This report is presented as received by IDRC from project recipient(s). It has not been subjected to peer review or other review processes.
10RC - Lib.
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This work is used with the permission of Murray Haight. © 1996 Murray Haight.
FINAL REPORT
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE, LOW-COST SOLUTION TO ADDRESS THE DYE WASTE PROBLEMS IN BALI, INDONESIA
Murray Haight School of Urban and Regional Planning University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario Canada
Prof. Dr. Dra. Mardani Ratha Department of Tourism, Post & Telecommunications Region X, Bali Indonesia
November, 1996. kV
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
From June, 1994 to August, 1996 a project titled "Developing an Effective, Low Cost Solution to Address the Dye Waste Problems in Bali, Indonesia" was undertaken in Bali, Indonesia. The purpose of this research program was to undertake a demonstration
project which focused on the pollution problems associated with dyeing operations in Bali and to expand solutions by developing an implementation plan for Bali. The objectives
were: to design, implement and test effective low-cost technological solutions to address
the pollution problems associated with the dyeing activities: and, to develop and undertake
the steps that would be necessary to expand the numbers of operations beyond the demonstration stage to encompass an action plan for Bali.
Bali is recognized for its traditional batik dyeing. The government of Indonesia has been
promoting tourism and encouraging industries like batik dyeing. There are now literally
hundreds of small and medium sized operations scattered throughout the suburban villages and within the city boundaries of Denpasar. Dyeing wastes are widely recognized
for the impacts they create for downstream users. No pollution control exists at the sites. The challenge as identified at the outset of this project was to develop procedures that
could be devised to help control the wastes which arise when spent dyes and rinse waters
are dumped into nearby water courses.
Prior to commencing field trials to assess possible treatment options criteria, for success were established. The procedures had to result in a significant improvement in the quality
of the water; be practical and readily implementable; employ an appropriate technological approach; employ treatment chemicals readily available; be consistent with local traditions and customs; and, be cost effective. Bench-scale trials followed by field- trials were
undertaken at two dyeing sites: one at a medium and the other at a small -scale operation.
.
A treatment procedure was devised and tested and was found to meet all of the criteria
set out in the beginning.
Briefly, the procedure consists of adding small amounts of time, alum and bleach to the
waste waters and then allowing a precipitate to settle overnight. The following day, the clear supernatant is discharged into a treatment well that has been filled with sand. A layer
of burnt rice husks on top of the sand serves an effective barrier to collect residual solids. Chemical analyses performed on samples indicated that contaminants in the treated effluent, which are mainly heavy metals, are reduced to levels that render the effluent as
acceptable for a number of potential downstream users. Traces of colour and suspended
particulates are removed. The solids that are removed from the process can be dried and sent off site for disposal. Attempts were undertaken to use the residue to manufacture building blocks for selective use.
The second phase of the project consisted of organizing and conducting a workshop.
Those in attendance included members of government who have a mandate related to waste issues, dye operators, community members, academics, exporters and garment manufactures. The unanimous consensus of the participants was that the treatment
process being demonstrated was effective in improving water quality. A widespread implementation scheme should be initiated. Success of involving additional dyeing
operators would be achieved if a voluntary rather than a regulatory approach was followed. Voluntary elements proposed were to make use of a reward system such as
environmental certificates presented annually which recognized actions being implemented. Perhaps financial rewards might also be attempted. A commission was
proposed to assist with implementing the recommendations developed at the workshop.
Post workshop monitoring for one year indicated that little progress was achieved as a result of the workshop recommendations. At the conclusion of the study a note of optimism does exist. As a result of the outcomes achieved by this demonstration project
there is a very good chance that improvements in controlling dye wastes will be
forthcoming. The Bali Infrastructure Project, involving the World Bank, will provide additional resources and ensure that aspects of the treatment process such as supplying equipment, transporting the sludge and proper disposal will take place.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to extend their sincere appreciation to the Senior Regional Program Officer Dr. Stephen Tyler and the staff at the International Development Research Centre - Regional Office for Southeast and East Asia in awarding the funds
to undertake this
research project. Special thanks is given to Wayan Pinta Yadia and Pak Hery for allowing
us to use their factories to test their wastes and to demonstrate our treatment technologies. Thanks is generously given to M. Suarnatha, M. Nuyadi, W. Tjatera and the
research staff at the PSL Udayana University without whose dedication and careful attention to details this project would not have succeeded.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0
Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Purpose of the Project ..................................................................................2 1.1 1.2 Research Objectives .....................................................................................2 Format of the Report ...................................................................................3 1.3
2.0
Overview of Waste Issues .......................................................................................4 2.1 Nature of and Need to Manage Wastes .......................................................4 2.2 Hazardous Wastes-A Case Study of Textile Dyeing............. .....................5
3.0
Phase I Demonstration Trials ..................................................................................8 3.1 Assessment Criteria.....................................................................................8 Pre-Project Experiences ...............................................................................9 3.2 3.3 Characteristics of SSOs and MSOs ............................................................10 3.4 Bench-Scale Experiments...........................................................................11 3.5 Field Trips ..................................................................................................12 3.6 Analytical Results ............................................................... ....................... 14 3.7 Monitoring Ongoing Waste Treatment ..............................,.......................16
4.0
Phase R Workshop ............................................................... ....................18 Introduction ................................................................................................18 4.1 4.2 Aim-Purpose ..............................................................................................18 4.3 Organizing the Workshop ..........................................................................18 4.4 Summary of Comments from Workshop Participants ...............................19 4.5 Working Group Results ...................................................... ....................... 20 4.6 Final Comments from Participants ............................................................30 4.7 Workshop Conclusions ..............................................................................31
5.0
Discussion and Recommendations .........................................................................32
6.0
Administration .......................................................................................................37 Tables I to IX ..........................................................................................................39 Diagrams and Photographs .....................................................................................40 Appendices I to V ..................................................................................................41
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In 1994 the International Development Research Program - Regional Office for Southeast
and East Asia provided the funding to undertake a project titled: Controlling Pollution From
Dyeing Operations in Bali Indonesia: From Demonstration to Policy Formulation and Implementation." The impetus for this study originated during the Bali Sustainable
Development Project which had identified issues of environmental degradation as related to
waste management. In particular, wastes from dyeing operations were described as one of the major stresses threatening the capacity of Bali to achieve sustainable development. (for review see Martopo, S. & B. Mitchell. Eds., 1995. Bali Balancing Environment, Economy and Culture. Dept of Geog., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, 644 pgs.)
Batik dyeing and dyeing of cloth goods is a traditional economic activity. Operations typically occur at two scales: Medium-sized operations (MSOs) are permanent operations
that employ 20 to 25 young men. More numerous are the small -sized operations
(SSOs)which may employ as many operators, but the facilities are temporary and are often
situated on lands that are rented. SSOs are to be found scattered throughout villages adjacent to water courses mainly in the capital of Denpasar.
At both scales of operations, untreated dye waste and process waters are discharged directly in the watercourses. For years downstream users have often complained about discoloured
waters and have raised fears about water quality as it relates to the` traditional domestic use ,
of the water. While in theory considerable strength exists in Bali to achieve sustainable development, in
reality this is not always being attained. The Bali Sustainable Development Project identified a
number of recommendations that would serve as a means to enhance growth, stability and
equity. Addressing the pollution problems arising from the dyeing industries was suggested as
one practical example by which such a shift would begin to be achieved. The challenge was to explore the opportunities for improvement, to demonstrate their effectiveness to industrial parties at the same time minimize the economic impact to owners and operators of the dyeing facilities.
1.1 PURPOSE
OF THE PROJECT
To undertake a demonstration project focused on the pollution problems associated with dyeing operations in Bali, Indonesia and to expand solutions beyond the demonstration stake by developing an implementation plan for Bali.
1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To design, implement and test effective, low-cost technological solutions to address the
pollution problems associated with dyeing activities.
To develop and undertake the steps that are necessary so as to expand the technical
solution beyond a demonstration stage to encompass an action plan for Bali.
The research study program consisted of two phases each paralleling the research objectives.
Phase I-included the development, demonstration and assessment of a technical solution which was undertaken in June and July of 1994. Phase II comprised of the development and initiation of an action plan critiqued at a workshop which was cony' :ned in June, 1995.
Both phases
I
and II were followed by extensive, ongoing monitoring to assess the
practicality and implementation aspects of the demonstration and workshop findings. The
program of monitoring continued until the end of August, 1996 when the project was considered completed.
-2
1.3 FORMAT OF THE REPORT.
In keeping with the guidelines supplied for preparing a summary report, this document is
organized as follows: Overview of waste issues, pre-project experiences and findings.
Phase I methods and results of demonstration trials, and monitoring. Phase II preparation and outcomes of workshop, and monitoring. Conclusions and recommendations.
A financial statement for the project has been prepared and submitted under a separate cover.
2.0 OVERVIEW OF WASTE ISSUES
2.1 NATURE OF AND THE NEED TO MANAGE WASTES
The magnitude of pollution resulting from the growth and development in both the developed and developing nations of the world is steadily increasing. The inappropriate and often
careless handling of wastes arising from human activities has all too often created problems
for the health of humans and the environment. Effective control and management of wastes are increasingly seen as vital for continued growth and development. Bali, Indonesia is no exception to this problem. Bali is facing many challenges and at the same time possesses many opportunities regarding issues of waste (For review see "Sustainable Development
Strategy for Bali" 1992. University Consortium on the Environment, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario. 108 pages).
Development planning in Bali is aimed mainly at improving community prosperity. It is designed to continue, to strengthen and to enhance economic development by giving priority
to three sectors: agriculture, tourism and the handicraft industries. The emphasis on these
3
sectors represents an effort to:
add and diversify economic return
raise the income of small business, people and artisans
support regional development
The main emphasis has been directed towards the development of those industries which are
closely connected with tourism. Included in the small business sector, the handicraft industry is responsible for food processing, clothing, leather goods, silver, wood and gold works.
Tourism has been a main focus for development in Bali. The presence of tourists helps to
contribute to the merchandising of souvenirs. With the expansion of the tourism sector over
the past two decades, the craftspeople have been encouraged to produce more. With increasing popularity and recognition of the artwork, exportation of goods has been growing at a rapid rate so that export to foreign countries like Canada, the United States, European
countries like France, Italy, Germany are an expanding business opportunity.
What are the consequences of this pattern of growth and development??
2.2 HAZARDOUS WASTES - A CASE STUDY OF TEXTILE DYEING
Within Denpasar and the surrounding suburbs, there are estimated to be hundreds of smallscale dyeing operations. The majority are located in the suburban villages
of
Danh Puri Kuah Penogan Pedungan
In addition to the small-scale operations there are medium-sized and less than half a dozen
large-sized operations.
The dyeing operations are highly dependent upon work orders from the garment industries. Accordingly the dyeing work tends to be seasonal. To remain vial;iie, each operator must be able to respond to changes in garment fashion - which in turn requires them to be able to use
different dyeing processes, starting textiles, various chemicals and dyestuffs.
The numerous small-scale operations typically contract with a land owner and pay a monthly
rental fee. The labour force consists mainly of young men and boys who are non-Balinese.
The owners and the labourers are very mobile. The equipment used tends to be simple and easily transported - a stove, dyeing vats (cement rings or drums), weigh scales, stamping
plates and blocks and a screen table.
It is with the dyeing process itself that the potential exists for contaminants to be released into the environment. At least four methods of batik-dyeing are employed:
1.
The most common procedure consists of bleaching the textile followed by (->) dipping in
water-glass (aluminum silicate) -> partial drying in the sun -> stamping with wax, -> brief immersion into a vat of dye -> drying in the sun -> drawing again through water-
glass/soda ash/sulfuric acid mixture -> washing, -> boiling water to remove wax -> washing and drying.
2. The second method is a variation
of the first. The textile
is dyed -> washed in cleanwater -
> dried in the sun -> stamped using wax -> bleached -> partially dried -> dyed with a
second colour.-> treated with water glass -> washed -> dewaxed -> washed -> dried.
3. The third is called the "Krrwil Process" which involves drawing
the textile through the
water glass/soda ash solution -> laying the textile on the ground and pouring the dye onto the cloth -> air drying -> washing in clean water -> drying in the sun.
4. The fourth is called the "Sulfur process". White textiles - usually cottons are run through a
vat of dye which is made up of dye stuffs and chemicals with a high sulfur content -> partial drying ->washing in clear water -> drying in the sun.
Wastes that contain contaminants from the various dyeing process('3 are produced during the washing and dewaxing steps as well as the left-overs which remain in the dye vats. Spillage often occurs during preparation of the dye lots and during the Kirwil process when the textile is laid on the ground and the dyes poured on by hand. The traditional approach practiced by
many operators is to dump all wastes into nearby streams. Often, the labourers stand in the
streams while rinsing the yard goods.
For years downstream users have complained about the discoloured waters which then impact their use of the same water for bathing, washing of clothes, and as a source of
drinking water. As reported in the Bali Post 1994-(June) "local farmers in Pedungan subdistrict (Kelurahan) have expressed fears about pollution from dye-waste and garbage."
Adjacent communities have addressed this same concern ( for a review see Haight and Mardani ,1995).
3.0 PHASE I DEMONSTRATION TRIALS To assist dye operators to minimize the release of wastes into the environment, pilot projects were conducted at two sites: one a medium-sized operation (MSO)and the second at a small operation (SSO). The pilot project has as its aim to demonstrate and assess on-site treatment and to explore the means whereby such treatment can be applied elsewhere.
3.1 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
If one is to develop an effective treatment process what sort of criteria should be used to evaluate whether or not it is successful? Criteria used for this project were: the procedure should be efficient and result in a significant improvement in the quality of the water that was left-over from the rinses or from the dye-vats or de-waxing steps.
the procedure should be practical and readily implementable. This meant that if dyeoperators are to assume responsibility they would need to be trained with the procedures involved in treating the wastes.
the procedure must employ an appropriate technological approach and use few resources. Most SSOs do not have electricity and are not be able to rely on sophisticated equipment.
the treatment chemicals should be readily available and preferably be found already in Bali.
the procedure should be consistent with local traditions and customs.
the procedure must be cost-effective, Small scale operators typically operate with very little profit margins. Any additional financial burden arising from treating the wastes must
be minimal if it is to ever be successfully adopted.
3.2 PRE-PROJECT EXPERIENCES
Numerous government agencies had been interviewed and key personnel identified who would participate in this effort.
Analytical laboratories were identified. This included both academic as well a government
run facilities.
The location, nature of operation of several dye operations had been undertaken. Site visits were conducted and samples of wastes collected.
Bench scale tests were performed using traditional and modern treatment regimes. Iron chloride an often used coagulant was tested on dye waste waters and produced negative
results, i.e. no settling out or precipitation was observed at differing concentrations.
Various polymers such as Percol 1797,725 and 1597 failed to produce significant results. Synthetic polymers are an expensive treatment approach. Initial trials using lime and alum
produced encouraging results.
3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SSOs AND MSOs
SSOs- (See photos
1
to 3)
Hery & Company is an example of a SSO. The operator rents about 500 m.2 of land adjacent to a stream in Pendungan Village, Orders are taken for batik work and the
operators can process
- 5000 meters of textile a month.
About ten young men, two stamp-
men, one female cook are employed. Supplies for operation are purchased on an as needed
basis from stores in downtown Denpasar.
At this site the dyes are mixed and stored in vats constructed out of cement rings with a layer
of cement
in the bottom. Depending on which dyeing process is used, the labourers will dip
the yard goods into various containers filled with rinse water or bleach or water glass. More often than not the rinses were carried out directly in the stream.
MSOs (See photos 4 to 6)
The example of a MSO is owned and operated by Wayan Pinta Yadia. The factory C. V. Citra
Luhur is located in Sanglah, Denpasar. Approximately twenty men were employed and housed on-site. The process equipment consists of cement vats containing dyes and wash
waters. Each unit is heated with oil burners from below and the yard goods to be processed are hand-rolled. All process wastes flow along surface floor drains and discharge towards the r
rear of the property. In the back are a series of three consecutive p'
s.
Each collection pit is
unlined. Particulates and other solids are allowed to settle out before the otherwise untreated
wastes flow off property into adjacent fields of rice. The waste water lagoons were always observed to be full and some biological processing seemed to be occurring as evidenced by bubbles which continuously floated to the surface.
in
The pits often overflowed whenever the factory was busy with dyeing and, although not observed directly would also be expected to overflow throughout the rainy season.
3.4 BENCH-SCALE EXPERIMENTS
As illustrated in photos 7 to 10, the first step was to examine the effects of differing
concentrations of alum and lime when added either separately or in combinations to the dye
waste water (DWW). Several trials were conducted and the results obtained are summarized as
:
the addition of lime at various concentrations produced no observable effect as judged by the removal of solids and colour from the DWW the addition of alum at various concentrations resulted in no change. Addition of alum and sodium hydroxide-to neutralize the acidic condition of the DWW
produced no change.
the addition of alum and lime in combination resulted in an immediate reaction with the formation of a precipitate which began to settle down carrying with it most of the colour.
In the next set of trials the amount of lime or of alum was varied in an attempt to determine
what would be the smallest amount that could be added and still produce meaningful results. At this stage the use of chlorine was also assessed as this chemical is routinely used by the dyeing industry to alter colouration.
