Description of Nutritional Status (Anthropometric) and Energy Intake of Orphan in the Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage Izza Suraya (
[email protected]) Indah Kusumaningrum (
[email protected]) University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA (UHAMKA) Concern for the orphans as listed in the Al-Maun verses 1-3 is the responsibility of every Muslim. Muhammadiyah has been establishing orphanages in order to establish an intelectual generation. To achieve that, children in the orphanages must have good nutrition. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure the nutritional status of children at the Muhammadiyah orphanage Muhammadiyah in Tanah Abang. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional design, conducted in May-June 2015. Based on the consecutive method, the number of participants were 26 children. Anthropomteric data were taken by scales for weight and microtoise for height. Food Intake of children was taken by 24-hour recall method and analyzed by nutrisurvey. Meanwhile, other data such as length of stay, education history, activities, and gender were collected using questionnaire. All of the data were processed using STATA 11.1.for windows. Based on the index of height-for -age, the results showed that 46.15% of children were categorized as short. Meanwhile, according to index of weight-for-age, as much as 26.92% of orphans aged 8 -14 years had poor nutrition. The results also illustrate that energy consumption decreased as the age increased. Hence, education about the balanced nutrition is required to improve the nutritional status of children at the orphanage. Keywords: Orphans, Nutrional Status, Anthropometry , 24-hour recalls Kepedulian terhadap anak yatim seperti yang tercantum dalam surat Al-Maun ayat 1-3 merupakan tanggung jawab setiap muslim. Oleh karena, Muhammadiyah mendirikan panti asuhan dengan tujuan membentuk generasi yang berkualitas secara moral maupun intelketual. Anak dengan status gizi baik diduga jarang sekali didatangi oleh sakit sehingga ia mempunyai kesempatan lebih banyak untuk masuk sekolah dan mendapat pelajaran Mengingat pentingnya status gizi pada anak asuh, peneliti ingin melakukan pengukuran asupan gizi terhadap anak di Panti Asuhan Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan pada bulan Mei – Juni 2015. Berdasarkan pemilihan sampel dengan metode konsekutif, jumlah study entrants pada penelitian ini berjumlah 26 orang. Data antropomteri diambil dengan menggunakan timbangan (untuk ebrat badan) dan microtoise (untuk tinggi badan). Asupan konsumsi makanan akan diambil dengan metode recall 24 jam dan dianalisis dengan software nutrisurvey. Sementara itu, data lain seperti lama tinggal, riwayat pendidikan, aktifitas, dan jenis kelamin akan dikumpulkan mengggunkan kuesioner. Data yang telah terkumpul akan diolah menggunakan STATA 11.1.for windows. Berdasarkan indeks TB/U, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 46.15% anak panti asuhan Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang dikategorikan sebagai anak yang pendek Sementara, menurut indeks BB/U, sebanyak 26.92% yang berumur 8-14 tahun memiliki gizi buruk,. Hasil penelitian juga menggambarkan semakin tingi kelompok umur semakin kecil tingkat konsumsi zat gizi anak panti asuhan tersebut. Melihat hasil studi tersebut, pemberian makan yang memenuhi gizi seimbang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan status gizi anak Panti Asuhan Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang.
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INTRODUCTION One of the issues which is discussed in the Al-Quran is orphans’ problem, including the poor. In the Quran, there are 22 verses that tell about orphans. One of them is AlMaun verses 1-3 that describes all Muslims who snap the orphan are people categorized as the deceiver in Islam. In addition, the Al Fajr verse 1-7 also encourages Muslims to glorify the orphans. Like the other children, the orphans have right to live well. It is showed in AlBaqarah 233. Therefore, Muhammadiyah established orphanages in order to establish a good generation. Great achievement of good generations are influenced by their own nutritional status. Children who meets their daily utrotional needs will be easier to get lesson in their school. Besides that, children with good nutrition always attend school because they are always healthy. Therefore, all the orphans should have a good nutrition status. Based on those important things, this study was conducted to describe the nutrional status of children at Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage through antrpomteric measurement and their energy intake. METHODS This study was descriptive with cross sectional design. The target population in this study was the orphans aged 6-14 years in Jakarta. Meanwhile, source population in this study was the orphans in Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage. Based on inclusion criteria (6-14 years old) and exclusion criteria (refuse to join the study), sample was taken with consecutive techniques. Hence, the number of study participants were 26 children. Anthropometric data were taken using microtoise (to determine the height) and scales (to measure the weight). the data taken were calculated with z-score formula and compared to the standard z-score index from World Health Organiszation. This calculation used WHO-Anthro software. Meanwhile, intake of food consumptions was taken by 24-hour recall method. The calories of each food were calculated by nutrisurvey software. Then the results were compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Besides that, other data such as length of stay in the orphanage, level of education, and gender were collected with questionnaire. All data (including anthtropometric data and calories) were analyzed using STATA 11.1. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 26, out of 34, orphans were eligible to participate in this study. 73% of them were male, with 58% aged 10-12 years, 81% in primary school. 54% had been living in the orphanage more than one year.
