.24 49.78 50.28 1 53.32 46.49 4.83 61.22 56.9 3.06 34.97 34.66 0.91 35.05 34.28 2.23 37.84 34.54 9.54 53.11 51.72 2.69 58.14 60.12 3.29 38.96 37.59 3.65 40.99 41.79 1.91 45.05 45.66 1.33 4.92
70
Lanjutan Lampiran 6b.
Kolektor
Cover 100%
Cover 80%
Cover 60%
Cover 40%
Cover 20%
Cover 0%
Titik suhu T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 rata-rata
Validasi (pukul 08.45) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 46.11 40.68 13.37 49.04 51.22 4.26 33.03 32.6 1.33 38.5 34.55 11.44 45.52 37.01 23 38.98 37.12 5 42.96 41.33 3.94 34.74 32.36 7.37 35.53 34.84 1.96 40.48 37.13 9.02 39.81 39.88 0.19 56.2 48.15 16.72 33.03 32.98 0.16 35.63 36.64 2.77 40.48 37.79 7.12 41.78 39.95 4.59 46.34 47.01 1.41 32.07 33.5 4.25 32.66 35.09 6.92 37.22 36.26 2.66 40.3 36.76 9.63 43.79 43.22 1.32 33.06 33.28 0.66 34.87 33.69 3.49 35.05 33.95 3.23 39.83 36.83 8.15 42.57 39.64 7.4 32.76 31.66 3.47 33.65 32.89 2.32 35.1 33.95 3.38
5.68
β =60 Validasi (pukul 12.30) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 44.41 43.36 2.43 51.47 53.2 3.25 38.53 36.07 6.83 39.9 37.62 6.06 42.26 40.18 5.17 40.09 40.28 0.48 44.76 43.01 4.08 33.55 35.23 4.76 37.91 37.81 0.26 41.18 40.7 1.19 39.93 43.45 8.1 49.61 49.13 0.99 31.33 35.24 11.1 35.63 38.12 6.53 38.86 38.77 0.22 42.56 42.22 0.79 50.82 48.38 5.05 33.26 34.78 4.37 35.33 35.79 1.28 38.43 36.96 3.98 40.12 38.15 5.17 45.46 44.79 1.5 33.84 30.97 9.28 35.86 34.98 2.54 37.87 36.63 3.41 39.07 41.79 6.52 44.87 45.49 1.36 33.16 33.64 1.42 36.87 36.84 0.08 38.97 37.84 3
3.71
Validasi (pukul 15.00) T-CFD (°C) T-ukur (°C) Error (%) 46.26 44.05 5.02 51.14 52.91 3.34 37.33 35.18 6.13 39.11 37.52 4.24 41.02 39.79 3.11 42.48 39.2 8.39 44.65 42.52 5.02 34.9 34.63 0.77 37.07 37.32 0.67 41.4 39.41 5.06 41.29 42.16 2.07 51.07 48.54 5.22 35.58 36.32 2.03 37.21 39.5 5.78 39.66 40.24 1.44 40.35 41.63 3.08 47.55 48.38 1.7 35.55 35.58 0.08 37.15 37.48 0.88 39.55 40.36 2.02 38.08 37.16 2.5 45.23 46.07 1.82 35.45 33.93 4.48 36.21 38.53 6.03 39.22 39.31 0.23 41.12 40.8 0.8 43.81 43.54 0.63 34.85 35.61 2.15 36.64 37.83 3.15 38.43 37.84 1.58
2.98
71
Lampiran 6c. Validasi Kolektor Surya pada Berbagai Kemiringan. Kolektor Cover 100% Titik Suhu β =6
Titik Suhu β =15
Titik Suhu β =30
Titik Suhu β =45
Titik Suhu β =60
Data
Titik Suhu
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
62.40
3.24
45.03
4.34
56.26
T-ukur 53.49
APD
3.38
T-ukur 43.16
Error
30.28
T-ukur 60.44
Error
T2
T-ukur 31.34
Error
1
5.19
46.11
T-ukur 40.68
13.37
T3
34.21
33.62
1.76
85.86
84.16
2.02
55.12
52.81
4.39
74.20
69.52
6.73
49.04
51.22