For later trials activated charcoal was also employed. The charcoal was readily obtained from supply shops and is made from partial burning of coconut shells. Tire purpose in experimenting with the active charcoal was to determine if additional contaminants would be removed.
Once a suitable treatment protocol was established, the next step was to devise a method so
that the residues (solids) which precipitate out could be readily separated from the treated 11
dye waste water (TDWW). Bench scale treatments were conducted using river-bottom sand and gravel. It soon became apparent the residue would plug a column of sand and
completely restrict flow. After further testing a revised treatment procedure was devised. On
the top of the sand a layer of burnt rice husks were poured and held in place with a piece of burlap. The burnt rice husks were readily available from brick-making operations where rice
husks serve as the main source of heat for curing the bricks. The husks formed an effective screen and the sludge residue which was retained on top could be subsequently scrapped off.
3.5 FIELD TRIALS
Following the bench- scale experiments field trials were undertaken at both the MSO and the SSO. At the MSO the only practical approach was to treat an entire waste pond. Sufficient
lime and alum were premixed in clean water and then added to the pond. This was immediately followed by mixing the contents of the pond with a large wooden paddle and
then left to settle overnight.
By next morning the pond had cleared and the residue had settled to the bottom. From
estimates taken of the volume of the waste pit and the amount of residue produced it was determined that the pond could be filled twenty or more times before it would be necessary to sun-dry the residue and then remove the solids from the pit.
In consultation with the owner at the SSO it was decided that a well would be tried for
treating the processed effluents ( see photos
11
& 12). As shown in the.diagrams
1
& 2, a
well was installed using common construction grade cement rings' about in diameter. In the
center of the well a plastic pipe extended to the bottom of the well. A lateral piece drilled ,A
ith holes was attached to the bottom. As noted in the diagram at a depth which is about .5
meters above the level of the adjacent stream a side attachment led from the plastic pipe, extended laterally through a perforation in the ring and then ran towards the stream. The
purpose of this attachment was to allow the
TDV1'NN'
to flow down through the sand layer, to
collect in the lateral pipe with the perforations and then to travel up the plastic pipe and ultimately discharge into the stream. This drainage arrangement was installed to facilitate the
discharge of excess water when the SSO was busy and the processed water did not have time
to percolate out the bottom of the well into the surrounding soils. It would also serve a similar purpose during the rainy season.
In a typical operation, the residues from the dye vats, rinse waters and water used for wax
removal were stored in a 2000 liter drum or in a cement ring vat. To every 250 liters of waste
water, 150 grams of lime which acts as a coagulant and 150 grams of alum which acts as a flocculant are stirred in. Various amounts of used bleach solution may be added to remove any colour remaining. After several hours which typically was overnight the clear liquid was
siphoned onto the top of the well containing rice husks and sand. The treated water seeped
through the sand and the remaining residue on top was removed and placed into an open pit for air drying before being discarded together with the domestic garbage.
The costs to undertake each treatment are reasonable. For every 500 liters of waste water
treated the alum costs 300 Rp. (at a retail cost of 1000 Rp. Per kilogram); the lime about 120 Rp. (retail cost 400 Rp. per kilogram); and if required the bleach costs 350 Rp. (retail cost
4000 Rp. per kilogram). The total cost is 770 Rp. or about $.40 Cdn. The initial construction costs to purchase cement rings, labour, sand and piping was about 100000 Rp. or $ 60 Cdn.
Training operators on how to treat the wastes and handle the residue was readily achieved. In
both situations everyone was enthusiastic about the possibility of treating the wastes. Each
owner recognized his operation as being a source of considerable pollution but neither had been able to manage their sites and control the discharge of wastes offsite.
3.6 ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Samples of dye waste waters and residues were collected and analyzed for water quality
parameters in an attempt to: determine the nature and extent of contaminants
assess the effectiveness of the treatment procedures that were being developed. Laboratories in Indonesia were contracted to perform the majority of analyses. In addition selective samples were brought back to Canada for confirmatory testing. The results are summarized in Tables I to VIII and the highlights for each are outlined below.
Table I presents the results of samples that were collected during the bench scale and the field trials conducted at the MSO. The sample of untreated waste water had been grabbed
from one of the waste collection ponds at the rear of the property. The plant had not been
active for some time and the waste water had been undisturbed. This probably accounts for the seemingly low level of contaminants compared with a similar sample collected at the SSO
were production levels were high. (Table II ).
To appreciate the concentrations observed, table I includes the environmental standards for
waste waters established by the government of Indonesia. Several parameters are noted to be at significant concentrations including suspended particulates, magnesium (Mg), lead (Pb), As, Se, Ni, Cl, sulfides, NH;, high BOD5, and COD. Following treatment many of the
contaminants were found at reduced levels. The residue that was removed after treatment with lime and alum contained many of the contaminants at elevated concentrations. In particular Mg, Pb, As, Co, cyanide (CN), sulfides and nitrates were recovered at levels that
exceeded Category IV of the Environmental Standards. The treated pond water was found to be improved over that observed prior to treatment, but numerous contaminants were still
above the detection limits.
Table II presents similar results obtained from the SSO. At the time the trials were being attempted the factory was filling numerous orders and so the wastes produced from this
operation are more reflective of what is likely to routinely occur. The spectrum of contaminants is similar from both types of dyeing operations. Particulates, BOD5, and COD -
indicators of pollution are at levels which are unacceptable when compared with the Iv
environmental standards. Following treatment significant reductions were observed for most
parameters except for Mg and Cl - both of which are present in the treatment chemicals. The residue contained significantly higher levels of most contaminants. Unfortunately because of sampling limitations in the field it was not possible to conduct a mass balance to compare the
change in concentration related total volume of waste water being treated.
Samples of stream water above and below the dyeing operation reveal the presence of
numerous contaminants are already in the waterbody which would be entering from similar operations situated nearby. Also the downstream values are higher than upstream. At the time
the sample was collected from the downstream location the labourers were washing textiles in the stream. The immediate impact of such a practice is apparent from the nature and level
of contaminants observed. One sample was also collected from the well which serves as a source of cooking, washing and drinking water for the labourers. The results reveal that the well water is impacted with
contaminants that are similar to those observed with the dye waste. The elevated levels of contaminants such as Mg, As, Se, Cl, nitrates etc from the well water would lend support to
the suggestion that historical practices have impacted the local groundwater supplies.
Tables III and IV present the results supplied by the Provincial Public Health Laboratory.
The samples submitted for analyses were split samples taken at the same time the samples
were being prepared for submission to the University's laboratory. While the methods of analysis differed between the two facilities the test results presented in these tables are of
little practical help in understanding the nature of the contaminants issues and the effectiveness of the treatment procedures being tested.
At various times prior to the start of this project and again after the field trials were finished
samples of waste waters and residues were brought back to Canada for detailed analysis. The
results obtained are presented in Tables V to VIII.
Prior to the project beginning a sample from a waste lagoon at the MSO was tested for metals at the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy's lab (Table V ). For
reference purposes the Ontario Drinking Water Guidelines are provided for the metals. The sample of supernatant and sludge were obtained from an initial grab sample collected at the dye factory. It had been several weeks before that the waste waters had entered the lagoon.
The settling into two fractions -supernatant and sludge took place in the sample container. An aliquot of the supernatant was treated with alum and lime and the resulting residue was
examined.
For the parameters listed it is apparent that there is a mixture of contaminants contained within the treated sample with significantly higher concentrations recovered from the settled
out materials. Treatment with alum and lime also resulted in a number of the parameters being detected at levels that are greater than either sample analyzed prior to treatment. For
the most part, concentrations in all samples remained below acceptable drinking water guidelines.
Following the field trials and to assist with confirmatory analyses of samples sent to the
laboratories in Bali,-three additional samples were analyzed at a private laboratory. From an analysis of volatile organic compounds only two were found at low levels (Table VI).
Acetone and methyl ethyl ketone are widely used in industry as solvents. Presumably these trace levels are residuals present in the dye making process or are carried in other ingredients such as the water glass. Table VII is a comparison of results from waste water and the water glass sludge which remains after the dyeing process. The metals found in the water glass are similar to what is recovered as dry sludge on top of the bed of rice husks. The elevated levels
of calcium and magnesium are in part originating from the treatment chemicals lime and alum, the remainder would be recovered from the dye waste effluent. As similar situation exists for
the anions particularly the chloride levels (Table VIII).
3.7 MONITORING ONGOING WASTE TREATMENT
Following the completion of the field trials, an ongoing monitoring program was undertaken by the research staff. The purpose was to assess subsequent experiences and problems
encountered by the owners as they continued to treat their wastes. The results are reported for the SSO only. Orders for textile dyeing were lacking at the MSO and as a result little dyeing activity was observed (Table IX ).
The main observations recorded were: the owner continued to treat his wastes on a voluntary basis. a review of the monitoring table reveals that positive results were consistently observed.
along the way the owner encountered very few problems.
the owner and his staff were able to initiate several improvements to the treatment regime. For example, modifications were implemented for the location and types of
treatment pits (described previously). These changes helped to stream-line the technique in a way that was in keeping with the traditional, routine dyeing processes ( see photos 13 & 14).
4.0 PHASE II WORKSHOP 4.1
INTRODUCTION
Roughly one year after the demonstration efforts got underway and became operational, and
after considerable baseline data and practical experience was obtained, a workshop was organised and convened on June 22 - 23, 1995. Participants at the workshop met to discuss developing a strategy, or an action plan which upon implementation would increase the
number of dye operators participating in a pollution prevention program. Several questions arise:
If operators are to control pollution how can they participate? Who should be
responsible? Who pays for the costs to install and operate the treatment facilities? What
standard of improvement should be established? Who will monitor and make sure the
standards are met by everyone?
4.2 AIM -PURPOSE
To determine the steps that are necessary for expanding pollution control beyond the
demonstration dyeing operations to encompass other dyeing operations within an action plan for Bali.
4.3 ORGANIZING THE WORKSHOP
In the months preceding the workshop a format for the two days, lists of individuals to invite f
and selection of a location were developed by the research director and research staff from
Udayana University. Invitations were sent to the business sector including garment manufacturers and exporters, government agencies such as environment, industry, tourism and culture, agriculture, in addition to village heads, academics, and NGOs (See Appendix
for a copy of the itinerary for the workshop and 11 for a list of participants).
I
Over the course of two days participants were introduced to the issues of dyeing waste, a review of the demonstration project, and a suggested approached that could serve the basis
for enlarging pollution control beyond a demonstration phase ( see photo 15). Three
working groups were established and each spent a considerable amount of time discussing and formulating an action plan ( see Appendix III).
Beginning on the second day the delegates were bussed to the demonstration project and
guided through the issues and the improvements that were being made( see photo 16). For many it was their first experience in witnessing the issues first hand and later on when
revisiting the action plan they had previously discussed set about to improve upon their
emerging proposals for wastes from the dyeing industry.
4.4 SUMMARY OF COMMENTS FROM WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
All participants agreed that there is environmental degradation occurring in Bali. The
Biro Lingkungan Mdup (Environmental Bureau of Bali Province) have indicated the
extent of the problem in their 1994 study. Locations that are downstream of any dyeing operation are continuously being polluted.
To overcome the problems associated with dyeing operations, the workshop participants discussed the merits of the technical solution being demonstrated in this project. The system is very inexpensive, and therefore will be affordable. The application of the
procedure results in significant environmental improvements.
Several challenges were noted with attempts to implement the scheme on a broader basis. The workshop suggests that a commission be formed to consist of Industrial Department,
BLH and PPSDALH-UNUD. The mandate of the commission would be to oversee implementation of the system. _Jp
Various approaches were examined that might be used to encourage participation by many dyeing operations. In the end their was general agreement that financial incentives and
recognition by awards must be promoted.
A training manual should be produced that would describe to an owner the steps that need
to be followed when installing a pollution control system. The manual should also be distributed to extension workers who undertake a variety of educational activities with
members of the villages.
4.5 WORKING GROUP RESULTS
Three working groups were established in the workshop for an effective discussion. They each discussed the same topics and at the end of the second day presented
their results to the other groups. WORKING GROUP I
ISSUES
Some issues have been identified by Group I. are:
There is a degradation in surface water quality around Tukad Badung and Tukad Mati from dyeing operations. There were physical changes such as the streams becoming colorful and often emit bad odors.
There is a lack of environmental awareness from the community and industries.
There was a limitation to the demonstrated technology: limited information on technology in terms of how it is designed and what
treatments procedures are to be used to handle the variety of wastes produced an apparent high cost of installing treatment equipment inefficient production process continue especially in terms of not reusing
the clear effluent.
Non-existence of specific zones for the dyeing industry.
Non-existence of planning of Tukad Badung's land-use utilization, including its capability
to handle many dyeing operations.
Overlapping and non-existence of controls and regulations.
Technology evaluation
a.
Positive impacts
Heavy metal parameters decrease significantly.
Colour elements disappear (effluent become clearer).
Numerous parameters meet the standards for environmental quality.
Negative Impacts
Manual techniques should be changed to machinery techniques for a
more cost effective operation.
Sludge contains heavy metals.
In order to narrow the gap of the above negative impacts, the following steps for
technology improvement should be considered:
the filtering system should use Oarang lempung (burnt rice husk/wood chips
should be using Fe (S04)3
treat the waste by using three pits.The first pit is for the coagulation and aeration process. The second pit, which consists of ijuk, lime, bricks, gravel and sand is used as a filter to clear the water column. The third pit, which consists
of burnt rice
husks or wood chips is used to catch the remaining hazardous elements.
Note: Regarding these suggestions the Project had considered and applied the changes suggested in the layout of the pits. Also, Fe (S04)3 was found to be expensive and difficult
to obtain. Early attempts failed to clarify the waste water. Previous experiments using wood chips and other additives did not reduce contamination. Using a sand layer without pre-filtering through a layer of rice husks will soon become plugged and
stop the flow of liquids.
RECOMMENDATIONS
ti
The technology demonstrated in this project has led to an improvement of environmental duality.
The use of bare hands in mixing the dyes should be avoided.
The sludge needs further handling.
There is a need to carry out an environmental extension education programs for the surrounding community in order that they will participate and control their pollution.
It is expected that the government will start to play a significant role in addressing environmental pollution such as promoting and establishing more demonstration projects
of environmentally friendly technologies. The treatment systems should be based on: the supportive to Legislation (UU) No.4/1982
on environment; oriented to the implementation of the Regional Regulation (Perda) No. 16/1988 on environmental pollution and control; oriented to Government Regulation (PP)
No. 51/1993 on Environmental Impact Assessment; and, oriented to Government
Regulation (PP) No. 12/1995 on the Revision of Government Regulation (PP) No. 19/1994 on hazardous waste. k
The companies who care and are friendly to the environment should be given incentives
by the government.
There is a need to follow up on the Ecologo concept especially as it relates towards facilitating exports. A similar situation applies to related international efforts such as ISO
9000 and 14000.
Currently the development of an environmental choice program is being explored by the central government. It was agreed that nothing will happen until that process is completed.
While the suggestion of an Ecologo was beyond the group, some incentives were offered as important suggestions. Suggestions included providing operators with a certificate of environmental commitment, or providing central facilities to handle the wastes or some
form of tax deduction.
WORKING GROUP II
ISSUES
Population issue: immigrants should obtain a local local I.D. card and meet other administrative requirements.
Dyeing operations are scattered throughout the villages. They are not located in an industrial zone.
The capital investment of the dyeing operation is relatively low, consequently the owners can not afford to build elaborate treatment systems.
The garment businessmen do not yet pay any attention to the environmental condition of
the dyeing operations. They should be concerned.
The dyeing operators are very mobile, and are constantly moving from one place to another. The treatment process as developed in this project is compatible with this behaviour.
_a"
Both the land lords and the dyeing operators are not always aware of environmental quality issues the and effects they are having.
RECOMMENDA TIONS
The garment businessmen should give a contract only to environmentally friendly dyeing operators.
The garment businessmen should provide assistance for waste treatment to the economically poor dyeing operators.
Dyeing operators should form into groups or co-ops in order to easily learn and practice and monitor efforts to control their wastes.
The District Government should participate in setting up additional pilot projects such as this.
The District Government should assist with the centralization of small industries to treat
their waste.
The dyeing operators should pay particular attention to handling the sludge in appropriate ways.
The village government should conduct a registration or a census for immigrants who
enter the village.
There is a need to enhance environmental awareness, through the following efforts: Socialization of waste treatment technologies.
_2Z
Providing penalties from traditional law, and penalties from the head of the subdistrict, and legal penalties.
Those who need to be involved in the waste management process include:
At the village level.
Village chief Village Planning Board (LKMD) Civil Defense (Hansip)
Banjar Head Key persons in the community Village Youth Group
At the subdistrict level
Subdistrict head Subdistrict Police Office Subdistrict Military Office
At district level
Coordinating Team for Addressing Environmental Pollution (TKP2LH) of the
district level
Head of Economic Department of District Government Regional Planning Board of the District Government Industry Department of the District
District Police Office
At provincial level
Coordinating Team for Addressing Environmental Pollution (TKP2LH) of the provincial level
Provincial Industry Department
_2f.
Environmental Bureau of Bali Province
Regional Police Office
The implementation strategy should follow a defined sequence of steps
1.
