DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ......................................................................................ii HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ..................................................................................iii KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................................. v DAFTAR ISI ..............................................................................................................vii DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR GAMBAR.................................................................................................... x DAFTAR SIMBOL dan SINGKATAN .....................................................................xii Intisari ........................................................................................................................ xiv Abstract....................................................................................................................... xv 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................... 1 1.1.
Latar belakang................................................................................................ 1
1.2.
Rumusan masalah .......................................................................................... 2
1.3.
Batasan masalah ............................................................................................. 3
1.4.
Tujuan penelitian ........................................................................................... 3
1.5.
Sistematika penulisan .................................................................................... 4
2 BAB II DASAR TEORI ............................................................................................ 5 2.1.
Prinsip Kerja Sistem Bahan Bakar................................................................. 5
2.2.
Prinsip Kerja Konverter ............................................................................... 12
2.3.
Injektor ......................................................................................................... 14
2.4.
Metode Injeksi Bahan Bakar........................................................................ 16
2.5.
MOSFET ...................................................................................................... 18
2.6.
ChipKIT Uno32 ........................................................................................... 21
2.6.1.
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) ..................................................... 23
2.6.2.
Timer..................................................................................................... 25
2.6.3.
Interupsi ................................................................................................ 26
2.7.
Raising and Falling Edge ............................................................................ 27
2.7.1. 2.8.
Pulsa menuju arah positif dan Pulsa menuju arah negatif .................... 27
Temperatur Sensor ....................................................................................... 28 vii
2.8.1.
Jenis Temperatur Sensor....................................................................... 28
2.8.2.
Karakteristik Thermistor ...................................................................... 30
3 BAB III PERANCANGAN SISTEM ..................................................................... 33 3.1.
Perancangan Sistem Secara Umum ............................................................. 33
3.2.
Perancangan Sistem Elektronis .................................................................... 36
3.2.1.
Main Control Unit ................................................................................ 36
3.2.2.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) .............................................................. 39
3.2.3.
Tombol ................................................................................................. 41
3.2.4.
MOSFET Driver ................................................................................... 42
3.2.5.
Pembangkit Gelombang Kotak (Square Wave) .................................... 44
3.2.6.
LPG-CNG Injektor ............................................................................... 45
3.2.7.
Temperatur Sensor................................................................................ 46
3.3.
Perancangan Perangkat Lunak ..................................................................... 47
3.3.1.
Pengaturan Osilator .............................................................................. 47
3.3.2.
Pengaturan LCD ................................................................................... 49
3.3.3.
Pengaturan ADC ................................................................................... 50
3.3.4.
Pengaturan timer ................................................................................... 54
3.3.5.
Program utama...................................................................................... 55
4 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................................. 60 4.1.
Pengambilan Data Pada Injektor.................................................................. 60
4.2.
Pengujian MOSFET Driver ......................................................................... 65
4.2.1.
Pengujian Mode 1 ................................................................................. 67
4.2.2.
Pengujian Mode 2 ................................................................................. 71
4.2.3.