4.26
T4
29.90
29.13
2.65
43.88
41.82
4.93
32.26
30.96
4.19
34.44
36.86
6.57
33.03
32.60
1.33
T5
30.80
29.65
3.88
47.08
47.33
0.54
34.39
32.67
5.27
41.12
39.70
3.55
38.50
34.55
11.44
T6
31.53
29.87
5.56
56.12
56.85
1.28
39.46
37.31
5.78
49.31
43.85
12.44
45.52
37.01
23.00
T2
67.94
67.49
0.67
66.00
65.90
0.16
44.49
43.95
1.23
64.45
61.93
4.08
44.41
43.36
2.43
T3
82.15
80.90
1.55
93.68
92.57
1.21
61.31
58.15
5.44
92.72
83.96
10.43
51.47
53.20
3.25
T4
45.02
45.48
1.03
41.72
40.03
4.23
31.91
31.36
1.75
43.70
43.30
0.93
38.53
36.07
6.83
T5
48.69
50.21
3.03
46.22
44.86
3.04
34.44
33.46
2.94
51.76
49.02
5.59
39.90
37.62
6.06
T6
56.03
56.25
0.39
54.01
53.18
1.57
39.97
36.81
8.58
64.59
54.67
18.15
42.26
40.18
5.17
T2
58.22
58.45
0.40
46.75
47.83
2.24
72.73
64.31
13.10
67.67
57.95
16.77
46.26
44.05
5.02
T3
68.97
66.65
3.47
50.29
50.33
0.08
92.08
84.06
9.54
90.57
76.45
18.48
51.14
52.91
3.34
T4
44.76
45.38
1.37
43.60
39.44
10.55
38.39
40.16
4.41
40.05
40.53
1.17
37.33
35.18
6.13
T5
47.45
48.32
1.80
46.26
44.76
3.35
45.81
43.07
6.35
47.29
44.86
5.42
39.11
37.52
4.24
T6
52.84
52.09
1.44
51.41
47.82
7.51
55.13
51.89
6.25
57.83
50.20
15.19
41.02
39.79
3.11
T-CFD
2
3
Error
rata-rata
2.16
3.06
5.57
8.71
6.60
R2
0.995
0.991
0.991
0.966
0.839
72
Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 80% Data 1
2
3
Titik Suhu
Titik Suhu β =6
Titik Suhu β =15
Titik Suhu β =30
Titik Suhu β =45
Titik Suhu β =60
T-CFD
T-ukur
Error
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
62.35
1.79
39.58
4.79
47.89
8.87
38.98
T-ukur 37.12
Error
6.65
T-ukur 52.55
APD
31.90
T-ukur 41.57
Error
29.78
T-ukur 61.25
Error
T7 T8
34.55
0.14
82.84
81.13
2.11
45.64
43.51
4.92
67.19
68.26
1.56
42.96
41.33
3.94
T9
27.42
34.60 28.30
3.13
41.86
41.46
0.96
33.52
30.48
9.97
35.83
36.81
2.67
34.74
32.36
7.37
T10
28.55
29.60
3.52
43.79
43.06
1.68
35.39
33.33
6.19
40.65
40.98
0.81
35.53
34.84
1.96
T11
29.69
29.89
0.69
47.71
46.35
2.95
36.55
35.76
2.20
44.09
44.36
0.61
40.48
37.13
9.02
T7
63.02
64.02
1.57
63.11
65.11
3.07
43.64
43.35
0.67
60.99
59.57
2.38
40.09
40.28
0.48
T8
83.40
80.04
4.20
92.49
89.84
2.94
60.27
56.97
5.79
82.49
83.70
1.45
44.76
43.01
4.08 4.76
5.00
T9
46.40
46.50
0.23
37.01
38.89
4.82
33.66
32.75
2.78
43.07
46.70
7.78
33.55
35.23
T10
47.83
49.00
2.39
43.03
44.15
2.53
35.33
36.09
2.13
50.24
55.24
9.06
37.91
37.81
0.26
T11
49.16
50.01
1.70
49.06
48.03
2.14
40.31
38.24
5.43
54.95
56.75
3.17
41.18
40.70
1.19
T7
47.31
48.30
2.04
44.32
45.03
1.59
56.19
61.45
8.57
55.85
56.21
0.64
42.48
39.20
8.39
T8
68.60
68.06
0.79
51.54
48.75
5.71
88.43
84.60
4.54
82.78