Conduct a survey to inventory dyeing operations.
2.
Form groups of dyeing operators.
3.
Prepare brochures on materials and procedures that are needed for treatment.
4.
Provide guidance to the operator groups by both the District and Provincial levels of
a Coordinating Team for Addressing Environmental Pollution.
5.
Establish additional pilot projects.
6.
Incorporate private sector participation.
7.
Conduct further research on reusing sludge.
8.
9.
Continued evaluation and control/enforcement by all levels of government.
Applying penalties as indicated by traditional laws and legal penalties.
The group concluded that setting up an Ecolabelling scheme is beyond their jurisdiction. They provide the following alternative. That the District and Provincial Governments should provide rewards for the environmentally friendly small industries.
WORKING GROUP III
ISSUES
Direct impacts to streams have been observed and reported on numerous occasions.
The technological approach being demonstrated in this project is seen as applying a simple, low cost, appropriate, and safety technology.
The treatment design should be able to accommodate the various volumes of waste that
are being produced.
The treatment system should be adjusted to the scale of operation: large-size, mid-size, and small-size of operation.
The treatment system is flexible and can be adjusted to the chemicals used for dyeing as well as the differing water requirements.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Coordination from many related institutions and agencies is needed to address the dyeing issues.
It should be oriented towards environmentally standard regulations.
There is a need to establish a dyeing operator association or cooperative.
_2?
Alternative incentives to the Ecologo should be devised and awarded.
Extension education programs must be provided to the community, businessmen, and dyeing operators.
Steps for action:
1.
Conduct an inventory of dyeing operations.
2.
Continue to improve the present technology.
3.
Socialize waste treatment by providing extension to community, businessmen, and
dyeing operators.
4.
Implement the waste treatment process on broader scale
5.
Conduct a monitoring activity following the implementation of waste treatment.
Instituitons that should be involved:
Industrial Department Provincial Bureau for Environment Public Works Universities The related businessmen t
Coordinating Team for Addressing Environmental Pollutio Other related institutions.
Suggestions for Implementing an Ecologo Ideal
-.X1
I
.
Dyeing operations should meet the environmental standards in accordance with the
subsequent utilization of the streams.
2.
The garment exporters should assist the small dyeing operations by fostering a parent-
like arrangement, and by providing funding for the initial investment (pipes,
cements rings, pumps, etc.).
3.
The garment exporters who foster this parent-like arrangement will be given an
environmental achievement certificate. They will be given an Ecologo as soon as
the system is set up by the central government.
4.
In the future, there is a need to establish an industrial zone in order for the wastes to
be treated jointly.
5.
The government is required to conduct more intensive and sustainable effort at
controlling and monitoring.
4.6 FINAL COMMENTS FROM PARTICIPANTS
It was agreed that the present authorities: Municipality Bappeda, Municipality Industrial Department, Provincial Industrial Department, are all having difficulties dealing with dyeing
waste issues since they do not know of cost effective and appropriate technologies. The present treatment systems developed during this project are expected to be able to contribute
to the successful reduction of problems with dyeing operations.
Therefore, the treatment systems offered by the Project were greatly welcomed and will be followed up with some pilot projects prepared by the Municipality Bappeda, Provincial Industrial Department.
__J(1
To anticipate funding issues for the additional pilot projects it was suggested that the
workshop reports should be submitted to the Governor of Bali, Head of each subdistrict
throughout Bali, and to the Heads of related departments. As well, the Indonesian Science Institute (LIPI), Board for Technology Study and Application (BPPT) should be contacted for funding applications.
In terms of environmental extension and information dissemination the Studies Centre
for Environmental and Natural Resources of Udayana University will be happy to offer their assistantship in coordination with the Local Government and Related Departments.
4.7 WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS
The present treatment system is accepted by workshop participants for the time being until improved systems can be developed.
The treatment system should be adjusted to meet local conditions and situations.
Accordingly, there is a need to disseminate the treatment system to the dyeing operators
and to provide environmental extension/ education to the community, businessmen, and dyeing operators.
These are critical steps to achieved as we move towards the year 2,000. By then it will be F
necessary to meet Agenda 21, by which Bali is to have sustainable',extile products for exports.
-I!
5.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The treatment procedures developed and tested at two dyeing operations have been
demonstrated in the field trials to meet the criteria established at the outset of this project.
Treatments removed the colouration and particulates. In addition, the analytical results of samples collected before and after treatment indicate that the concentrations of numerous contaminants, mostly heavy metals, are significantly reduced to meet discharge criteria that
would render the effluent suitable for a multitude of downstream uses.
There remains the need to continue to refine the process and achieve even more spectacular improvements. In the interim the protocol developed and applied is easy to implement, relies on a low technical approach, and uses supplies that are readily available to the dye operators.
Economic factors were an important consideration. The cost to treat the yard goods has been estimated to be less that 400 Rp. per 1,000 meters of textile. At the SSO the owner has been able to add these expenditures to his regular costs and has not experienced any loss of
business.
Following establishment of the field trails the monitoring results have provided additional
support to the conclusion that once the procedures are implemented the owners can maintain treatment themselves and will have consistent success. It is significant to note that the
operator and his staff were able to tailor the process to the site conditions and their routine methods of dyeing and washing.
The addition of treatment chemicals namely alum, lime and chlorine requires some discussion. Lime or calcium carbonate is manufactured in Bali by heating
crus ed limestone rocks.
Alum
and chlorine on the other hand are manufactured off shore and are readily available at retail
outlets. Although releasing small amounts of alum and lime in treated effluent does not pose a significant risk to downstream users; the perception held by many is that the same can not be said for the chlorine.
-.212
In many countries lobbyists and environmental groups have been urging for a total ban on the
use of chlorine. The conclusion reached in the present situation is that little threat is posed by releasing small amounts and that until such time as a suitable replacement can be found for
the bleaching step in the dye process it is unlikely that it will become the subject of much
debate when considering what the alternative has been traditionally. The release of chlorine in the treated or untreated dye waste waters is not unlike what occurs in most sewage
treatment plants in North America. Chlorine is added prior to releasing treated waters where it serves as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and inactivate viruses. A similar reaction would
likely be occurring at the dye factory. If disinfection takes place in the stream this would
result in a significant improvement in water quality. When a suitable alternative for bleaching step becomes readily available it is will serve a similar purpose for treating dye waste effluent.
While the treatment procedure has been found to remove many contaminants the results
clearly indicate that it is limited in its ability to remove all contaminants. It is recommended
that additional treatment steps remain to be assessed. Two suggestions would be to explore the use of activated sludge or to allow biological action to take place following treatment. Some evidence of biological activity was observed at the MSO and the waste effluents were less contaminated than from samples taken at the SSO. At the SSO process waters are not
stored but are discharged soon after use. Biological reduction and treatment with activated sludge are used in many industrial effluent treatment systems.
If biological reduction is discovered to be effective, the major issue to be addressed at the dye factories is the space requirements that would be required to store the processed waters. At most SSOs the land is being rented and space is already at a premium for regular dyeing i
operations. One option that could assist with the space needs mayb,, to establish some sort of a communal or cooperative system.
The sludge residue that is formed after treatment contains the contaminants at elevated concentrations. Sludge is formed at a rate of approximately 1 to 2 per cent by volume of effluent produced. During the demonstration project several disposal alternatives were
investigated. Wastes were either stored in pits on site, or sent out with the municipal refuse,
or mixed with sand and cement to make building blocks. The blocks were for limited use such as constructing fences. Once erected the blocks were plastered with a layer of fresh mortar
to reduce erosion. The use of the sludge as activated sludge has not been tried.
Additional disposal options need to be developed and tested. Some sort of a communal
arrangement might provide for pick up and disposal. During the latter stages of phase two
the principal author participated in a number of discussions with officials from the World Bank about the Bali Infrastructure Project. Officials from the Bank are aware of the dye
waste treatment experiments and the need to solve disposing of wastes from the dyeing industry. At the time of writing this report it seems likely the Bank is allocating sufficient
funds to be spent on collection and disposal options for these types of wastes.
If such action
does occur then it be attributed directly to this demonstration project.
From the workshop discussions the consensus of the participants was that the demonstration project to treat wastes is effective and can potentially be readily implemented on a broad scale. The need exists for training to be conducted mainly by demonstration. To assist with
such an effort a training manual has been produced (See Appendix V ). In terms of implementation it was pointed out be each of the working groups that the dye waste issues do
not rest entirely with the dye operators. Purchasing agents, exporters, garment
manufacturers are part of the problem and also could be part of the solution.
Another conclusion reached was that a voluntary approach is preferable than a regulatory solution. The use of incentives mainly financial and the issuing of rewards such as awards of merit or certificates of environmental awareness should be present -d to those who
participate in waste reduction.
At the outset of the workshop the suggestion of using an Ecologo was presented. The
workshop participants spent
a considerable amount
of time preparing responses as to why
that suggestion would not work at present in Bali. The central government is currently
looking towards implementing such a program within the next couple of years. Until the
program is finalized it would not be acceptable to promote the idea in Bali Nevertheless the suggestion of offering an environmental award is in keeping with local customs and community traditions as currently practiced in Bali and so could be implemented.
The workshop discussants concluded that a commission consisting of the Industrial Department, BLH, and PPSDALH-UNUD be established with the mandate of implementing widespread dye waste control. Over the year since the workshop was held it is unfortunate
that little progress has been made. This past summer while in Bali to complete the field assessments it became obvious that until formal recognition is given to the dye waste issue
which most likely would occur by a decree under the signature of the governor little progress will be made. The steps necessary to develop provincial support were considered beyond the
scope of the current study. The concept continues to be promoted by several individuals within key government departments and when coupled with the infrastructure project by the World Bank may lead to implementation.
One surprising finding discovered during the last few weeks of monitoring deserves mention. At the time the demonstration field-trials were underway at the SSO, many of the
surrounding dye operators expressed a willingness to treat their wastes is a similar fashion.
Upon return one year later none of them had undertaken any type of on-site control. The reasons eventually surfaced as to why nothing had changed.
Almost all the village dyeing operators even the SSO who participated in this demonstration
project are required to pay-off the "Tibum/Polisi Pamong Praja" - the municipal policemen.
Each pays about 2000 to 5000 Rp. every few days. This totals roughly 60,000 Rp. a month. i
The payments are supposed to cover the costs of fines for the unla iful discharges
of dye
wastes into the streams. Despite repeated demonstration by the SSO operator that he was no longer impacting the watercourse the Tibum still demanded payment. This continued need for payment affected the attitude of nearby owners. After all why should they stop polluting and still be expected to make payments.
The money collected by the municipal police is used to supplement their otherwise low salaries. The image of the police is very negative amongst the dyeing community. The
challenge is how to alter this situation and how to change the reasons for payment while all
the while saving face for everyone especially the police.
One suggestion that becomes the basis for a recommendation would be to levy a regular fee payment schedule to all dye operators,. The money collected would be administered by the
Banjar Head as is the tradition. The municipal police would continue to receive their added salary but it would be forthcoming from the village. It the villagers who would monitor the
environment and whenever a situation arose the police would investigate. The end result is
that the image of the municipal police would be changed. They would receive a fixed added income from the village. The village would benefit from a cleaner environment. The dye
operators would still make monthly payments but they would be able to work peacefully and would be encouraged to treat their wastes. Such an approach remains to be tested but seems
to be worthy of consideration. Without changes being made the conflicts will continue to exist between the dye operators and the villagers, the environment will continue to be
polluted, and little progress will be made towards controlling the wastes.
6.0 ADMINISTRATION As specified in the terms of agreement approximately sixty per cent
of the funds were to be
administered in Bali. An account previously established by the BSDP was used to hold funds and to draw from to cover expenses. The two research staff employed throughout the project
attended to daily financial details and at the end of every month reported back with an itemized expense account together with all receipts. Experience has shown that this arrangement is an effective and efficient means to manage the financial affairs.
Staff from the PSL- Udayana University were employed on an as needed basis. They assisted with the demonstration and the field trials and one year later with the workshop. During the initial phase of the project Dr. Mardanni left the PSL to be come Director of
Telecommunications and Prof Manik took over as Director. Prof. Manik continued to
support and participate as requested with the project. With respect to training it should be noted that the staff from the PSL who participated in this project have become very enlightened with respect to managing environmental issues.
They have joined in on related projects and from verbal reports by Manik are using their problem solving skills to address related environmental issues.
Perhaps one anecdotal incident can be presented which best summarizes the benefits gained by the research staff. Suarnatha, one of the principal research assistants, has since joined into
a partnership with investors and has designed, built and now manages an environmentally friendly car wash. Suarnatha has capitalized on his dye waste experiences particularly the
treatment of process waters and at the car wash he has devised and installed a wash-water treatment system that is similar to that used at the dye factory. Thi;' is the first facility in Bali
to treat its wastes. Provincial environment officials have visited his operation and are exploring ways to have other operators handle the wastes they produce.
One final benefit of the project is that a large batik dyeing factory is to be constructed in Kuta. The owner is acquainted with this dye waste project and is designing a waste treatment
J7
facility based on the methods developed here. When the plant is in operation the owner will
use his factory as a showcase to demonstrate to others wanting; to operate in Bali.
DIAGRAMS ONE & TWO. PHOTOS
1
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Photo Photo 1.
At a small small dye factory, factory, textiles are stretched out to dry in the sun. sun. The The cement cement rings hold hold contains discarded discarded residues. residues. the dye and solutions and the pit contains and bleaching bleaching solutions
2. Photo 2.
At the small dyeing rinsing textiles. dyeing factory workers workers are are shown shown dyeing and and rinsing textiles.
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Photo Photo 3. 3.
At retail outlet in downtown Denpasar, Denpasar, employees employees measure measure out portions portions of dye stuffs stuffs and chemicals for sale operators. sale to dye dye operators.
4. Photo 4.
At the medium-sized dyeing of cement. dyeing factory, dyeing and rinsing vats are constructed of cement. Oil burners located at the base of each vat and are are used to heat the dyes dyes and rinse waters. waters.
S
a4
I
Photo Photo 5. 5. At the medium-sized medium-sized dye factory factory the labourers labourers roll hard hard the textiles into and out of the vats. vats.
6. Photo 6.
medium-sized dyeing factory discharged into At the rear of the medium-sized factory the effluents are are discharged into the pits flow on towards fields. where some settling occurs occurs before the wastes on towards the rice fields.
•
I
Photo 7. underway. Research staff are preparing treatment solutions. solutions. Bench scale experiments experiments underway.
Photo 8. 8.
Bench scale experiments underway. underway. Research Research staff are are treating waste waters and and then allowing allowing the mixture mixture to flow through layers layers of sand sand and gravel. gravel.
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Photo 9. 9. Early attempts to treat dye waste waters. waters. Bottle Bottle on left is untreated, next to it is what was observed following treatment. solutions are in treatment. The The appearance appearance of the lime and alum solutions the two beakers on the right. right.
10. Photo 10.
Bench scale scale test results. Tube on left contains untreated effluent eMuent while tube on right following treatment and passage sand. contains water following passage through sand.
—-Pr.
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•1
11. Photo 1 1.
Final stage treatment well at small small scale dyeing operation. operation. Burlap Burlap bags used to retain burnt rice husks husks on top of the sand layer. layer. The plastic pipe is for upward flow and discharge to the nearby stream. stream.
Photo 12. 12. After the treated waters seep through to the sand below, the residue is is retained on top of the rice husks.
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13. Photo 13.
Small Small scale scale dyeing operation one year after field field trials began. began. The The owner has made burm around the dyeing vats to collect waste improvements including installing installing a cement bum waters.
Photo 14. 14.
Small scale dyeing dyeing operations one year after field trials began. began. The owner has installed pits which are used to collect waste waters, which are then treated before siphoning into the treatment well,
-
1
Photo Photo 15. 15. Banner Banner hung hung at the entrance entrance to to the the Werdhapura Werdhapura announcing the the workshop. workshop.
Photo 1 5. Workshop participants participants on on aa field-trip field-trip to to the small small scale scale dyeing dyeing operation. operation. Workshop
I
TABLES I TO IX.