Pengujian Mode 3 ................................................................................. 74
5 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................. 79 5.1
Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 79
5.2
Saran ............................................................................................................ 80
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................. 81 LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................................. 2
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1.1 Spesifikasi Injektor .................................................................................. 2 Tabel 4.1 Pengambilan Data Sensor Suhu NTC (negative thermal coefficient) ... 64
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1 Tata letak komponen sistem bahan bakar EFI [2] ............................... 6 Gambar 2.2 Aliran bahan bakar pada sistem EFI [2] .............................................. 6 Gambar 2.3 External pump type [2] ....................................................................... 7 Gambar 2.4 Pompa internal tank type [2] ............................................................... 8 Gambar 2.5 Rangkaian kelistrikan pompa bahan bakar [2] .................................... 9 Gambar 2.6 Fuel filter [2] .................................................................................... 10 Gambar 2.7 Pipa delivery [2]................................................................................. 11 Gambar 2.8 Regulator tekanan [2] ........................................................................ 12 Gambar 2.9 Sinyal pulsa keluaran injektor bensin ................................................ 13 Gambar 2.10 (a) Sinyal pulsa keluaran injektor gas, (b) – .................................... 14 Gambar 2.11 Bagian-bagian injektor [2] ............................................................... 15 Gambar 2.12 Tipe injektor [3] ............................................................................... 15 Gambar 2.13 Injeksi sequential [3] ....................................................................... 17 Gambar 2.14 Injeksi group [3] .............................................................................. 17 Gambar 2.15 Injeksi simultan [3] .......................................................................... 18 Gambar 2.16 Karakteristik ID vs VDS [4] ............................................................... 19 Gambar 2.17 Losses pada MOSFET [4]................................................................ 20 Gambar 2.18 ChipKIT Uno32 [5] ......................................................................... 22 Gambar 2.19 ADC Sample/Conversion sequence [6]............................................ 24 Gambar 2.20 Gelombang pulsa ideal [9] ............................................................... 27 Gambar 2.21 Penentuan tegangan garis dasar [9] ................................................. 27 Gambar 2.22 Karakteristik Thermistor [11] .......................................................... 31 Gambar 3.1 Diagram alir penelitian ...................................................................... 34 Gambar 3.2 Skema Sistem Secara Umum. ............................................................ 35 Gambar 3.3 Rangkaian catu daya .......................................................................... 37 Gambar 3.4 Skema rangkaian sistem minimum secara umum.............................. 38 Gambar 3.5 Konfigurasi LCD ............................................................................... 40 Gambar 3.6 Konfigurasi Tombol .......................................................................... 41 Gambar 3.7 Rangkaian MOSFET driver ............................................................... 42 Gambar 3.8 Rangkaian penyadap sinyal ECU ...................................................... 43 Gambar 3.9 Rangkaian pembangkit gelombang/sinyal kotak ............................... 44 Gambar 3.10 LPG/CNG injektor [12] ................................................................... 45 Gambar 3.11 Coolant Temperature Sensor [13] ................................................... 46 Gambar 3.12 Diagram blok ADC [6] .................................................................... 52 Gambar 3.13 Diagram alir program utama............................................................ 57 Gambar 4.1 Sinyal arus pada injektor ................................................................... 60 x
Gambar 4.2 (a) Sinyal tegangan keluaran injektor 2, (b) Sinyal tegangan keluaran injektor 1................................................................................................................ 62 Gambar 4.3 Sinyal tegangan keluaran pada injektor saat pedal gas ditekan ......... 63 Gambar 4.4 (a) Sinyal dari ECU, (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) arus keluaran injektor. ................................................................................................... 66 Gambar 4.5 (a) Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 50% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 67 Gambar 4.6 (a) Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 20% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 69 Gambar 4.7 (a) Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 70% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 70 Gambar 4.8 (a) Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 50% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 71 Gambar 4.9 (a) Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 20% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 73 Gambar 4.10 Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 50% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 75 Gambar 4.11 Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 20% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 76 Gambar 4.12 Sinyal masukan dengan duty cycle 70% , (b) Sinyal pulsa keluaran MOSFET driver, (c) Arus keluaran injektor.......................................................... 77
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DAFTAR SIMBOL DAN SINGKATAN
A AC
Alternating Current
ADC
Analog to Digital Converter
B C D DC
Direct Current
E ECU
Electronics Control Unit
F Fcy
Frekuensi Clock Sistem
Fosc
Frekuensi osilator
Fpwm
Frekuensi PWM
I Id
Arus Drain MOSFET
IGBT
Isolated MOSFET Bipolar Transistor
xii
L LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
LED
Light Emitting Diode
M MCT
Metal oxyde semiconductor Controlled Thyristor
MIPS
Mega Instruction Per Second
MOSFET
Metal Oxyde Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
P PLL
Phase Lock Loop
PWM
Pulse Width Modulation
S Saturation
Saturasi
T Tad
Periode basis konversi data analog
Tcy
Periode clock sistem
Tzc
Periode zero crossing
U V Vds
Tegangan antara drain dan source xiii