79.74
3.81
44.65
42.52
5.02
T9
36.66
36.81
0.40
38.13
40.57
6.02
37.37
38.00
1.64
37.89
39.97
5.21
34.90
34.63
0.77
T10
41.98
43.56
3.61
43.99
44.84
1.91
40.06
45.00
10.97
43.88
45.73
4.06
37.07
37.32
0.67
T11
44.65
45.75
2.41
46.09
44.96
2.51
45.44
50.73
10.43
46.87
49.81
5.91
41.40
39.41
5.06
rata-rata
2.23
2.85
5.40
3.87
3.87
R2
0.996
0.991
0.953
0.981
0.855
73
Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 60% Data
Titik Suhu
Titik Suhu β =6 T-CFD
1
2
3
Titik Suhu β =15
Titik Suhu β =30
Titik Suhu β =45
Titik Suhu β =60
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
40.01
1.57
46.49
14.47
39.81
T-ukur 39.88
Error
4.58
T-ukur 54.35
APD
56.59
T-ukur 39.39
Error
6.28
T-ukur 59.31
Error
29.39
T-ukur 31.36
Error
T12 T13
35.42
33.05
7.18
80.12
79.03
1.39
54.02
54.13
0.20
67.22
70.50
4.65
56.20
48.15
16.72
T14
27.30
27.68
1.37
38.94
37.59
3.59
34.00
31.31
8.59
35.83
37.30
3.94
33.03
32.98
0.16
T15
29.57
29.56
0.02
44.82
45.20
0.83
36.00
35.07
2.66
40.66
42.74
4.87
35.63
36.64
2.77
T16
30.02
30.26
0.77
47.77
46.30
3.16
39.67
38.47
3.12
46.08
45.81
0.59
40.48
37.79
7.12
T12
63.96
63.77
0.31
59.64
60.40
1.26
43.23
57.52
24.85
60.69
59.90
1.31
39.93
43.45
8.10
T13
73.95
70.20
5.34
92.42
90.40
2.24
60.88
81.77
25.55
82.96
81.77
1.45
49.61
49.13
0.99
T14
37.33
36.32
2.78
39.96
38.48
3.87
33.60
37.10
9.43
39.44
40.34
2.23
31.33
35.24
11.10
T15
43.99
44.71
1.61
46.52
46.38
0.31
35.21
41.17
14.47
46.52
49.62
6.25
35.63
38.12
6.53
T16
47.32
48.06
1.55
48.09
48.85
1.55
38.42
46.40
17.20
54.80
55.30
0.91
38.86
38.77
0.22
T12
52.15
53.06
1.72
42.77
43.65
0.62
53.53
52.47
2.02
55.57
57.33
3.06
41.29
42.16
2.07
T13
58.20
60.01
3.01
46.28
46.38
0.07
85.82
82.16
4.45
73.29
72.36
1.29
51.07
48.54
5.22
T14
39.32
43.38
9.36
34.88
35.73
2.39
34.69
39.56
12.30
40.81
41.13
0.78
35.58
36.32
2.03
T15
41.98
43.82
4.19
36.63
38.02
3.66
40.07
49.23
18.60
43.76
48.15
9.11
37.21
39.50
5.78
T16
44.65
45.03
0.85
39.10
38.38
1.88
46.68
56.67
17.64
48.87
52.37
6.69
39.66
40.24
1.44
0.19
rata-rata
3.09
2.09
10.84
4.11
4.70
R2
0.982
0.993
0.794
0.969
0.865
74
Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 40% Data
Titik Suhu
Titik Suhu β =6 T-CFD
1
2
3
Titik Suhu β =15
Titik Suhu β =30
Titik Suhu β =45
Titik Suhu β =60
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
41.40
4.41
47.80
16.67
41.78
T-ukur 39.95
Error
1.98
T-ukur 57.36
APD
56.34
T-ukur 43.31
Error
6.55
T-ukur 59.14
Error
29.20
T-ukur 31.25
Error
T17 T18
34.49
34.13
1.06
79.59
81.16
1.11
56.60
37.42
51.28
59.79
64.81
7.75
46.34
47.01
1.41
T19
28.04
28.24
0.71
38.91
40.44