**
Ba
Sulfide CL NH3 Nitrate BOD5 COD
Ni Co CN
As Se
Cd Pb
Cr
pH Fe Mg Cu Zn
NDP** NSP***
'ARAMETER
0.011
0.005 0.24 0.26 0.83 0.08 0.03 0.27 72.3 0.4
3.79 56.4 75.92 0.34
0.18 0.12 69.8
0.4
11.6
54 67.6 0.4
0.1
0.51
0.11 0.1
0.008 0.016 0.005 0.008 0.23 0.2
85.6 64.48 0.38
11
0.9
0.08 0.07 44.6
0.2
0.01
0.009 0.22 0.19 0.86 0.16
7.15 0.071 31.9 0.02 0.008
6.66
7.22 0.066 21.4 0.026 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.2 0.16 0.39 0.55 0.08 0.36 1.87 51.4 0.8 4.64 123.6 66.56 0.34
0.081 25.86
6.8 0.129 33.63 0.048 0.018
1147 87
1040 99
814.1 129 1120 112
20.7 80.4 72.8 0.3
0.11 35.1 0.1
0.004 0.006 0.22 0.22 0.54 0.09 0.13 0.12
0.021
36.52 0.014
0.181
6.8
200 107
53.7 0.19 1.36 114.8 70.72 0.46
0.21
0.08 0.09 0.14
1.21
7.18 0.145 24.66 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.22 0.2
79
1311
0.42
0.13
0.069 0.012 0.008 0.002 0.23 0.33 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.54 0.13
31.11
0.089
21
0.05
0.02
17
165
666 927
0.4 0.2
8.08
1
20 40
10
0.02
0.01
20 50 100 2
1
0.05
5 30 150 300 3
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5 0.2
0.05 0.1
0.01
0.5 0.1
300 129 6
0.05
0.1
0.03
1
1
0.1
3 10
10
6TO9
0.5
9
0.05
0.1
2 5
5
6TO
III 4000 400
0.01
0.13
II
2000 200
0.4
2
1
1
6TO9
2.9
1.7
1059
12.3
1500 100
I
BENCH SCALE: BENCH SCALE: BENCH SCALE: BENCH SCALE: SUPERNATANT OF TREATED POND BENCH SCALE: SUPERNATANT OF PROCESS WATER PROCESS WATER PONDWASTE PONDWASTE WASTEWATER RESIDUE POND WASTE WATER AFTER AFTER WATER AFTER WATER AFTER AFTER AFTER AFTER TREATMENT TREATMENT TREATMENT WITH TREATMENT WITH TREAMENT WITH TREATMENT WITH TREATMENT WITH LIME AND WITH LIME AND LIME AND ALUM LIME AND ALUM LIME AND ALUM. LIME, ALUM AND WITH LIME CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND PASSAGE ACTIVE CARBON. ALUM. ALUMAND AND PASSAGE AND ALUM. CARBON. THROUGHGRAVEL THROUGH GRAVEL AND SAND. AND SAND.
5
50 300 600
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5 2
5 15 2
20
6TO9
IV 5000 500
Category I - can be used for drinking water without treatment: II - used for the production of drinking water with appropriate treatment; III - used for fisheries, cattle, poultry; IV - used for agriculture, industry, municipal utilities, power generators. (Indonesian Government Reg. No. 20, 1990) NDP - Number of Dissolved Particles NSP - Number of Suspended Particles.
mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I
mg/I mg/I
UNITS
POND WASTE WATER.
UNTREATED
TABLE I ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF SAMPLES TAKEN AT A MEDIUM -SIZED DYEING FACTORY ANALYTICAL LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA
Jitrate 3OD5 COD Ba
CL NH3
sulfide
Cd Pb As Se Ni Co CN
Cr
mg/I mg/I
JDP** ISP*** pH Fe Mg Cu Zn
127.6 93.6 2.8
0.1
3.8 18.8 15 4
0.34 1.26 0.3 0.5
0.01 1.8
1550 1500 8.26 39.75 10.7 2.5 2.02 0.05
155 0.4
3.47 15.2 68.64 0.26
0.7
0.03 40.4 63.72 0.34
0.29 0.77 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.27
348
0.13 0.17 0.57
0.1
0.35 1.55
0.21
0.31
17
900
7.07 659 689
5
20 240 79
28.68 0.44
84
2.62
0.5
5.4
0.08 0.041 0.06 0.05 0.14 0.05
0.2
0.047 0.022 0.008 0.002
0.89 0.6 0.005 0.03
0.12 0.04 0.003 0.004
1.51 0.1
6.37
7.2
4.11
107.6 89.44 2.8
0.01
0.9
2.9
0.37 0.103 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.98
1.8
6.58 54.8 24.96 0.34
0.4
7.6
27 0.16 0.05 0.08 0.14 0.06
0.18
6.48 0.153
7.18 5.3
6.79 0.927
15.3 364 13.7 1.3
6.84 0.147 35.72 0.104 0.049 0.005 0.003
21
8.58 0.203 4.7 0.336 0.015 0.032 0.012
560 93
540 45
1110 40
1380
6TO9
6TO9
1
40
10 20
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.2
2
50 100
20
1
0.05 0.05
0.4
0.2
0.05 0.01 0.1
0.5
0.1 0.1
0.03 0.05
150 300 3
5 30
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.5
1
0.5
0.05
0.1
1
3 10
10
6TO9
III 4000 400
0.01
0.5
5 0.1
2 1
2
1
5
II 2000 200 1
1500 100
IV
50 300 600 5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5 2
5 15 2
20
6T09
5000 500
BENCH SCALE: FINAL RESIDUE AFTER WATER WATER UNTREATED EFFLUENT AFTER TREATMENT SAMPLE SAMPLE WATER FROM TREATMENT WITH WITH LIME AND FROM FROM DRINFING WATER LIME AND ALUM AND ALUM. UPSTREAM OF DOWNSTREA WELL PASSAGE THROUGH DYE SITE M OF DYE CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS GRAVEL AND SAND. SITE.
970 30
BENCH SCALE: SUPERNATANT 20 MIN. AFTER TREATMENT WITH LIME AND ALUM.
Category I - can be used for dunking water without treatment. II - used for the production of drinking water with appropriate treatment, III - used for fisheries, cattle, poultry; IV - used for agriculture, industry, municipal utilities, power generators. (Indonesian GovT. Reg. No. 20, 1990) NDP - Number of Dissolved Particles NSP - Number of Suspended Particles.
mg/1
mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I mg/I
UNITS
RAMETE
UNTREATED WASTEWATER
TABLE ll ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF SAMPLES TAKEN AT A SMALL - SIZED DYEING FACTORY ANALYTICAL LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA
15.75
0 0
11
0
88 77
0
16.95
15.41
0
0
0
0
8.1
33.5
168
0
54
0
181.54 24
0
0
0
0
7.7
84.5
28.5
199.51
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0.18
0.06
0
7.4
7.9
SAND.
0
9
77.5 49
0
119.8 32.25
0
0
0
0.15
8.1
SAND.
BENCHSCALE: BENCH SCALE: PROCESS BENCH SCALE: POND PROCESS WATER WATER AFTER WASTE WATER AFTER AFTER TREATMENT TREATMENT WITH LIME TREATMENT WITH LIME WASTEWATER AFTER TREATMENT WITH LIME AND WITH LIME AND AND ALUM AND PASSAGE AND ALUM AND PASSAGE ALUM. ALUM AND CARBON. THROUGH GRAVEL AND THROUGH GRAVEL AND
BENCH SCALE: SUPERNATANT OF POND
NOTE: Missing values means the parameter test was not completed.
CN
Nitrate COD BOD5
CN Mn
NH3 Ba
C12
Pb Sulfide
Cr
pH Fe Cu Zn
PARAMETER
UNTREATED POND WASTE WATER.
0
109 217 40.8
0
130.3 30
0
0
0
0.12
8.2
TREAMENTWITH LIME AND ALUM.
SUPERNATANT OF POND WASTE WATER AFTER
0
78.5 35 13.3
0
142.32 31.5
0 0
0
0.12
8.2
TREATMENT WITH LIME, ALUM AND ACTIVE CARBON.
TREATED POND WASTEWATER AFTER
TABLE N ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF SAMPLES TAKEN AT A MEDIUM -SIZED DYEING FACTORY DEPARTEMEN KESEHA TAN, R.I., BALAI LABORATORIUM. (ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE IN MG/L
0
CN
NOTE: Blanks indicate the parameter was not recorded.
0
192.5 261.81 25.6
0
0
100.5 210.9 29.4
0
0
0
189
28.6
6.5
359.5 72 29.09
0
4.5
5.25
Mn
0 55.1
0 18
0
297.68
0
881.43 13.65 2.31
0 0
0 0
11
0
0 0
8.6
0
0 0
8.1
0 0
Nitrate COD BOD5
CN
NH3 Ba
C12
Pb Sulfide
Zn Cr 0 0
0 0
Cu
8.1
Fe
BENCH SCALE: BENCH SCALE: FINAL WATER SAMPLE FROM WATER SAMPLE SUPERNATANT 20 MIN. EFFLUENT AFTER UPSTREAM OF DYE FROM DOWNSTREAM AFTER TREATMENT WITH TREATMENT WITH LIME AND SrrE OF DYE SITE. LIME AND ALUM. ALUM AND PASSAGE THROUGH GRAVEL AND SAND.
pH
ARAMETER
UNTREATED WASTE WATER
TABLE IV. ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF SAMPLES TAKEN AT A SMALL -SIZED DYEING FACTORY DEPARTTTTEMEN KESEHATAN, M.I. BALAI LABORATORIUM. (ALL MEASUREMENTS IN MG/L).
TABLE V. PRELIMINARY SAMPLES FROM DYE WASTE POND ANALYZED BY ONTARIO MOEE LABS (All values in ppb)
Element
Before Treatment Supernatant Sludge from Water from Waste Pond Waste Pond
Sludge After Treatment
Ontario Drinking Water Guidelines
0.11
0.05
0.25
0.2
59.09
61.07
5000
Al
41.85 58.09
29.36
263.16
100
Ti
76.72
68.73
63.4
n/a
V
3.62 2.44
18.42
100
5
50
1105.28 264.16 1.21
50
300
Be B
Fe
17.42
2.86 2.12 732.03 57.16
Ni
0.2
0.75
Co Cu
0.18 9.09 27.79
0.17 49.25 15.99
1.1
1000
11.69 12.44
1000
5000
0.1
1.83
0.17
50
Se
2.53
1.92
10
Sr
224.07 0.11
2.58 293.44 1.06
365.69 2.94
2000
0.05
0.05
0.05
50
Cd
0.11
Sb
0.48 56.91
0.05 0.61 168.58
0.15 0.5 168.38
146
1000
0.05
0.05
0.05
13
Pb
0.83
1.15
10
U
0.05
0.35 0.09
2.11
20
Cr Mn
Zn As
Mo Ag
Ba Ti
5
50
500
5
TABLE VI. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WASTE WATER ANALYZED BY CANVIRO LABS NO
COMPOUND
Chlormethane Vinyl chloride 3 Bromomethane 4 Chloroethane 5 Trichlorofluoromethane 6 Acrolein 7 Acetone 8 1, 1 -Dichloroethylene 9 Acrylonitrile 10 Methylene Chloride 11 trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene 12 1, 1 -Dichloroethane 13 Methyl ethyl ketone 14 cis-l,2-dichloroethylene 15 Chloroform 16 1,2-Dichloroethane 17 1, 1, 1 -Trichloroethane 18 Carbon tetrachloride 19 Benzene 20 1,2-Dichloropropane 21 Trichloroethylene 22 Bromodichloromethane 23 2-Chloroethylvinyl ether 24 cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene 25 trans-l,3-Dichloropropylene 26 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 27 Toluene 28 Dibromochloromethane 29 Ethylene dibromide 30 Tetrachloroethylene 31 Chlorobenzene 32 Ethyl benzene 33 m & p-Xylene 34 Bromoform 35 styrene 36 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 37 o-Xylene 38 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 39 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 40 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Note: < indicates values less than detection limits 1
2
ppb < < < < < < 186 <
< < < < 117
< < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <
TABLE VII. SAMPLES FROM DYE WASTES WATER PONDS ANALYZED BY CANVIRO LABS (All units in ppb). Element
Aluminum
Waste Water mg/l <
Water Glass Sludge mg/Kg
Rice Husk-Sludge kg/Kg
19800
5780
Boron Barium Cadmium
0.19 0.06
70.4
88
101
0.8
Calcium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium
41.7 < <
11,600
129,000
2.4
1.8
7.7
0.09 1.45
96.3 20,900
< 200 6,370
22.3
2,580
Manganese
0.15
503
Vanadium
0.03
43
Zinc
0.05 0.06
104
5.2
3,920 330 18.9 95.6 <
-
416
260
0.31
71.7 7,000
160
Nickel Phosphorus
Silver Strontium Sodium Molybdenum Titanium Zirconium Arsenic Selenium Antmony Tin Bismuth
>80 < < <
< indicates values less than detection limits.
<1,050
10,000 <
<
310
3.4
<
TABLE VIII. SAMPLES OF DYE WASTES ANALYZED BY CANVIRO LABS. (All units in ppb). Anions
Waste Water
Water Glass Sludge
Fluoride 0.69 Chloride 387 Nitrite-N <0.30 Bromide <1.90 Nitrate-N <0.90 Phosphate <5.50 Sulphate 537 Sulphur - S 245 Note: < = less than method detection limit.
1.17 603 19.4 12.9
<0.78 35.4 486
Rice Husk Sludge <0.87 1,640 3.82 <1.58 1.91
<4.57 297
-
800
Sulphur (Reg)
Sulphur (Thick)
DWS (light)
500 h
250 It
WO It
500 It
22501t
2000 it
1250 It
11-Jul
13-Jul
19-Jul
20-Jul
22-Jul
27-Jul
5 Bc
2 Bc 5 Bc 4 Bc
SWS (light)
SEWS (thick)
Sulphur (thick)
Frozen (light)
SFWS (Reg)
Sulphur (thick)
500 It
750 It
750 ft
1000 It
500 it
5001t
O5-Aug
07-Aug
12-Aug
22-Aug
25-Aug
28-Aug
30-Aug
01-Sep
03-Sep
06-Sep
4 Bc 5 BC 6 Bo
5 Bc
Sulphur (thick)
SFWS (thick)
SFWS (Reg)
SFWS (Reg)
SFWS (thick)
1000 It
17501t
17501t
1250 It
1250 it
1000 it
10-Sep
14-Sep
19Sep
21-Sep
4 Bc
4 Bc
3 Be 4 Bc
2 Bc
6 Bc
3 Bc
SRFWS
SFWS (thick)
SFWS (Reg)
SFWS (Reg)
SFWS (Reg)
SFWS (Reg)
SFWS (thick)
10001t
1750 tt
It
BOO
7501t
500 It
1000 It
500 It
625 It
25-Sep
03-Oct
O6-Oct
O8-Oct
10-Oct
14-Oct
17-Oat
27-Oct
of Hydro
4 Bc
SRFWS
10001t
23-Sep
+1 kg
5 Bc
SRFWS
1250 It
SEWS (thick)
2 Bc
FWS (thick)
5 Bc
300
3 Bc
Sulphur(Reg)
-
-
300
400
100
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
300
400
100
300
400
400
300
300
400
400
400
400
600
800
300
300
400
600
600
-
-
600
300
300
400
300
400
300
800
300
300
800
300
400
1,600
-
800
400
500
500
400
800
800
400
300
300
4 Bc
8 Bc
5 Bc
SEWS (Reg)
750 It
1250 It
03-Aug
4 Bc
5 Bc
15 Bc
3 Bc
313c
4 Bc
3 Bc
FWS (light)
FWS (light)
FWS (light)
Sulphur (thick)
Sulphur (Upper Reg
500 It
02-Jul
300 Very impressive.
Less impressivefgood
Resuns
Chlor + sulfur solution. 4 hours later lime and alum. Disposal one hour.
Chbr first. 45 min. later alum & lime. Disposal 15 min.
Remarks
Chlor + zuur solution. 3 hours alum & lime. Disposal one hour.
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
to the temporary pit (10:00). No alum & lime.
Chlor + zuur + hydrosulfite unplugged at the same time with the waste (to generate self stirred effect)
Chlor+ zuur in temp pit 7:00. 7:15 alum & lime. Then let water alone to go into the ground.
14:00 alum & lime. The treated waste was left to go into the ground.
Chlor+ zuur unplugged at the same time with the waste (to generate self stirred effect) to the temporary pit (8:00).
Siphoned to southern well next morning (9:0010(11).
Chlor+ zuur while the rings were unplugged to the temporary pit (16:00). 17:00 alum & lime.
Chbr + zuur in temp pd 8:00. 9:00 alum & lime. Then let water alone to go into the ground.
Chbr+ zuur in temp p814:00. 9:30 (1017) alum & lime. Then let water alone to go into the ground.
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 8:00. 9:00 alum & lime. Siphoned to southern pit 14:00.
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 17:00 (09/24). 8:00 (09/25) alum & lime. Siphoned to southern pit 17:00 (09125).
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 7:30. 8:30 alum & lime. The treated waste was then let go into the ground.
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 7:00. 7:15 alum & lime. The treated waste was then let go into the ground.
Chlor+ zuur in temp pit 6:30. 8:00 alum & lime. The treated waste was then let go into the ground.
Chlor+ zuur in temp pit 9:00. 17:00 alum & lime. 8:00 (09115) siphoned to southern pit
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 8:00. 14:00 alum & lime. 10:00 (09/11) siphoned to southern well.
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 8:00. 14:00 alum & lime. The waste left alone to go into ground.
Chbr + zuur in temp pit 8:00. 14:00 alum & lime. 17:30 siphoned to the southern pit
Chlor + zuur in temp pit 8:00. 14:00 alum & lime. 17:00 siphoned to the southern pit
Chlor+ zuur in the rings 8:00. 14:00 alum & lime added.
Good
Chlor + zuur in the rings 8:00. 14:00 alum & lime added. 17:00 disposed to temp pit
Good
Chlor + zuur 7:00. Alum & lime 17:00. Clear treated water goes to the ground.
Chlor + zuur stirred in pit No alum & lime due to very light waste.
Chlor + zuur solution in the ring (11:30). Alum & lime added 3.5 hours later. Dumped pit 2 hours later.