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Table 1. Characteristics of the Children in Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage Frequency
Variable Gender Boy Girl Age 8 - 9 years 10 -12 years 13 - 14 years Education Primary Secondary
n
%
19 7 26
73 27
6 15
23 58
5 26
19
21 5
81 19
26 Length of Stay < 1 year > 1 year
12 14 26
46 54
Based on index height for age Z-Score (HAZ). The results in this study shows 46.15% of the orphans were short. This number was higher than that in Orphanage in Nigeria. The results show that many orphans had bad previous nutritional status. Therefore, they had not grown as well as the normal kids.
Figure1. Nutritional Status of The Orphans in Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage Based on Height for Age Zcore (HAZ)
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In addition, based on index weight for age z score (WAZ), as much as 27% of the orphans were categorized as malnourished (being in >-2SD). Although this percentage was lower than other study, this malnourished children required great attention from adult people because their poor nutrition showed they have infection in their body or they had lost their appetite.
Figure 2. Nutritional Status of The Orphans in Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage Based on Weight for Age Zcore (HAZ) Nutritional status of the orphans was also measured through food intake. In this study, calories were measured. The results shows 7.69 % of children had moderate calories intake; 73.07% was sufficient; and 19.23 % had less consumption of calories. Study in Budgham, India and Ghana showed most of their children had lack calories intake.
Figure 3. Energy Intake of The Orphans in Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage Consumption level of calories indicates energy that children have. With enough energy, they can work or play optimally. Conversely, if they had a lack of energy, they became tired easily. However, there were underestimate condition of this consumption. Some of the children forget about their previous 24-hours meals. Hence, they did not
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report their actual meals. In addition, some of the orphans had skipped their meals when a 24-hours recall interview was held. Table 2. Average and Level of Energy Consumption of the Orphans in Muhammadiyah Tanah Abang Orphanage Average of Energy Consumption (kkal)
RDA (kkal)
Sufficient Level (%)
Age Category
n
8 - 9 years 10 - 12 years (boys)
6 13
1503,73 1577,95
1850 2100
81 75
10 - 12 years (girls) 13 -14 years (boys) 13 - 14 years (girls)
2 2 3
1319,45 2177,35 1206,3
2000 2475 2000
65 88 60
The results also show that there was a decreasing adequacy of energy intake with increasing age. This deterioration was contrast to the Recommend Dietary Allowance that expect the increasing energy intake level with increasing age. Based on 24-hours recall, two girls revealed that they had been eating one serving for two persons frequently. On the other hand, the boys showed otherwise. It happened because they had often snacking. CONCLUSIONS Based on the weight-for-age, as many as 26.92 % of foster children were malnourished (located in -2SD). This condition should be realized because it indicated those children had infection in their body. Meanwhile, based on height-for-age index, 46.15 % of the orphans were categorized as short children. Besides that, 19.23 % of the orphans had less calories consumption. It shows that many of them did not have optimal energy to work. REFERENCES Abidin, Zainal. (2010). Pembinaan Anak Yatim Menurut Al Quran. Terdapat di http://tafsiralquranhadis.blogspot.co.id/2010/07/pembinaan-anak-yatim-menurutalquran.html [Diakses pada tanggal 16 Maret 2017] Akabike, Chioma Natalie. (2012). Assessment of Nutritional Status of Under-five Childrenin Selected Orphanage Homes in Lagos State. Thesis. Nutrition And Dietetics, Federal University Of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Direktorat Standardisasi Produk Pangan . 2014. Mengenal Angka Kecukupan Gizi Bagi Bangsa Indonesia. Jakarta : Direktorat Standardisasi Produk Pangan.
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Ivanovic, Daniza M, et.al. (2002). Nutritional status, brain development and scholastic achievement of Chilean high-school graduates from high and low intellectual quotient and socio-economic status. British Journal of Nutrition 8(7), 81-92. Khomsan, A. (2003). Pangan dan Gizi Untuk Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada. Legi, Nonce Nova. (2012). Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri Malalayang Kecamatan Malalayang. Gizido, 4(1), 321-326. Sadik, A. (2010). Orphanage Children in Ghana: Are Their Dietary Needs Met? Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9 (9): 844-852. Shukla, B. & Shukla, D. (2011). Study to Assess Physical Health Status of Children at Selected Orphanage in Salem, Chennai-India. International Research Journal, 1(2), 3-8. Supariasa, I. D. N., Bakri, B. & Fajar, I. (2001). Penilaian Status Gizi. Jakarta: EGC. Vaida, N. (2013). Nutritional Status of Children Living in Orphanages in District Budgam. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(2), 3641. Yayasan Munasaroh Indonesia. (2016). Ayat Al-Quran Tentang Anak yatim. Terdapat di http://www.munashoroh.org/2016/03/ayat-ayat-al-quran-tentang-anak-yatim.html [Diakses pada tanggal 16 Maret 2017]
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