3.79
31.90
32.21
0.95
35.80
38.36
6.67
32.07
33.50
4.25
T20
28.04
28.52
1.68
44.72
45.45
1.61
33.80
34.49
2.01
38.20
40.47
5.61
32.66
35.09
6.92
T21
29.22
29.14
0.27
50.97
50.99
0.04
35.70
38.16
6.45
43.93
45.98
4.44
37.22
36.26
2.66
T17
57.45
62.30
7.78
62.49
64.08
2.49
43.03
36.78
16.97
59.52
58.35
2.00
42.56
42.22
0.79
T18
72.11
73.31
1.63
91.65
89.93
1.92
60.36
45.64
32.25
69.64
72.58
4.05
50.82
48.38
5.05
T19
36.93
36.87
0.17
39.81
39.25
1.43
33.58
33.69
0.35
39.27
41.23
4.75
33.26
34.78
4.37
T20
39.86
39.27
1.50
41.07
40.87
0.49
35.15
34.99
0.46
42.65
43.16
1.18
35.33
35.79
1.28
T21
42.80
42.67
0.30
46.29
46.78
1.04
36.73
37.66
2.48
49.39
49.28
0.23
38.43
36.96
3.98
T17
50.01
52.51
4.77
41.79
42.92
2.63
54.09
52.61
2.82
54.41
56.17
3.13
40.35
41.63
3.08
T18
58.01
58.70
1.17
49.58
49.02
1.15
63.30
58.60
8.01
66.61
67.19
0.87
47.55
48.38
1.70
T19
39.34
43.32
9.19
34.97
35.28
0.87
35.68
38.36
6.97
39.78
42.42
6.24
35.55
35.58
0.08
T20
43.77
43.06
1.65
37.90
36.88
2.75
39.36
42.06
6.41
42.22
44.55
5.24
37.15
37.48
0.88
T21
44.67
43.47
2.76
39.07
38.16
2.38
41.21
46.48
11.34
49.78
50.28
1.00
39.55
40.36
2.02
4.59
rata-rata
2.75
1.71
10.21
4.65
2.87
R2
0.984
0.994
0.773
0.946
0.946
75
Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 20% Data
Titik Suhu
Titik Suhu β =6 T-CFD
1
2
3
Titik Suhu β =15
Titik Suhu β =30
Titik Suhu β =45
Titik Suhu β =60
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
42.64
1.47
46.76
6.96
40.30
T-ukur 36.76
Error
2.90
T-ukur 50.26
APD
39.45
T-ukur 42.02
Error
7.29
T-ukur 40.63
Error
29.53
T-ukur 27.52
Error
T22 T23
33.26
32.59
2.07
67.96
68.51
0.80
55.28
49.22
12.31
62.53
59.65
4.82
43.79
43.22
1.32
T24
26.85
27.40
2.01
38.80
32.48
35.50
35.38
0.36
33.06
33.28
0.66
27.41
3.35
41.60
3.42
32.68
32.19 32.70
0.88
T25
42.56 43.07
8.85
28.36
0.06
37.76
40.60
7.01
34.87
33.69
3.49
T26
28.53
28.89
1.24
44.39
43.67
1.66
32.88
32.56
0.97
40.01
41.88
4.48
35.05
33.95
3.23
T22
55.26
56.32
1.89
42.96
39.94
7.56
42.88
43.81
2.12
50.65
55.83
3.66
40.12
38.15
5.17
T23
64.37
68.51
6.04
73.82
75.01
1.59
56.87
50.11
13.50
65.53
66.84
0.93
45.46
44.79
1.50
T24
40.07
38.76
3.40
36.70
39.75
7.68
33.55
32.44
3.44
37.46
39.05
4.07
33.84
43.11
39.22
9.92
42.10
41.49
1.48
35.11
34.28
2.41
42.66
41.59
2.57
35.86
30.97 34.98
9.28
T25 T26
46.15
42.38
8.89
43.98
42.58
3.28
36.66
34.15
7.37
42.87
41.98
2.10
37.87
36.63
3.41
T22
52.99
50.26
5.43
39.54
37.65
5.00
53.74
30.80
74.46
53.32
46.49
4.83
38.08
37.16
2.50
T23
55.62
56.31
1.23
45.99
44.00
4.52
70.04
70.38
0.49
61.22
56.90
3.06
45.23
46.07
1.82
T24
39.87