Chlor + zuur solution in the ring (8:00). Alum & lime 10:00. Siphoned 12:00.
Chlor + zuur solution in temp pit (11:00). 14:00 lime & alum added. 5:00 (08108) siphoned into the river.
Chlor + zuur solution in temp pit (10:30). 11:30 lime & alum added. Disposed 18:00.
Drained temp pit (0712616:30), alum stirred in (07/2710:00). Lime added (14:00). Clear water hosed directly to river.
Chlor + zuur stirred in the rings (6:00), disposed to temp pit, alum & lime stirred in (10:00).
Chlor + zuur stirred in the rings (11:00), disposed to temp pit and lime stirred in the pit (17:00). No alum used.
13:00 chtor+zuur solution. 16:00 alum & lime (07118). Disposed temp pit 5:00 (07119).
3 Bc color + zuur. Lime & alum 4 hours later. Disposal to temp pit due to leakages of new cement in treatment well.
The waste was not treated and dumped directly to the river due to emergency order.
2 Bc Used chlor+ zuur solution. 2 more Bc and alum & lime next 14 hours. Disposal 8.5 hours.
Good
Good
Good
Good
well not absorbing waste.
Good
Good
Good
Less Good
Good
Good
OK
Fair good
Good
Clear, brown color from the sand
200 300
400
29-Jun
2 So
Sulphur (Reg)
250 gr
DWS (Reg)
350 It
TREATMENT Chlorine l irm Alum.
500 It
Type of Waste
27-Jun
Amount of Waste
24 - JUNE, 199
Date
TABLE IX.
kg
SFWS (thick)
SFWS (thick)
SFWS (thick)
1250 It
1000 It
1250 it
15001t
10001t
10001t
17-Nov
18-Nov
23-Nov
25-Nov
26-Nov
27-Nov
28-Nov
5 Bc
DWS (Reg)
Sulphur (Reg)
Sulphur (Reg)
1000 it
500 It
500 It
5001t
500 it
500 It
1000 It
26-Feb
26-Mar
30-Mar
01-Apr
08-Apr
13-Apr
26-Apr
NOTES:
4 Bc
DWS (Reg)
1000 It
01-Feb
Zuur - sulfuric acid
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:30). 12:30 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (10:00). 16:00 alum and lime. Good
Chic - chlorine
400
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (7:00). 12:00 alum and lime. Bad, need more clhorine
SFWS - sulfur, frozen naphthol. water glass soda ash
400
450
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:30). 11:30 alum and lime. Bad, need more chlorine
Good
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (10:00). 13:00 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:30). 12:30 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:30). 12:30 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (7:30). 9:00 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:00). 15:30 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor + hydrosultate flowed together to temp pit (8:30). 15:30 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:00). 15:00 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:00). 14:00 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (8:00). 16:00 alum and lime.
Waste & used chlor were flowed together to temp pit (14:00). 17:00 alum and lime.
Waste, used chlor + zuur flowed together to temp pit (16:00). 15 hours later alum & lime.
Waste collected, treated with used chlor (15:30,12124). lime & alum (8:30,12!24)
Used chlor + zuur flowed together into temp pit (14:30). 23.5 hours later alum and lime.
Used chlor+ zuur flowed together into temp pit (14:00). 15.5 hours later alum and lime.
Waste siphoned to the temp pit with used chlor (10:00). 16:00 alum and lime.
Waste siphoned to the temp pit with used chlor (8:00). 16:00 alum and lime.
Waste and used chlor wereflowed together to the temp pit (08:00;1214). 14:00 (12/4) alum & lime.
Chlor and zuur with waste to temp pit (8:00). 16:00 alum & lime.
Chlor and zuur with waste to temp pit (8:00). 16:00 alum & lime.
Chlor and zuur with waste to temp pit (8:00). 16:00 alum & lime.
Chlor and zuur with waste to temp pit (15:00). (09:00, 11/26) alum & line.
Chlor and zuur stirred in pit (07:30). 16:00 alum & lime.
Next morning clear water disposed to second temp pit, then disposed to the treatment well.
Chlor and zuur flowed together with waste to temp pit (8:00). 16:30 alum and lime.
Next day the treated waste siphoned to the second temp pit
Chlor and zuur flowed together with waste to temp pit (8:00). 16:00 alum and lime.
Chlor and zuur stirred in ring (8:00). 14:00 alum Mime in the ring. Then treated wasted flowed to the ground.
Chlor and used hydro flow at the same time to the temp pit (16:00). No alum & lime.
Chlor and waste at same time in temp pit (8:00). 16:00 alum & lime.
Good
Good
Good
Good
BC - bucket
0.5 kg
DWS (Reg)
450
400
400
400
400
400
400
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
No good
Good
Good
Good
SWS - sulfur, water glass, soda ash
4 Bc
Sulphur (thick)
400
400
400
400
800
600
400
600
400
400
600
400
400
400
500
800
400
400
400
400
600
1000
600
12000
-
Remarks
600 No good, needs more chlor Chlor and waste at same time in temp pit (8:30). 13:00 alum & lime.
Results
DWS - Dye, water glass, soda ash
3.5 Bc
4 Bo
400
0.5 kg 400
1200
800
600
400
800
400
400
600
400
400
400
500
800
400
400
400
400
600
600
kg
Sulphur (Reg)
Sulphur (thick)
0.5 kg
DWS (Reg)
2000 it
28-Jan 1
3 kg
DWS (Reg)
1000 it
19-Jan
0.5 kg
DWS (Reg)
500 tt
13-Jan
0.5 kg
DWS (thick)
500 It
09-Jan
2 Kg
1000 It
08-Jan 0.5 kg
10001t
02-JAN.,1995
DWS (thick)
0.5 kg
DWS (thick)
10001t
29-Dec
DWS (thick)
0.5 kg
DWS
0.5 kg
SFWS (thick)
1500 tt
0.5 kg
SFWS (Reg)
12118 -12!23
0.5 kg
SRFWS (Reg)
1000 It
1000 It
0.5 kg
SFWS (thick)
1000 It
16-Dec
0.5 kg
SEWS (Reg)
1500 it
03-Dec
05-Dec
1000 it
0.5 kg
SFWS (thick)
1000 It
13-Dec
0.5 kg
SFWS (thick)
kg
0.5 kg
1
0.5 kg
0.5 kg
SFWS (thick)
SFWS (Reg)
400
loft
SFWS (Reg)
625 it
14-Nov 1
-
+ Hydrosulfat
SFWS (Reg)
2501t
13-Nov
600
4 Bc
SFWS (Reg)
600
4 Bc
SFWS (thick)
750 It
10001t
TREATMENT Chlorine Lime Alum.
10-Nov
Type of Waste
o6-Nov
Amount of Waste
Date
TABLE IX (CONTINUED).
APPENDICES I TO V.
APPENDIX I AGENDA LOKAKARYA WORKSHOP AGENDA
28.Perwakilan Bank Dunia 29.1)rs.I Nyoman Sunarta, MSi Ahli Hidrologi (PSIK), UNUD
(BKOW)
1. BAPPEDA
Daerah Tingkat I Propinsi Bali 2. Biro ;Lingkungan Hidup Propinsi Bali 3. Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL), UNUD 4. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Keguruan dan Pendiidikan (STKIP), Singaraja 5. Pusat Studi Wanita (PSW), UNUD 6. Kelompok Studi Wanita STKIP, Singaraja 7. Akademi Sanitasi Denpasar 8. Departemen Perindustrian 9. BAPPEDA Kota Madya Denpasar I0.BAPPEDA Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Badung 11.Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan 12.Kepala Desa Pemogan 13.Hary (Pengusaha Pencelupan Skala Kecil) 14.Pinta (Pengusaha Pencelupan Skala Menengah) 15.Meeka Cook (Eksportir Garment) IG.Perwakilan Kelompok Pencelupan 17.Departemen Kesehatan Propinsi Bali 18.Departemen Pekerjaan Umum 19.Prof. Dr. Mardani Rata (Kakanwwil Parpostel Wilayah X Propinsi Bali) 20.Dr. Retno Soetaryono (UI-PPSML) 21.Dr.1 Wayan Tjatera(Konsultan BSDP) 22.Polisi Pamong Praja 23.Kelian Banjar Pemogan 24.Karang Taruna Desa Pemogan 25.Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat 26.Perwakilan Perusahan Garmen 27.Badan Koordinasi Organisasi Wanita
DAFrAR PARA PESERTA
BALI
#: (361) 424 758
PHONE/FAX#: (361) 238702
BALI
NUYADI MARGANA JL. JAYA GIRI XII/2 DENPASAR
FAX
PHONE: (361) 421 417
I
MADE SUARNATHA JL. G. AGUNG GANG IRAWADI NO. 49 DENPASAR 80118
PHONE: 62-361-227 695
BALI
DR. I WAYAN TJATERA JL. TUKAD SABA NO. 4 DENPASAR 80225
ALAMAT SURAT DAN PANITIA PELAKSANA:
BALI
WERDHAPURA-SANUR DENPASAR
22 - 23 JUNI 1995
LANJUTANSEBUAH PROYEKPEXCONTOHAN YANG SEPANG BERLANGSUNG PAPA USA PENCELUPANSEKALA KECIL, PEMOGAN, DENPASAR, BALI
PENGEMBANGAN PEMECAHAN YANG MURA DAN EFEKTIF UNTUK MENGA PERMASALAHAN LIMBAH PENCELUPAN DI BALI
LOKAKARYA TENTANG
LATARBELAKANG
Membuat rencana tindakan untuk lnerah Bali, dan mengambil langkah-langkah antuk melaksanakan rencana tindakan tersebut.
Menentukan langkah-langkah dan tindakan-tindakan yang perlu bagi pemilik dan pelaksana, petugas pemerintah, pendidik dan anggota masyarakat yang terkena dampak;
SASARAN:
Mengembangkan suatu kesepakatan strategi untuk menangani limbah dari usahausaha pencelupan di Bali
TUJUAN:
adalah pencelupan batik dan kain. Usaha ini secara luas di temukan tersebar di seluruh Bali dan daerRh pinggiran Kota Denpasar. Sementara usaha-usaha ini mencerminkan proses tradisional yang menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan begitu juga lahan untuk mengungkapkan kreativitas bagi para seniman; usaha tersebut umumnya menimbulkan dampak negatif pada lingkungan bilamana air cucian dan limbah pencelupan dibuang kedalam aliran air atau sungai di sekitarnya. Air tersebut juga dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk sekitarnya untuk mencuci, membersihkan bahan makanart, clan mandi. Keluhan sering terdengar tentang sungai-sungai yang airnya berubah-rubah warna. Tahun lalu sebuah proyek percontohan telah dilaksanakan. Tujuan dari proyek ini adalah untuk menilai prosedur untuk menetralisir limbah sehingga limbah tersebut tidak lagi membahayakan aliran perairan. Selain itu, untuk pengembangan pemecahan yang murah dan efektif, proyek ini telah mengamati keberadaan dari sistem pengolahan limbah.
Di Bali kegiatan industri tradisional
I
14:00-15:00 Laporan Kelompok Diskusi
Kerja
08:30-11:30 Kunjungan ke lapangan tempat proyek percontohan dan desa lain yang kena pengaruh 11:30-12:30 Makan Siang 12:30-14:00 Lanjutan Diskusi Kelompok
23 JUNI 1995
Sesion If
14:30-15:00 Ishrahat 15:00-16:30 Diskusi Kelompok Kerja
Sesion
Pemecahan 12:00-13:00 A4akan SianS 13:00-14:30 Diskusi Kelompok Kerja
08:00-08:30 Pendaftaran Peserta 08:30-09:00 Upacara Pembukaan 09:00-09:30 Istirahat 09:30-12:00 Penecahan Permasalahan/
22 Juni 1995
DRAFT AGENDA
F MOG",, DENPASAR, BALI
PROYEK PERCONTOHAN YANG SEDANG BERLANGSUNGPA DA USANA PENCELUP"SEKAL 4 KECIL,
LAVVTANSEBUAH
PENGEMBANGAN PEMECAHAN YANG MURAH DAN EFEKTIF UNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN LIMBAH PENGELUPAN DI BALI
LOKAKARYA TENTANG
Made Suarnatha,
Peserm tidak dikenai Maya
..........................................................................
Departemen/Perusahaan :.............................
Pekerjaa n :.......................................................
Fax:..................................................................
Telephone: ......................................................
Alamat:...........................................................
Nama :............................................................
JI. G. Agung Gang Irawadi No. 49 Deny Bali 80118
I
tvWa121Juni 1995kepada Panitia Pel
Tolong diisi dan kembalikan paling la.
22 - 23 JUNI 1995
PENGEMBANGAN PEMECAHAN YA MURAH DAN EFEKTIF UNTUK MENG PERMASALAHAN LIMBAH PENCELU. DI BALI
LOKAAA9YA TENTANG
FORMULIR PENDAFTARAN
Environment Study Center (FSL)
27.World Bank Representatives 28.Retno Soetaryono (UI-PPSML)
(BKOW)
6. Department of Industry jr. Environmental Bureau of Bali Province (BLH) 8. Provincial BAPPEDA 9. Municipal City BAPPEDA IO.Kabupaten BAPPEDA I I.Camat of Southern Denpasar 12.The Head of Pemogan Village 13.Hary (Small dyeing operation) 14.Pinta (Medium dyeing operation) 15.Meeka Cook (Garment Exporter) 16.Representative of Dyeing Group 17.Health Department of Bali Province 18.Public Works Department 19.Sunarta, Hydrologist (Tourism School of UNUD) 20.W. Tjatera (BSDP Consultant) 21.Pamong Praja Police 22.Community leader of Pemogan (Kelian Banjar) 23.Village Youth Group 24.Non Governmetal Organization (NGO) 25.Garment Factory Representatives 26.Women Organization Coordination Board
5. Sanitation Academy of Denpasar
Singaraja(STKIP) 3. Woman Study Center of Udayana University 4. Woman Study Group of STKIP, Singaraja
2.Schoo1 of Teacher and Training Education,
1.
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS:
62-361-227 695
62-361-421 417 #: 62-361-424 758 FAX
BALI
DENPASAR 80118
PHONE:
I
MADE SUARNATHA JL. G. AGUNG GANG IRAWADI NO. 49
PHONE:
BALI
DR. I WAYAN TJATERA JL. TUKAD SABA NO.4 DENPASAR 80225
MAILING ADDRESS AND CONTACT PERSONS:
FOLLOW-UP OF
WERDHAPURA-SANUR DENPASAR
JUNE 22 - 23, 1995
PEMOGAN, DENPASAR-BALI
DEMONSM 770N PROJECT UNDER WAYAT A SMALL DYEING OPM A
ADDRESS THE DYE WAS] PROBLEMS IN BALI
WORKSHOP ON DEVELOPING AN EFFECTI LOW-COST SOLUTION 7
government officials, educators and affected community members, to develop an action plan for Bali, and to undertake the steps to
necessary for owners and operators,
To identify the steps and the actions
OBJECTIVES:
To develop a consensus on a strategy to handle wastes from dying operations in Bali
GOAL:
activities is the dyeing of batik and cloth goods. The pratice iscommonplace in villages scattered throughout Bali and adjacent to the City of Denpasar. While these operations represant a traditional process that serve as an employment opportunity as well as a means for creative expression of the artists; the operations generally have a negative effect on the environment whenever the rinse waters and dye wastes are dumped into nearby streams or waterway. These waters are also used by others for washing, food preparation and bathing. Complaints are often raised about streams that turn colours. For the past year a demonstration has been underway. The purpose of the project is to assess a procedure to neutralize the wastes so that they are no longer a threat to water ways. In addition to the development of a low cost solution, the project has continued to assess the performance of the treatment system.
In Bali one of the traditional industrial
BACKGROUND
I
11
Continuous 14:00-15:00 Report of Discussion Groups 15:00-15:30 Concluding Ceremony
sites Visit to village affected 11:30-12:30 Early Lunch 12:30-14:00 Working Group Discussion
08:30-11:30 Field trip to demonstration
June 23, 1995
Session
15:00-16:30 Working Group Discussion
Session I 14:30-15:00 Coffee break
Registration Opening Ceremony Coffee break overview of issues/ solutions etc. 12:00-13:00 Lunch 13:00-14:30 Working Group Discussion
08:00-08:30 08:30-09:00 09:00-09:30 09:30-12:00
June 22, 1995
DRAFT AGENDA
PEMOGAN, DENPASAR-BALI
FOLLOW-UP OFA DEMONSTRATIONPROJECI' UNDER WA YAT A SMALL DYEING OPERA 770N,
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE, LOW-COST SOLUTION TO ADDRESS THE DYE WASTE PROBLEMS IN BALI
WORKSHOP ON
RI
PEWMAN
KER A
BETUA
Waktu yang tersedia untuk peserta kelompok keria:
i.
Hari
Session
1
13:00 - 14:30
I
14:31.1
Hari r. e"
r"
''C)4:.