42.00
5.07
35.85
32.77
9.39
37.43
39.85
6.07
34.97
34.66
0.91
35.45
33.93
4.48
T25
41.45
41.89
1.03
36.77
36.16
1.68
39.04
40.60
3.86
35.05
34.28
2.23
36.21
38.53
6.03
T26
42.50
42.08
0.98
39.06
37.12
5.21
40.15
40.79
1.58
37.84
34.54
9.54
39.22
39.31
0.23
9.63
2.54
rata-rata
3.99
4.33
8.73
3.83
3.69
R2
0.968
0.968
0.946
0.91
0.896
76
Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 0% Data
Titik Suhu
Titik Suhu β =6 T-CFD
1
2
3
Titik Suhu β =15
Titik Suhu β =30
Titik Suhu β =45
Titik Suhu β =60
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
T-CFD
37.82
13.60
45.74
8.04
39.83
T-ukur 36.83
Error
2.60
T-ukur 49.73
APD
61.01
T-ukur 43.78
Error
0.36
T-ukur 62.64
Error
29.37
T-ukur 29.87
Error
T27 T28
30.16
31.83
1.18
66.85
66.95
0.16
41.74
49.39
15.50
50.56
48.42
4.43
42.57
39.64
7.40
T29
27.12
27.72
2.15
37.47
38.57
2.86
31.96
34.63
7.71
32.84
34.63
5.15
32.76
31.66
3.47
T30
27.93
28.93
3.44
41.89
45.74
8.43
32.93
35.85
8.13
36.53
37.83
3.45
33.65
32.89
2.32
T31
28.47
30.09
5.37
46.87
47.60
1.54
34.89
35.93
2.89
38.37
40.79
5.94
35.10
33.95
3.38
T27
55.04
61.65
10.72
57.04
57.68
1.11
41.99
43.78
4.09
58.14
54.70
6.30
39.07
41.79
6.52
T28
61.52
65.98
6.76
62.80
61.10
2.78
46.42
47.44
2.15
62.42
62.08
0.56
44.87
45.49
1.36
T29
37.24
36.60
1.74
39.76
39.56
0.50
34.22
33.64
1.73
38.95
39.56
1.55
33.16
33.64
1.42
T30
40.47
39.81
1.67
44.64
47.72
6.47
35.33
37.83
6.60
39.29
43.77
10.23
36.87
36.84
0.08
T31
45.33
47.60
4.77
45.52
43.71
4.14
36.44
38.85
6.20
49.31
45.66
8.00
38.97
37.84
3.00
T27
49.11
49.73
1.26
40.94
40.80
0.34
55.61
56.69
1.90
53.11
51.72
2.69
41.12
40.80
0.80
T28
52.47
51.34
2.18
42.39
40.61
4.37
62.55
66.95
6.58
58.14
60.12
3.29
43.81
43.54
0.63
T29
37.36
41.54
10.06
34.93
35.61
1.93
36.17
38.57
6.24
38.96
37.59
3.65
34.85
35.61
2.15
T30
42.39
41.79
1.45
36.31
37.83
4.01
37.55
42.77
12.20
40.99
41.79
1.91
36.64
37.83
3.15
T31
44.07
42.74
3.12
36.78
37.87
2.90
40.33
46.63
13.50
45.05
45.66
1.33
38.43
37.84
1.58
8.15
rata-rata
3.75
2.94
7.27
4.43
3.03
R2
0.966
0.975
0.935
0.929
0.863
77
Lampiran 7. Validasi Laju Aliran Massa Kolektor Surya Tipe Backpass. β=6
11 April 2012, pukul 08.00 WIB
11 April 2012, pukul 10.00 WIB
11 April 2012, pukul 10.00 WIB
m-CFD (kg/s)
m-ukur (kg/s)
Error (%)
m-CFD (kg/s)
m-ukur (kg/s)
Error (%)
m-CFD (kg/s)
m-ukur (kg/s)
Error (%)
cover 100%
0.002455564
0.00181
35.67
0.003260184
0.0039
16.41
0.003099771
0.00348
10.93
cover 80%
0.002104428
0.00182
15.63
0.0033895
0.0034
0.31
0.002990101
0.00285
4.92
cover 60%
0.003037489
0.0019
59.87
0.002982332
0.0032
6.8
0.002910779
0.0028