Session II
'
- 15:00 Rehat kopi
15:00 - 16:30 1?_30 - 14.00
Sess.ion Iii diskus-i
tertib,
yang
dan
menjamin
=,_-jyi
is
keselrpatan untuk berbicara. Porsi pertamci ar,i 1 sebaiknya -' er s'E r'uktur :.bb . diri masing-masing anggota keicAil-ugas _ .1.Ilgkat apa peer ,- aari mereka dan Call mej,, 1E'Y-than `,ci,baran a mempunyai
C
alaSan mereka menghad.iri lokakarya ini.
I I;ga; ; i i.Crla_.;
I';em,1
i it: an ;go a l-
helomj.:? :k
:ilt:ii -_ivti'L
Yang
akaYl
b%-r"C
c4citi tip
y=..ig
1cLn
ii+il _. li'.' ills' 111 raffia lip F? :11:11 car: 2'y«. :E':.t:.cl' ?iUlal y4T1g `?Se to mellyatakan .:% tiy'- .m.,.'i:re c,:i ci _;i;,_akarya berdasarkan pengalaman mereka. dicapai dari jam 3.00 -- 13.30. cye:,u. z
l;icli'tr
:
-
...
iiiL']';
V
S1vC._l:
Cli
Ti
2tia
_
Ckali
'
_'ertanvaaii Masalah, pengaiaman, keprihatii'lan miacam apa !:_. 1 alit semacaminya yang ada dlant.ara ilia Sia ari peTiC'eillar an Apa masalahnya" Pemecariaii atai:iia,1^ lgciT iii ailz r=cni t'lur=,:=ili yciTi' ui un-'cui> akhir- session _ j toga .i liiiliSuS i 1t-.i - 1.:: sesai on i ni ciCialan ber,: okus paaa masal.an limban, pencel.u *an d an iioliaila ii to ak an pergi- '_endehatan apa yang Clci_^1 _'Ertci.riyclal'i i 11 ren:iekatan peraturanr`penega laii llllkliP,1 rlE:Ilipert` mbaTig dIac cpzi an c:iiai: ai sT'TiaLil 1c?12i2iya :EpaT`tl pCTl:iei-aLa2
: ,.aupun
l
_
:
n
_aT.
.1cii .1`:cri
'=
''
ci;i
__;1'
,li ,i>Cil.-
c _di
i c.W;'li. y:,
kesei.mbangcia
L2
ya
:aT'
.r,Siy
i-1r
E_
c:'kd ic11"
LIL11
_
t3 .a_
r ..g &'U ia:;i p,.e maSaia.la:'1 ._il: r' a..r ulntuk rfie`
iil.'-.!mat: c.. .
ian`:
;8.--ct
`° .Y. 4..1 T, Li11 i11 Yl.;j C=111.
_: -:
;:
iii``
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1
Yj
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_
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cir'_.
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?I i'.;
Bagaim4na bisa rencana tindakan tersebut dilaksanakan? Bagaimana saran ecologo bisa diprakarsai? Alihirnya: Berikan para anggota merancang ecologo.
HAiI
-
SE ELAH KUNJUNGAN KELAPANGAN
Masing-masing keiompok akan datang bersama-sama dan mengka i w LE' c1t1 LE'i Eli :i}=e_ olril cvlZld1arc aCla, asr>eh apa clar1 I unJ;ullgali yang s.eball hiln 'a di-modililiasi". i:,ellcana k eglatari tlAie UELble i peiaksanan dan tuniu1'"jClii 1t1c1 ii': c IIIciIiLi nal ter':3ebut dimuiai. sales apayang masin belum,, ter'pecahkanr cl:an I.I:.Z7 iua.la t -emuan. r'C c1 . c
._eir.Li.uaIi yi.-z. iU'iz: Clci: tip. ,Giclll 4--in a: _. tiI da'_lan
_
7Ii1CY'c3
I
=F_t
uengari kelompoh iainriya.
._
.
IT1
PENGEMBANGAN PEMECAHAN YANG MURAH DAN EFEKTIF UNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN LIMBAH PENCELUPAN DI BALI
MURRAY HAIGHT School Urban Regional Planning University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada PROF_ DR_ DRA_ MARDANI RATHA MS. Departemen Pariwisata, Pos dan Telekomunikasi Kantor Wilayah X Bali
Sebuah Proyek yang Didanai oleh IDRC International Development Research Centre of Canada i
1_Limbah jeni
limbah: Berbahaya den Tidak urTu%y mengelola limbah sepantasnya
Keseimbangan den limbah.
antara
pertumbuhan
ekonomi
den
pembangunan
2 _ Studi Kasus Pence i upan Kai -
-
Masalah li.rbah berkaitan dengan usaha pencelupan di Bali Masalah dan pemecahan.
3_Proyek PereQntohan - Tahap I -
Strategi pengendalian pencemaran
Hash program percontahan awal
4_Proyek Percontohan - Tahap jT -
Tujuan Lokakarya den Hasilnya
-
Laporan kelompok kerja
- Saran-saran den Timetable (jadwal kegiatan) pelaksanaan 5 Kaj ian Pendekatan Peraturan dan Pendekatan B-Qn Peraturan Y`er1geioiaarl limbah >eroahaya dengan penaekatan peraturan - rer.ge lctlaa,I l.iia;bah memek ai pendekatan sukarela. 6-saris Besar, Lokakarva T1. e [.able t adwal -E:egiatan ) - Permas,aiahar. untuk dipertimhoangkan _
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS
MURRAY HAIGHT, PROJECT DIRECTOR.
We know there is a problem, we are now on the edge of developing a means to solve the problem. Let us look at how others might solve this problem.
Let us deal with an actual problem in which I am deeply involved. Suppose we have a small
town - such as the one where I live; the town is located in the centre of the agricultural farmlands of southern Ontario. We do not grow rice in the Province of Ontario, but we have many farms for raising cows for milking, pigs, chickens and vegetables. A small stream runs
through my community. In town, adjacent to the river, is a factory. This factory makes products that are used in the manufacture of automobile tires. This factory employees lots of
the residents and has been a tradition place of employment for a long time. Unfortunately, there is a negative side to the factory - it discharges hazardous substances which end up in the stream.
Residents and downstream users often complain. They complain to the government. They complain to the newspapers, radio and television. They do not like the smell of the wastes
being released, some are very dangerous and impact downstream users - farmers can no
longer use water from the streams to irrigate their crops. Other communities cannot use the
water for drinking-water supplies. Fishermen are upset because the fish are poisoned.
How will this difficult situation be handled?
Following many complaints, the government decides to take action. The agency responsible for water quality in Ontario is the Ministry of the Environment and Energy. Provincial officers investigate the complaints and take samples from the watercourse for testing. The level or concentrations
of contaminants are compared with Provincial Water Quality
Standards - standards that are established to protect the quality of water for drinking purposes. Upon testing, it is obvious that the contaminants being released are at
unacceptable levels. The Ministry of the Envt. issues a control order to the company to
1
either reduce the discharges or stop production. Under provincial legislation the Company has a right to an appeal and so no action is forthcoming for a long time.
A hearing is eventually called, the Company defends its actions, the government states
concerns about the contaminants being released and explains why it is necessary to take action. Concerned residents and down-stream users present their views as well. Such
procedures are expensive, time consuming and really upsetting for everyone. No one is happy with any one else.
Eventually a decision is reached and the company is ordered to install pollution control equipment at its own expense. The Ministry is required to monitor the improvements that are
to be made. Life for everyone else returns to normal. What has been the result of this process?
1.
Yes the company had to pay and clean-up its problem
2. it took a long time - many months passed before the changes implemented and conditions
improved 3.
Not everyone was content, many residents are still upset and mistrusting of the Ministry and of the industry
4. the government used up previous resources to deal with a complex situation 5. The process employed confrontation not co-operation
to resolve the issues.
That is how it works in my country. Is this appropriate for Bali? Is this the route to follow in dealing with the dyeing operations?
The stage is set - over the next few hours we will discuss the positive and negative aspects of such an approach. Who should be responsible? Who should pay? How should the clean-up
program be implemented?
Before we begin to examine these questions, I should like pose an alternative approach. This alternative is based on a positive not a negative means of dealing with an environmental 2
issue.. This approach incorporates a sense of volunteerism not one government regulation.
To be successful it must involve from the community, the operators of the dye factories, the
purchasing agents for the garment manufacturers, exporters, the government officials who normally enforce the regulations, and the academics who have a responsibility to assist with training.
If the positive aspects are to be stressed - what are the rewards that can be offered? These rewards also need to become incentives for others to participate as well.
Providing a Reward
if a company wishes to sell a product - and the example I am most familiar with is the retailing
of consumer batteries - used for cameras, watches, radios etc.) a committee is
established. In Canada this is called the Environmental Choice Program. This Program
determines what levels of hazardous substances may be present in the battery or may be released during manufacturing. The levels are in keeping with environmental standards. Thus any battery which meets the level set by the Environmental Choice Program will result in little impact to the environment. The Company which makes the batteries may attempt to
meet the criteria and if they do they are awarded an Ecologo. An Ecologo is a label the
company is licensed to use and can be placed on the batteries they sell. The logo is an indication to the consumer that this product has been manufactured in an environmentally friendly fashion. In Europe a similar program call the "Green Dot" is used.
If manufacturer
cannot meet the criteria they are not awarded the Ecologo. Many will attempt to make the
necessary improvements so that they can also display a logo on their products. The presence
of a logo can be demonstrated to give a company significant competitive advantages over those who do not haveapproval to use a logo.
Thus the reward to the manufacturer is the opportunity to display the Logo and to let
consumers know they meet current standards. Customers are eager to buy such products. The standards that are set by the Environmental Choice Program are improved over time so
that better products are made.
3
This is only part of the story. The second major component to bring in is that the
Environmental Choice Program is voluntary. Companies are not forced to join. They will
join because of the economic advantages. Reasonable standards are used and they are established by a working group composed of manufacturers, regulators and consumers.
The unique thing about the standard is that a consensus is reached and everyone agrees it is reasonable, practical and achievable.
From this example let me stress that it is a voluntary undertaking - no one will be awarded
the Logo if they do not want it. Market forces often provide the motive to apply,-- not the
current regulatory approach which often results in tension and conflict between industry, government and the community.
Will this work for the dye operators in Bali? Can those who control their wastes be rewarded
with something like an Ecologo? Will such products be more popular with purchasers and will export sales increase as a result
of these changes? This is an idea we will examine in the
workshop.
In closing I am mindful of the Balinese Philosophy of Life Based upon Tri Hitu Karana (THK) as a means of achieving goodness between one human an another; between a human and the environment; and, between a human and the supreme God. This tradition has been
practised for decades and maintaining the harmony is most important. Perhaps we can succeed with respect to the dyeing industry.
Thank you.
4
I- WMaL _
Umbah dan Kebutuhan"umt-K MengF'-lul"riva Besarnya masalah t._ _us_ ..an _a,.. . .
L-
i
_
;ata
now.u","
ta'u§ ,.u
a", wring krill t imbul berpengaruh pada kese-
nghungan. dan Yengawasan, pencegahan, dan
tengelolaan limbah yang etektif
adalah penting jika pertumbuhan dan perkembangan terus berlanjut.
Tidak terkecuali Bali, de=ngan limbah.
bferkaitan
Indonesia,
menghadapi tantangan yang
Limbah adalah produk sampingan dari aktivitas manusia; berbeda seperti anggota dari kegiatan yang berbeda. Di Bali,
yang
masalah limbah dimasukan kedalam dua katagori yang
luas:
Limbah padat rumah tangga termasuk makanan yang tidak terpakotoran dari tumbuh-tumbuhan, pakaian bekas, botol bekas, tanpa mengabaikan wadahibotol piastik.
kai,
Limbah s,emacan itu biasanya sedikit dampaknya pada lingkunwaiaupun mereka bisa tahan untuk waktu yang lama dari tidak dipandang. gan,
Limbah Berbahaya - karena mengandung, membahayakan lingkungan dan manusia.
bahan
ber.acun
y=ang
Beberapa biasanya Misalnya logam berat dan senyawa organik. sebagai produk sampingan dari proses industri kedalam lingkungaaan seperti berbentuk cairan, padat atau gas.
Limbah, Pertumbuhan
tan
Pemban man
Meningkatnya pertumbuhan di sektor-sektor t,ertento biasanya dan banyaknyct limbah yang den4'an meningkatnya j eni dir'_asilkan.
diikuti
J
1 er4' am "uha sehl dQ;1 + e1i ...}L..iglin a;: menghasilkan limbah yang makin bervariasi.
Perencanaan pembangunan di Bali men.ingkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat.
dan
?r-..J
h ,-
terutama
l'
lw
ditujukan
akan untuk
Tiga sektor yang diberikan prioritas: Pertan.ian,. Pariw.isava,
herajroan.
Hal ini penting untuk: - Menambah dan mendiversiiikasikan maniaat ekonomi.
Memrerluas kesempatan keria dan kesempatan berusaha. Menangkatkan pendapatan usaha, dan masyarakat terma-
--
su
_
pare. se niman
Menduhuno pembangunar:
daerah.
Penekanan pada pertumbuhan dan pembangunan di Bali teian inengarah pada industri yang berkaitan erat dengan pariwisata. Sebagai
akibat dari meningkatnya popularitas kerajinan kerajinan kulit serta textiles dan garment.
seper°t. perhiasan,
Meningkatnya eksport he manca negara - ke Kanada, negara Eropa, seprti Jerman, Italia, dan Prancis.
Amerika,
Apa konsekuensi dari pertumbuhan dan pembangunan tersebut???
I.imbah Berbahaya= Studi $asus Pencelupan
Tekstil
Diperkirakan ada ratusan usaha pencelupan dan di daerah sekitarnya.
kecil di Denpasar
Sebagian besar berlokasi di tiga desa pinggiran kota: Dauh Puri Kauh,
PemogaIi,
&
Pedungan Beb rarsa indust:ri s.kal
menenga : dari
besar beroper'a3-1 leper-
pabr -" indu"tx'i . Dengan penekanan pada skala usaha; kecil - Pekerjaar, cendrung menjadi Illuzilna.i_ untui, rbersaing narus cepat tanggap pada trend a icli ic1li' :arus melahukar, cara pencelupan yang berbeda. L IrJtt Kebanyakan usaha skala kecil- mengontrak tanah secara buia-
rar, dari penduduk setempat.
angkatan kerjanya bermobilitas tinggi dan Bering kali berasal dari luar Bali. peralatan yang dipergunakan sederhana dan Inudah untuk diangkut.
Potens&-al urtuh nlelepa&ka2 bahan pencemar- '-e lingkungari. r - 1 ,ea ncelupar . _anpa LE'riaa r z: einpat macaw: ca_a r'=a - kema seder__ananya sbb.
tie.x-'u ?" an-cs - k t:
l
-
Kain di kaporit
i,.edalam Water Glass ('Aluminium
r
silicate
Dijemur sebagian i
Di cap pakai malam (Wax)
Dicelup Dijemur Di.rendam kedalam Water Glass/Soda Api/Sulfuric Acid
Dicuci Dimasukan ke air inendidih untuk melepaskan Wax Dicuci
Dijemur h Tanda ini menunjui>an, kedalam lingkungan.
diprosee.
ini
limbah
berasal
dan
masuk
Dibiarkan berhari-hari untuk digunakan lagi.
saja Limbahnya - Produk `ampingan atau sisa bahan celup yang sudah dipakai dengan ludaln disimpan kar'ena sis_: bahan tersebut. akan d.i.pakai iagi. - Pe2nbuangan yang tidak terpakai - hal ini tidak merupakan masalah besar karena masih bisa dipakai lagi. - Limbah dibuang ke sungai>saiuran
air.
diker ja kan di sun gay;'s '
air,
pence .ian iangsung
Dam- aknya?
Ap,-
LB'
pemw--ai ^ 1I
Cj 1
hill,
airnya berwar-
ilc: 2nel'eiici illetlLOllliaiian c:lr' Tail all:rcis Iic aj-il -ama untuk mandi, mencuci pakaian dan sebaoai sumber air masak.
rix-warn
"'fall
Lcr
Petani setempat telah menycitakarl 1sepr'ihatinal-. mer'eka a, all
pencemaran dari limbah pencelupan. Perubahan kualitas
air,
sungai timbul bilamana limbah penc.ei-
upan dibuang ke surigai/saluran ^t 'r T PrU[T, e.+.2 r 77'
Y
Pilot:
rtte
air.
project sedang beriangsung di dua lokasi:
-
di sebuah usaha skala menengah, & di
g an .
sebuah usaha skala kecil berlokasi di mesa Pedun-
Tujuan proyek: mendemonstrasikan dan menilai pengolahan di tempat dan mengkaji cara-cara pengolahan yang serupa untuk diterapkan pada usaha-usaha lainnya.
Untuk tahap awal proyeh demonstrasi kita.
akan
ditunjukan
hasil
dari
usaha-usaha
Pada awal proyek kreteria digunakan pada proses pengembangan pengolahan limbah yang efektif dan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat keberhasilannya. 1. Prosedurnya harus efisien dan menghasilkan perbaikan yang berarti pada qualitas air yang dibuang.
Prosedurnya harus praktis dan gampang dipakai oleh orang
lain.
Hal
ini berarti
yang lainnya
nanti akan bisa dengan
gam-
pang dilatih untuk menggunakan prosedur tersebut.
3. Prosedurnya hares memakai pendekatan teknologi tepat guna =esuai dengan i ondi .i ',e-,empa - penggunaan iiotrik sebagai contohnyc idaklah praktis. . harus menggunakan sediki t s"umber da Baha n-baha2 pengolah seb aiknya gampal g direr ole!. dan
yang;
ebih disuk a'i selalu aaa di Bali..
S. _'?"Uwd:r"iiy'a se b`ii:_.iy , hJlis,.sutwi u.elig all ada ;tee vempa . 7. Tekniknya harue berbiaya r'endah. Tukang -oeluy Bererti ini hiasanya mpndapatkan euntul'igan sangat sedikit dengan demikian *aiaya tambananrlya harus sesediki t mungkin. _s
1
uya-'' PaK w
a
Awal `"fiery
into.
memr=risC_
hizar
da:
se
diadakan di usaha pepcel'_iC" iemonsira iCSI"i pekerj aan awainya bertempat di usaha pence iupan
I00
alali st=r.i t: t:`1L:1arl. eorang tukang
.al:' per
500 Vi'i-I
_
r .. `. t" i "
_
an..
tu'nang car dan : ma ;ar . TaI ,ali!^an. meminda kaI' =,e 'iiilc:ri re-;- iC;t peTlCe.itlran yang ilim yan jumlahnya air kem al~l dal= lillbat: c,a_'i iant. ai emur dan drum pe epasan miaiam/wa:_. Y'U eduL erdasaroval _ eng t;. ->er"' skema khusus lira nc'an Tempa :san dengan s'eJumiah keci air iiITbah. ha l: Dirancang due, langkah pr'oses pengu ahan. s
1
pemuCtca
r`
ng;
-_
r
;
Y
alna
tlita:.
SE:tiap
250
air- limbah gram, iiapu t 1--a icium C'ar`k-jonate) gram
1FJ(.%
-
Semuanya
15C
d'L dulr:
ian selama beberapa
liter
aengan L7ng1kat aan bicir'iian CamplSr'aii
vaIli cian
'.i'. ah berwarna. Lanil- I ai! -
serino kali
al
1C1uliyc
t1 E'
1
bawah
otol
F,
C1ie lCta =-
Semaiallman.
,
air'
c
..,asnyc j einir! daii
d ua
K,
Air alas yang jernih diallriian _r-e sunga_` air' Fir' ends -.a.n bawah diaiirhali kesumur° pengolanan. Cl
i
Abu Sckuw,
paw
I
6 15 be 1-o t,
Re'siaunya
C
cligar!
lobang.
s
i.ai'
_
m
-.ngg a
1
t.ahari atau
a+l.
u seKaiii p'adi
r
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ih.-_an
- bisa
deli
Gi xer'ingiian
La T2
Sa
Hasil
r arti
laL
ai"iga a. t
-L
_
S
a c
i er,
,..c..
il;ju:ari per
II]
._IILi
P
;,Ja.i.
DE-
c:L'aT?
:
imba In
i
`.
UI1 dan k anade. sebagailllana isi banyak bahal: pencemar bebclgi illamisia dai, lingkungan.
C1i
CteI
GrbcEnc j'
.JT`
tingginya tingkat kebera-
5ebeium pengolahan kami menemukan
daan emu
ul aliai iuiS
am pie yang :ta-'am, TatJei 1St7T: EY'anyci
dIsaJ" i :a
Gins' ,
Sianiaa,
Sulfur. par L,-
I:aII:i merieliu.I.c'.TI bahWo. _
LEriartlt.,
-_lcikator pencemaral: sangat t4nggi
Pengolahan beril.ut diamat:i menunjukan drama-,is pada sebagian besar parameter.
perbandinga.n
Dahan
SeC)aga4-L
kam'
BUL
COD,
adanya perbaikan yang
sampe
111emaeukan
-L
dan
;ungai
teraeka" yang juga dimarifaatkan oleh tukang celup lainnya. Bisa untuk membandingkan hiasilnya dengan 3tandar Baku Mutu Lingkunoan Pemerinttah Indonesia No. 201;'1990 untull empat katagori perunl,ul:a:' aim' . =.,aya c engan senang hati mencatatnya kedalain Tabel - bahwa prosedur yang ttelah dipakai hasilnya hampir selalu baik.
Eiava Penmolahan Pr ay
--
perasi
:
diolah:
bulan
-
TAMbah
Tetap
Eiaye,
berbulan
selama
berhasil
pembuatar, sumur pen°oIanan dan tenaga kerja
intui, se 1-
.
Kapur
memerlu-.al:
kaporit
J
Rp.
"!
120
l i tex'
aiY'
liITloarl yang
Rp. 300 R.P. 350
Tawas
Eiaya totalnya berhisar
0 RP.
4213
Rp.
770;pengolahar,
sebalKtlyci dis=ebutkan Eiarpuri h a s i I n y a eb anya!:an, pui-a :.csu] --aii yanjj diala1 de n;gar sumllr pengclahan. KaIl':i memakal pasir - yang banyal I1emy-.Inyai part.ikel kec l oan sedikit Y='aC., saa : C lC c:I11P'Ul' detigctn 1.cEpisaTi sebelutimnya yang, menghare- L 'ctb iY' l.:l tig L.l r mengga..nt I .I1 all. Kam kc_ adaa:nnye. akan menj adi lebih i. Iila: _ j 8 t :ti ==llri - IL i t : IiiF_ t7 C ar_ :,,ere--caran -r e,-. i:" . i' v ail i l ,iI .DU
1
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r'
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Kesimpul= i' ^I da:. s suai aengan Y
J eU
1'antarij-zal_
pro ec:ur' -%zlnlyci.
_
-
tt:
.E_:ha.n. ada..ati e f e t.t . .. kreteria yang dibuat pada awal proyek. un t:u men-y.eba .uA-4 ,i1aii Dagaimaii_i jkit-e tii>aIl C lug' C.ali imengajaz para er =e ,,, _`
CIi
;a
w
ra ac
P.ercont.
.,
'
2
GARIS
KAJIAN.
TBAHA12
T
untu" menent:ukan- langkah-langkah yang per'lu untuk menyebarluashan Caaerall percontohan yang mengarah pada rencana ::1ndahan (action plan) untuk Bali. Kami memanami ada masalah disana, kami pad& tahap akhir urituk L']e?.gen]bangka2 r-Ven]E'Cat7an untuk I17engatas:i permasaiahan, Pertanyaannya menjadi tC I11BllJt1_Zai ,9,gaj, U,5 L1._;Lul" ti titi -Nci' C: get7CeIUPL931 mmla' mangkLriall L>L ..: Siapa yang bertanggung J awaL; ti;iapbt yal:g r. t.... :p..-. i . .......+...+. t?11
:
t...
..
_
asalah ini l-:embali ke Kanaadalah seperti berikut inL. Saya ber-oanya pada saudara, pendekatan illi bisa diterapkar. pada -situa-si kita ael`iar'ang
;a1.L kam1 a?sl t=;l1 ebagaimana ?lt. a membahaS nal ini, vCl.:
.-
apa -ah.
saat ini
Situasi Hiphotesis
laercli t.e r is --4L ale ii p kr 'ilatt; 5 K an a a s: l r,' unr a_riC' , ii CuI] dual; menanamr tE.-tapi sauaara akan ?nenemul.al- banyak pete rr:aim.bard dan ayaml. Stbuah saluran air kecil menga-L ditengah--tengah Dii:o'Et dekat Salui'a, air ber'diri sebua}_ pabri .. tasyarakat. Pabrik in, mempr'oduhsi sejumlah barang yang dipakai untuk perakitan ban. pabril: tersebut memperkerjakan banyak orang. Sayangnya ba.ian pencemar ,ad a as'peh n egatifnya -- 1?er'usahaan membuanoke saluran air. 1?enduduk setempat, p-emakai air di hilir menge-luhkn hay ini karena bahan pencemar tersebut. berbahaya. Masyarakat mengeluh pada pet.ugas daerah, dan pada pihak terkait. Mereka memuat keluh annyci di Surat l.abar, radio dan televisi. Dampak dari industri ini adalah para petani dan pemakai air dihilir' tidak bisa lag- meman- aatkan air dar'i saluran air yang lainnya sebaga air minuet. tidal biS4: mengeunbil air Nelayal kecewa karena ikar.-ikan teracuni. Menanggapi h- elut anini d i p e c ahkan aE?zT:imana masalah luh I =I'BS'-bu pcmeY`lnta, meIli' :t1S:ial1 i?rittil: mc2li?ambii men , e' idil k e iuhan t. ersebu`ic', ire"i :iiir'i_lin a 1l l'uuk a14_a I i II]er:oambi1 c^.II?i-tei dan ii,,eiigal2allSISny aaii I:eII]ua iari n]e?nban -*Lngl anMar
r,^_ I'
Lt c.
.a?i..
_
an <'ropinsl
T
,
Cl
nya aengan s%.anaar baku air minum. J i'r_a :ebua l perinasalahal dit.enuhar] per,usanan akan menej el-
nihkan permasalahan tersebut. Se1ama D:ibawah hukmn liami p-e rusahan hernah memt-yela diri. Kemudiar. dicidaian dengar pendal.-)at. belum adc tindakan apa-apa. pelnerinT:ah T'erusahan n]vn;pertahankan prahtek-pralitek mereka, kemudian Inenunjukal pember'sihan yang bagai.mana yang diperlukan dan mengenai penduduk, kelompok lingkungan akan menyatakarl sikap-
nyu. P_
perseli.sihan adaiah:
e"L-dur sem_.u-cm it-.u untui: memecahkarr, - Maria.
Menghabiskan banyak waktu Sangat memakan pikiran
-
akhirnya.
Tay seorangpun senang dengan k eputusan Contoh
tersebut
pada
stud:.kasus; nyata
Saya
-
mengeta'ruinya karena saga pernah ikut didalamnya.
Apa basil keseluruhannya?
Perusahan dipaksa untuk menyelesalkar: permasalahan
-
sendiri.
dengan biaya
Hal itu memakan waktu yang lama sebelum permasalahan
-
dipecahkan. -
.umber daya pemerintah juga terpakai
masalah tersebut adalah salah situ pada peraturari yang berlaku
Pemecaha:
,=141 ront:asi, yang, didas:arkan ,_ _ idaar: seialu masuk a
Apakalsepakat oahwa pendekatari i-igha(iapi perIT'iassalanan limbah di Ball?
m
tersebUt
COCC$
sari
dan
UntuY
Apakah saudar -i berpe n,:iapa t bahwa ada pe uang untur mengadaka n pendekatan masalah secara lebih kari
inl.
Isinkan saga menyaran:)aya pikir ada cares yang lebih baik. dan kita seba'knya mempertimbangkan hal tersebut di Lokakarya
Pemikirannya berdasarkan pada dimensil pos,itif dan bukan pada dimens negatif" pada masalah iingkungan yang timbul dari pembuan-
gan limbah pence lupan. Ana clua c)mponen:
l
rc
aT: .
aii
. ci
E;
al
t." z...
e. ,mow
kE l
li aT.ri;yr a .
_:
ii
l
i.
dCt
u
ilc:tl
:i: Ir
iiii:, - an r -tea r 1
_
melai:ujin : '_',
teratur'an
ik ci z:
ran II_
:
ci
'E _Ia I
::tc r
_
' Kan
:c:haan ciL itl - uciy` nk e n
I lii
vll J1i i
untu
C_.
!
-
i:am
.
r'a , jar:, '
17
ecar_e
°
:.
b
_
cen:arai_
CJeT'icitiU.
t,'a21
Memberikan Hadiah ti. c3
inse
.c,
_ng:itungar:
f: .C
c
.ikarelc. Tarig tiCaati inkan saya menje-
. kang 'iUj> menjua z,rjualan ihngin r a U'i `i.. UnLo r -'
i
radio, dl
7
r
didlrika:', zebuah
lKena... sebaga- Pr-gram P-Lllnan
Lin-
L
41a 1 :ieG Ulit:llk IlieneT.t1-al°i sebera ci jcttii Lahan pencemar yarig ada di battery, terutairia bahar: pen ;'eirlar nler Cur r _ set u-.-i penusahali mellinliti i '-aiiC'ar- barit. t:F nu' , a>G.r di.neri hadiah denoan memperbolehkanny_: Ilicnellirc:lkari sebum,: padz produknya. Label
.Url al.
ll
produl: tersebut r'ail:ciii ter'riadap 1ilgkungan. 7ika perusal-an bisa memenuhi persyaratan tersebut, pertlsahan tides: boleh memaka' label tersebut. kvr2EllmC
i
bisa menambahkan label lingkungan pada produknya, hal mempromos:ikan produknya dan sebagai hasilnya akan meningkatkaz i-,,enjual %innya karena konsuirien liiliumnya, :adah sadar lingkungan. %erigan
ini
akan
membantt<
erciptalah insenttif.
Hasiinya,
Mere! a
t
yang-
.L
b isa
dal:
memenuhi persyaratan tersebut tidak akan mendapatkan insentif.
Jika standar baku diperbaiki dari waktu ke waktu sebagaimana
lebih jauli lagi Iliengembangkan prosedur baru untuk men.-urangi pembuangan produk sampingan,'limbah. Dot". orang
DI hanad=:
label tersebut. "Ecologa" , di Eropa Ciisebut "Green CkaTl diketarlui ole. set:iap
e CIC:gu s:aTlgat sederhaTla
Yom,I c,ne.rl t E.Cilla aaa i ati Jit"=i2' _rt isaz-, d a i i merlgaL:a: _ tiebeY-a1 mase-lah: _ -- ,`E'r'llsahaan bi a secara suxarele, erpartiuipao atoll .aak. vpenjualannya ikC dean karl inere-j;a sericiirl, dalam hal untuh- Pienill.- tlieirl d iatur a-l: au diiwaj - b" ` to -:ai=l mer'eka tici ttl'1t wli r_
ycng C
%il
tl
inemain'r
A
T!
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. c:i
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1
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iiria rlLuSi;'pe rT,e Ciy1lc;T,:
1
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v2'SvN11T
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oagaIrr. aria
o1e'ri
{:.lMr'.....
t ,. ul_
semlla
ilic l'
-h an T 1
`=
t,anda,Y
laii
COnLvt;
terseb u,
!` a._t.
P.ie
pc:i`.
star'idal:' oaKU tc;2:'SebUt.
tc_'cr':ian paC:a illalar. ctra rLeIaksanar aniiya i
_
pltlali
CiicitaS,
LIMO-'atI
apaKal
penC:elllpali'
l.,
ails
aiUi
ir
1"2-
Ties
vjiia
`i Eli
9? p
P'l
211,
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r
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r n
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.-+
Fti
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pcr.,
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p
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r,' t
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tU
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4Li
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, _
Cu f1=
WN10F5
(D, h..
rs
41
t%
a'
S?'
Q?
Gr;
Ct
tr;,`
,
(1`
q?
;z; =j u, 4'
-2
rs
mgA mgA mgA mgA mgA
mgA mgA mgA
mg/l mg/I
mgA mg/I mgA mgA mgA mgA mgA mgA mg/I
127.6 93.6
155.0 0.40 3.47 15.2 68.64
0.29 0.77 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.27
15 4 0.1
0.21
0.34 1.26 0.3 0.5 3.8 18.8
1110 40.0 6.8 0.26 0.147 35.72 0.104 0.049 0.005 0.003
0.01 1.8
1550 1500 8.3 2.8 39.75 10.70 2.50 2.02 0.05
0.01
107.6 89.44
-
2.9 0.90
0.37 0.103 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.98
1.8
7.2 2.8 5.30 7.20 0.89 0.60 0.005 0.03
21
1380
900
0.10 20.0 240.0 79.0 5.0 7.07 659 689
1.51
17.0 15.3 364 13.7 1.3
-
-
I I
1
Can be used for drinking water directly without any pretreatment. Can be used for the production of drinking water with appropriate treatment. III Can be used for fisheries, cattle, and poultry. IV Can be used for agricultural, municipal utilities, industry and electricity generators. "NDP - Number of Dissolved Partldes. -NSP - Number of Suspended Particles.
' Legend:
Chlorine Ammonia Nitrate BOD5 COD
H2S)
Chromium Cadmium Lead Arsenic Selenium Nickel Cobalt Cyanide Sulfide (as
Copper Zinc
Barium Iron Magnesium
ph
NSP"'
NDP"
0.4
4
0.02 1 4;
OFO
4.3
-
50
20
1
q; 4
3
(?.45
0.1},1.
q;1
0.1 0.1
0.41 0.03 0.05
°
;
40C
15 Q
8
30 1
$00
3 00
so
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0.6 0.5 0,4 0.6 4:5
1
2
0.5 0.1
1
16
0,11
10 6
_
_ Q
g
20 5
10
-9
3
_
.
IV
$000 500 6.9
ftf
4000 400
f
1
6 14
1Of
,
Table 14.2 Preliminary Chemical Anal ses of Waste Waters Before and After Treatment in Cornparison with Environmental Qua' Standards Waste Water Waste Water Residue Receiving Unit of from Dyeing after after Stream Parameter Measurement Operation Treatment Treatment Water at odes- of En ronmontal Standards' I .