3.96
cover 40%
0.001912341
0.00164
16.61
0.002711217
0.0026
4.28
0.002528941
0.00256
1.21
cover 20%
0.002313318
0.00157
47.35
0.002313318
0.00256
9.64
0.002474957
0.00236
4.87
cover 0%
0.003095568
0.00186
66.43
0.002992326
0.00317
5.6
0.002490418
0.00246
1.24
rata-rata
7.173333
4.521667
4 April 2012, pukul 10.00 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
4 April 2012, pukul 12.00 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
4 April 2012, pukul 14.00 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
cover 100%
0.006643605
0.00564
17.79
0.007512418
0.00547
37.34
0.005707612
0.00503
13.47
cover 80%
0.0063842
0.00395
61.63
0.006511295
0.00469
38.83
0.005555631
0.00453
22.64
cover 60%
0.00628535
0.0039
61.16
0.005809256
0.0048
21.03
0.005480897
0.003
82.7
cover 40%
0.006473658
0.00482
34.31
0.005945478
0.00447
33.01
0.005500896
0.0029
89.69
cover 20%
0.006190586
0.00331
87.03
0.00616548
0.00357
72.7
0.005005953
0.00253
97.86
cover 0% rata-rata
0.005946256
0.00421
41.24
0.006007535
0.00384
56.45
0.005449076
0.0028
β=15
40.26
50.52667
43.22667
94.61
66.82833
78
Lanjutan Lampiran 7. 5 April 2012, pukul 08.45 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
5 April 2012, pukul 10.15 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
5 April 2012, pukul 11.30 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
cover 100%
0.006147875
0.00455
35.12
0.006052112
0.00515
17.52
0.007153428
0.00722
0.92
cover 80%
0.005325842
0.00386
37.98
0.005958479
0.00563
5.83
0.006702222
0.00576
16.36
cover 60%
0.005275358
0.005
5.51
0.006261876
0.0076
17.61
0.006814169
0.0072
1.34
cover 40%
0.00599705
0.00488
22.89
0.006052429
0.00544
11.26
0.007083522
0.00718
5.1
cover 20%
0.00543865
0.00152
257.81
0.006021687
0.00407
47.95
0.0068684
0.00576
19.24
cover 0% rata-rata
0.00486435
0.00394
23.46
0.006155426
0.00582
5.76
0.007233959
0.00722
0.19
β=30
β=45
63.795
17.655
7.191667
9 April 2012, pukul 09.00 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
9 April 2012, pukul 12.00 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
9 April 2012, pukul 13.30 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
cover 100%
0.008412639
0.00815
3.22
0.01043173
0.00936
11.45
cover 80%
0.008106926
0.00887
8.61
0.009602953
0.00978
cover 60%
0.008978348
0.0088
8.3
0.009890385
0.0095
cover 40%
0.00806903
0.0087
3.2
0.0083426
cover 20%
0.008918346
0.00757
17.81
cover 0% rata-rata
0.00879053
0.00722
21.75
10.48167
0.008965681
0.0089
0.74
1.81
0.00902959
0.00881
2.49
4.11
0.009290987
0.0094
1.16
0.0081
3
0.01021657
0.01115
8.35
0.008550399
0.00565
51.33
0.010126404
0.0186
45.56
0.010143686
0.00703
44.29
0.00943124
0.00772
19.33167
22.17
13.41167
79
Lanjutan Lampiran 7. 10 April 2012, pukul 08.45 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
10 April 2012, pukul 12.30 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
10 April 2012, pukul 15.00 WIB Error (%) m-CFD (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s)
cover 100%
0.007275935
0.00778
6.48
0.007730474
0.00733
5.46
0.007877647
0.00879
10.38
cover 80%
0.007511911
0.00782
3.94
0.00728758
0.00754
3.35
0.008519951
0.00601
41.76
cover 60%
0.007619577
0.0081
5.93
0.007303562
0.0067
9.01
0.008672546
0.0064
35.51
cover 40%
0.007364866
0.00747
1.41
0.007203035
0.0058
24.19
0.0083052
0.00648
28.17
cover 20%
0.007485125
0.0064
16.96
0.0073115
0.00561
30.33
0.008449685
0.00595
42.01
cover 0% rata-rata
0.007350777
0.0064
14.86
0.007178274
0.00626
14.67
0.008376367
0.00511
63.92
β=60
8.263333
14.50167
36.95833
80
Lampiran 8. Validasi Suhu pada Kotak Pengering. koordinat
Titik Suhu
pukul 09.00
pukul 12.00
pukul 15.00
Validasi
Validasi
Validasi
x
y
z
T-CFD (°C)
T-ukur (°C)
Error (%)
T-CFD (°C)
T-ukur (°C)
Error (%)
T-CFD (°C)
T-ukur (°C)
Error (%)
T2
0.15
-0.64
1.285
54.33
54.1
0.42
60.67
60.2
0.78
48.36
48.8
0.91
T3
0.15
-0.096
0.733
70.96
75.1
5.84
90.05
89.3
0.84
59.27
66.5
10.87
T4
0.15
-0.66
1.26
37.5
37
1.34
36.95
38.8
5.02
38.7
37.6
2.93
T5
0.15
-0.59
1.19
41.25
41.3
0.12
45.26
45.3
0.09
40.35
39.9
1.13
T6
0.15
-0.53
1.13
46.4
46.4
0
50.75
51.1
0.7
40.35
40.9
1.34
T7
0.15
-0.222
0.833
48.8
48.6
0.41
53.78
53.2
1.09
40.85
40.8
0.13
T8
0.15
-0.31
0.92
49.21
49
0.43
56.73
56.6
0.22
46.96
47.2
0.51
T9
0.15
-0.11
0.72
49.34
49.1
0.48
56.95
56.6
0.61
46.96
47.4
0.93
T10
0.15
-0.026
0.627
49.62
49.5
0.24
57.34
56.9
0.77
47.96
47.8
0.33
T11
0.15
0.055
0.34
46.5
46.5
0
52.23
52
0.43
45.31
45
0.67
T12
0.15
0.055
0.55
44.77
44.7
0.17
52.23
51
2.35
45.31
44.6
1.56
T13
0.15
0.114
0.343
46.5
47.5
2.15
52.23
52.4
0.34
46.96
46.4
1.19
T14
0.15
0.114
0.559
46.5
46.3
0.43
47.28
47.2
0.17
46.96
48.5
3.29
T15
0.15
0.174
0.339
49.21
49.2
0.02
55.86
56.2
0.62
46.96
46
2.04
T16
0.15
0.174
0.559
46.5
47.8
2.79
55.86
55
1.53
46.96
45.9
2.25
T17
0.15
0.228
0.341
49.21
48.6
1.24
52.23
53.2
1.87
45.31
46.7
3.08
T18
0.15
0.224
0.569
46.5
47.8
2.79
46.96
54.3
15.64
46.96
47.6
1.37
T19
0.15
0.286
0.345
49.21
47.5
3.48
47.28
47.4
0.25
46.96
47.6
1.37
T20
0.15
0.286
0.571
44.77
45.6
1.84
47.28
46.9
0.81
46.96
48
2.22
T21
0.15
0.3
0.441
49.21
48.7
1.04
48.98
49.3
0.65
46.96
48.1
2.43
Rata-rata
1.261
1.739
2.02
81