N W N
AGENDA LOKAKARYA WORKSHOP AGENDA
PENGEMBANGAN PEMECAHAN YANG MURAH DAN EFFECTIVE UNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN LIMBAH PENCELUPAN DI BALI
DEVELOPING A LOW COST AND EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS DYEING WASTE PROBLEMS IN BALI
22 - 23 JUNUJUNE 22 - 23 1992
KAMIS, 22 JUNI, 1995 THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 1995
Pemandu/Chairperson: Wayan Tjatera 07:00-08:30
Pendaftaran Peserta/Registration
08:30-09:00
Upacara Pembukaan/Opening & Welcome Address (ARDHANA, BAPPEDA TK. I BALI)
09:00-12:00
penelahan Masalah/Issues Review (MURRAY, WATERLOO MANIK, UNUD/SUTEDJA, BLH)
12:00-13:00
SANTAP SIANG/LUNCH
13:00-14:30
Diskusi Kelompok Kerja/Working Group Discussion
13:40-15:00
Istirahat/Coffee Break
15:00-16:30
Diskusi Kelompok Kerja/Working Group Discussion
JUMAT, 23 JUNI 1995 FRIDAY, JUNE 23, 1995
Pemandu/Chairperson: Wayan Tjatera
08:30-11:30
Kunjungan Kelapangan Tempat Proyek Percontohan dan Daerah Lain yang Terkena Pengaruh/Field Trip to Demonstration Site and Other affected Areas.
11:30-12:30
Santap Siang/Lunch
12:30-13:30
Diskusi Kelompok Keda/ Working Group Discussion
13:30-15:00
Laporan Kelompok Kerja/Working Group Report
15:00-15:30
Upacara Penutupan/Closing Ceremony
APPENDIX H PESERTA LOKAKARYA (WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS)
NAMA (NAME)
JABATAN (POSITION)
INSTANSI (INSTITUTION)
Ida Bagus Ardhana
Ketua
Bappeda Tk. I Bali
Sunaryo Adi
Staff
PT.NII
A.A. Agung
Marketing
Bumi Karya Utama
Meeka A Cook
Exportir
K. Seh Frudin
Ur.Operasional Pelaksanaan (Operational Implementation Affairs)
PLP-Bali, Kanwil PU, Bali.
Karin Hande
Marketing
Ayung River Rafting
Putu Harthiuy
Staff RPPL (Staff Extension Program)
Kanwil Perindustrian Prop. Bali
Saptonon Igbal
Staff
PSW-UNUD
Ida BagusJelantik
Staff
Pusat Kajian MIPA, STKIP, Singaraja
Ny.Nyoman Masni
Ketua
BKOW Prop. Bali
Musa
Sekdes
Desa Pemogan (Village Secretary)
I D.K. Okantara
Kasi RPPL (Head of Extension Program)
Dep. Perindustrian
Oliver Pouillon
Staff
Yayasan Wisnu
Agus Prihantara
Sie. Sumber Daya
Alam
Bappeda Kodya Denpasar
(Natural Resources) Gd. Putra Kt. Rindjin
Staff
STKIP, Sangaraja
Dw.Bgs. Sanjaya
Staff
STKIP, Singaraj
Wy.Wirasa Sapanca
Sekretaris
PSL-UNUD
(Secretary)
Ni Luh Lely Sriadi
Kasubsi Pemb.& Lingk. Hidup (Head of Subsection for Devel. & Environment)
Kantor Camat Denpasar Selatan
Hyoman Suamba
Kabid Bina Pelayanan Wisata (Head of Tourist Service Division)
Kanwil Parpostel X
Syn. Subagia
Staff
Pusat Kajian MIPA, STKIP, Singaraja
Md. Sudarma
Staff
PSL-UNUD
Sudarmanto
Staff
PAM-SKL, Denpasar
Kt. Sudiarta
Staff
UNWAR
N. Suendra
Penasehat
PTTL
(Advisor) Sukamto
Ketua (Head)
Kelompok Pembatik Banyuwangi
Sumatra
Staff
PSL-UNUD
Nyoman Sunarta
Staff
PSIK-UNUD
Sutedja
Kabag Ling.Buatan (Head )
BLH, Prop. Bali
Wy. Tjatera
Koordinator LitBang (R&D Coordinator)
PSL-UNUD
Pt. Widiana
Staff
Pacific Garment
Nyoman Wirantara
Staff
CV.Mama Leon
IGst.L. Wiratma
Staff
Pusat Kajian MIPA, STKIP, Singaraja
APPENDIX III
ANGGOTA-ANGGOTA KELOMPOK KERJA (MEMBERS OF WORKING GROUP)
KELOMPOK I (GROUP I )
Pemandu (Chairperson)
Manik
PPSDA-LH, UNUD
Notulen (Reporter)
Elita
D4, Pariwisata, UNUD
Peserta : (Participants)
Sunaryo Adi
PT.N ll
Meeka Cook
Eksporter
Marni
BKOW, Bali
Okantara
Kandep Perindustrian Badung
Gd. Putra
Ayung Rafting
Luki Rais
PLP, PU, Bali
Sudarma
PPSDA-LH, UNUD
Sudiartha
UNWAR
Sunarta
PS. D4 Pariwisata, UNUD
KELOMPOKH (GROUP H) Pemandu (Chairprson)
Sutedja
BLH, Prop. Bali
Notulen (Reporter)
Eeng
D4, Pariwisata, UNUD
Peserta : (Participants)
Haitliny
Kanwil Perindustrian, Bali
Karin Hande
Ayung River Rafting
Musa
Mesa Pemogan
Prihantara
Bappeda, Kodya Denpasar
Sanjaya
STKIP
Lely Sriani
Kantor Camat, Denpasar Setatan
Subagia
STKIP, Saingaraja
Suendra
PTTL
Sukamto
Kelompok Pencelup Banyuwangi
KELOMPOK III (GROUP IM
Pemandu (Chairperson)
Rindjin
STKIP, Singaraja
Notulen (Reporter)
Novi
D4, Parisisata, UNUD
Peserta : (Participants)
Gde Agung
Bumi Karya
K. Seh Fruddin
PLP, PU
B. Jelantik
STKIP
W. Sapanca
PPSDA-LH, UNUD
Saptono
PSW, UNUD
Sudarmanto
PAM, SKL
Sumatra
PPSDA-LH, UNUD
Tjatera
PP SDA-LH, UNUD
Wirantara
CV.Mama Leon
APPENDIX IV
SINGKATAN-SINGKATAN (ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS)
SINGKATAN-SINGKATAN (ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BAPPEDA TK.I
Regional Development Planning Board, Bali Province
BAPPEDA TK. II
Regional Development Planning Board, Level II, District
BLH
Provincial Bureau for Environment
CIDA
Canadian International Development Agency
D4, Pariwisata
Diploma Four, Tourism
KABUPATEN
District
KANWIL PERINDUSTRIAN
Regional Office of Industry Department
PAM-SKL PARPOSTEL
Sanitation and Environmental Health College Tourism, Post, and Tellecommunication
PERDA
Regional Regulation
PROKASIH
Clean River Project
PSL/PPSHA-LH
Centre for Environmental Studies/Centre for Natural Resources and Environment.
STKIP
Teaching College
UNUD
Udayana University
TKP2LH
Coordinating Team for Addressing Environmental Pollution
APPENDIX V.
TRAINING MANUAL
FOR LOW COST & EFFECTIVE
TREATMENT OF TEXTILE DYEING WASTE
BY:
PROF. MURRAY HAIGHT PROF. NK.MARDANI
POLLUTION CONTROL IN TEXTILE DYEING OPERATION PROJECT OCTOBER, 1995
PREFACE
This manual has been prepared to assist dyeing operators and industrial extension
workers as they undertake to control the wastes released from dyeing sites. This manual is seen as a first step towards controlling wastes associated with dyeing operations It is hoped
that by using the procedures described herein that significant improvements will occur.
The procedures described in this manual are based upon the results obtained from pilot
projects conducted at local dyeing operations. Funding for the project was kindly provided by the International Development Research Centre
- Regional Office for Southeast and East
Asia.
It is expected this manual will serve as a spark to encourage further studies to find cheaper, more efficient waste treatment methods.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................:............................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................ii I.
WHAT SORTS OF DYEING OPERATIONS ARE ELIGIBLE FOR THIS MANUAL? ........................................................................1
II.
DESIGN & SPECIFICATIONS OF PITS AND TREATMENT WELL ...................................................................2
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
2.1.
Site Preparation............................................................................................2
2.2
Specifications of the Pits and Treatment Well .............................................2
MATERIALS REQUIRED .....................................................................................7 3.1
Construction Materials ................................................................................7
3.2
Treatment Materials .....................................................................................7
TREATMENT PROCEDURES .............................................................................8 4.1
Formula Used...............................................................................................8
4.2
Off Coloring Process .....................................................................................8
4.3
Coagulating Process......................................................................................8
4.4
Filterization Process .....................................................................................8
TEMPORARY SLUDGE SOLUTIONS ................................................................9 5.1
Storing the Sludge .............................................................................
5.2
Reuse the Sludge ...........................................................................................9
5.3
Future Challenge ...........................................................................................9
TROUBLE SHOOTING .......................................................................................10
ii
CHAPTER I
WHAT SORTS OF DYEING OPERATION ARE ELIGIBLE?
Almost any lain I of dyeing operation ranging from single color textile dyeing to multi-
color textile dyeing including batik dyeing can benefit from using this manual. The techniques are able treat a wide variety of chemicals used by the industry including sulphur,
water glass, wax, soda ash, or naphthol. This manual is designed specifically for use by small and mid-sized operations. Owners of a large industrial facility would need to install and operate at a scale which accounts for the
large volumes of wastes produced.
1
CHAPTER II
DESIGN OF THE PITS AND TREATMENT WELL
2.1 Site Prepa ation
The key ideas of the layout are: 1) to make optimum use of gravity. Significant cost savings
can be achieved if expensive pumps are not needed. Locate the fabric washing pits at the highest elevation point on the site since flow by gravity will carry waste waters into the first
treatment pit. The volume of the collection pit should be large enough to be able to accommodate
the maximum volume of waste produced per day during the peak dyeing seasons. Keep the pit shallow 0.5 meters or less since its contents will nee to be drained by gravity.
Another 0.5m below the collection pit is the clarification pit. Again the volume of this pit should be about 90% of the volume of the collection pit. The 10% volume that remains will contain the wet sludge that will be drained into the collection pit after the treatment.
The treatment well is best situated adjacent to the last settling pit and at a depth which is immediately below the base of the clarification pit. The well should be about 1.5 meters in
depth.
2.2 Specifications of the Pits & Treatment Well
As illustrated in the diagrams at least three pits are required to treat the waste properly.
a)
The first pit is where the wastes are collected and treated. It must be designed to be
able to accommodate the maximum daily amount of wastes produced during peak
production seasons. For small scaled operations (SSOs) this is usually around 1,000 to 2,000 liters. The dimension of the pit should be 2m (length) x l m (width) x 0.5m (height); or 2m x 2m x 0.5m. It is suggested that the first pit constructed be not more than .5m deep 9
LAY OUT OF TREATMENT SYSTEM
WASHING PIT
COLLECTION PIT
CLEAR WATER
COLLECTION PIT
3
DEPTH SCHEME OF TREATMENT SYSTEM
GROUND SURFACE (WASHING
PIT
I
1 OLLECTION
1
V IT I
(1/2 METER)
I
i
1/2 METER)
L CLEAR WATER
I
I
OLLECTION
(112
METER)
PIT
SLUDGE COLLECTION RING (1/2 METER)
I
1/2 METER)
I
_ L I
I
I
TREATMENT WELL (2 METERS)
i
I(2
I I I
4
METERS)
c,-
n
4.;,-
2,
7
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LL
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.
,S C!
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since gravity is used for siphoning the liquids from one location to the next. This pit should be constructed using cemented bricks in order to make it impermeable. About 20 cm. above
the bottom of the pit, a
5
cm diameter pipe connects to the second pit. This pipe will be used
to drain the clarified process water into an adjacent pit for further treatment.
The sludge which settles along the bottom will be transferred to a separate pit by a pipe that opens into the base of this first pit. The sludge which is transferred will typically require three days to dry. Af Ir that the sludge ran be shoveled into storage containers and sent out for disposal.
b)
The second pit is constructed to receive the clear water column from the first pit after
the treatment. The volume of this should be the same as the collection pit (2m. x lm x 0.5m;
or 2m x 2m x 0.5m) since it will receive almost the entire volume of the collection pit. The purpose of this pit is to allow the escaped sludge from the collection pit settle down before beingdischarged to a nearby stream or absorbed into the ground.
C)
The treatment well, or filterization well, is made from cement rings of 0.5 meter
diameter. The ideal depth is between
1
- 2
meters.
If the operation is adjacent to a stream, at
the bottom of the well, a "T" pipe is put with lots of tiny holes drilled into the short arm These holes are wrapped with mosquito nettting and held in place with used motor cycle tubes. Part way up the vertical tube, another "T" pipe is connected and this lateral pipe acts as an outlet to the stream. Discharges from this pipe would occur whenever the ground can
not absorb the liquid or their is insufficient time to process the treated effluent such as at the height of the dyeing season. The treatment well is filled with sand and covered with a piece of
burlap over which is poured a
d)
5
to
10 cm layer
of burnt rice husks.
The sludge collection ring should be made from a single cement ring 0.5 meter in
diameter. A pipe with a plug at the end is built extends from the ring and connects to the
base of the first treatment pit. The sludge in the ring is left alone to dry in the sun. The liquids are either drained into
the ground or are evaporated. After the sludge becomes semi-dried or dried, it can be removed.
6
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS REQUIRED
3.1 Construction Materials
Pit Materials
?
The materials required for constructing the pits are simple and found in any local commercial
or retail outlet. Items needed include: -
Concrete bricks (batako)
-
Cement
-
Sand
-
Plough & Sekrop
Treatment Well Materials
To establish a treatment well the materials required are: Cement Rings with a diameter of 50 cm.
3.2
-
Cement
-
Sand
-
Big rope of 10 meters (for unloading the rings)
Chemical Materials
The chemicals required are also locally available. They are: Alum, Lime, and Chlorine. Lime is most common and is traditionally used as a building material.
Lime is widely available at building material shops, the locals call it "Mill. "The chlorine is
routinely used in the dyeing process to bleach colours. Used bleach should be saved and used in the waste treatment process. Both alum and chlorine are available at general chemical
shops, among others is: "Toko Halus" on Nl. Sulawesi, in Denpasar Downtown, or at any swimming pool chemical suppliers.
7
CHAPTER IV TREATMENT PROCEDURES 4.1 Formula Used
To treat the waste, the following formula is applied. For every 250 liters of waste add: 1)
up to 100 grams of chlorine
2)
50 grams of alum
3)
150 grams of lime
The chemicals must be dissolved in plain water before being poured into the pits. There is no standard for the amount of plain water to use. Experience has shown that the smaller the particles of chemicals are smashed the quicker the treatment reaction will take place.
4.2
Off- Coloring Process
Waste waters can be stored in the collection pit until the pit is full. The chlorine mixture can be prepared fresh or mixtures from the dyeing process can be used. The mixture is added to
the waste and stirred for 3 - 5 minutes, and then left to stand for at least 10 minutes or longer. This preliminary step will result in the colour disappearing..
4.3
Coagulating Process
Alum is added into the pit and stirred for 3-5 minutes. Next, the lime is poured into the pit,
and again the contents in the pit are stirred for 3 - 5 minutes to ensure that the reaction
occurs properly. In about ten minutes the coagulation reaction should begin and a clear water
column begin to form while the suspended particles begin to settle towards the bottom. For
best results the process should be allowed to continue overnight.
4.4
Filterization
The next step is to treat the clear water column. The clarified liquid effluent is siphoned into
the second clarification pit and 24 hours later is siphoned into the treatment well. The bottom residues are transferred into the sludge drying pit.
CHAPTER V
TEMPORARY SLUDGE SOLUTIONS
5.1
Storing the Sludge
Sludge in the
c.
llection pit can be siphoned to the sludge drying pit via the pipes which are
located in the bottom of the collection pits. The sludge is left alone to dry both by the sun and by absorption into the ground. After it is dried the solid residue can be taken away or
stored somewhere safe either in a drum or cement pit.
5.2
Reusing the Sludge
In addition to the storage option, the semi-dried sludge can be used to make bricks. A
formula of 1
:
3
:
9 (cement
:
sludge sand) has been tested to manufacture construction :
grade bricks. The quality is not as strong as regular bricks; however, it is suitable for use as fencing bricks. After the fence is constructed the bricks must be covered with a layer of
lime-based plaster in order to avoid surface erosion from the rain and wind.
5.3.
Future Challenge
The above suggestions of storing and reusing sludge, are considered as only temporary solutions until better ideas such as dumping the sludge in a secure hazardous
waste dumpsite, or reusing them as a resources in other uses becomes available.
9
CHAPTER VI
TROUBLE SHOOTING
TROUBLE
CAUSE
SOLUTIONS
- Clear water can
Burlap or rice husk layer is
Clean the burlap or
no longer flow
plugged by sludge
change the rice husks
Not enough chlorine
Add more chlorine
Gravity is not working
Check the slope of
-
Treated waste water
is still coloured
- No flow from one
pit to another
the pits or for plugged pipes.
10
