DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdullah, 1984. Pelestarian dan Peranan Hutan Mangrove di Indonesia dalam Prosiding Seminar II Ekosistem Mangrove. Proyek Lingkungan HidupLIPI. Jakarta. Alongi, D.M. 1994. The Role of Bacteria in Nutrient Recycling in Tropical Mangrove and Other Coastal Benthic Ecosystem. Hydrobiology 285: 1932. Amarangsinghe, M.D and Balasubramanian. 1992. Net Primary Productivity of Two Mangrove Forest Stand on The Norwestern Coast of Srilanka in Developments in Hydrobiology. The Ecology of Mangrove and Related Ecosystem. Kluwets Academi Publisher. Netherland. Anderson, J.M. and Swift, M.J. 1983. Decomposition in Tropical Forest. P. 287309 in Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. Special Publication No.2. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick. The British Ecological Society. Blackwell Scientific Publication. Oxford. Arief, A. 2007. Hutan Mangrove Fungsi dan Manfaatnya. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta. Atlas, R.M. and Bartha, R. 1981. Microbial Ecology. Fundamentals and Application. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Austin, A.T., and Vitousek, P.M. 2000. Precipitation, Decomposition and Litter Decomposability of Metrosideros polymorpha in Native Forest on Hawaii. Journal of Ecology. 88: 129-138 Ayunasari, W. 2009. Diversitas Dan Visualisasi Karakter Fungi Dekomposer Serasah Daun Avicennia marina Pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas. Skripsi Biologi. USU Medan. Bell, M. K. 1974. Decomposition of Herbaceous Litter. P. 37-67 in Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition. Vol.1. C.H. Dickinson and G. J. F. Pugh. Academic Press. London. New York. Bengen, D.G. 2000. Sinopsis Ekosistem dan Sumberdaya Alam Pesisir. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan. IPB. Indonesia.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bengen, D.G., and Andrianto. 2001. Pengenalan dan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove. Pusat Kajian Pesisir dan Lautan. IPB. Indonesia. Boonruang, P. 1984. The Rate of Degradation of Mangrove Leaves, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina at Phuket Island, Western Peninsular of Thailand. Proceeding of The Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment: Researh and Management, Kuala Lumpur. University of Malaysia and Unesco, Kuala Lumpur. Hlm. 200-208. Brotonegoro, S. and Abdulkadir, S. 1978. Penelitian Pendahuluan Tentang Kecepatan Gugur Daun dan Penguraiannya dalam Hutan Bakau Pulau Rambut. Hlm. 81-85. Bunt, J. S., Williams, W. T. and Clay, H. J. 1982. River Water Salinity and The Diztribution on Mangrove Spesies along Several Rivers in North Queensland. Austria. Journal of Botany. 30: 401-412. Clarke, P. J. 1994. Baseline Studies of Temperate Mangrove Growth and Reproduction; Demographic and Litterfall Measures of Leafing and Flowering. Austria. Journal of Botany. 42: 37-48. Departemen Kehutanan. 2004. Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia. Forestry Statistics of Indonesia 2003. Badan Planologi Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta dalam: Santoso, N. 2000. Pola Pengawasan Ekosistem Mangrove. Makalah disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Pengembangan Sistem Pengawasan Ekosistem Laut Tahun. Jakarta. Dix, N. J. and Webster, J. 1995. Fungal Ecology. Chapman and Hall. London. New York. Dunn, P. H. and Baker, G. E. 1983. Filamentous Fungi of The Psammon Habitat at Enewetak Atoli, Marshall Island. Mycology. 75: 839-853. Efendi, I. 1999. Pengantar Mikrobiologi Laut. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Riau. Pekanbaru. Hlm. 118. Evans, C.S., Dutton, M.V., Guillen, F. and Veness, R.G. (1994). Enzymes and Small Molecular Mass Agents Involved With Lignocelluloses Degradation, FEMS Mircobiol. Rev. 13: 325-240.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Feliatra, 2001. Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Heterotrof yang Terdapat pada Daun Mangrove (Avicennia sp. dan Sonnetaria sp.) dari Kawasan Stasiun Kelautan Dumai. Jurnal Natur Indonesia 3. 2: 104-112. Filed, J.A., de Jong, E., Feijoo-Costa, G. and de Bont, J.A.M. (1993). Screening for Ligninolytic Fungi Applicable to the Biodegradation of Xenobiotics. Trens in Biotechnol. 11: 44-49. Gandjar, I., Samson, R.A., Vermulen, T.D.V.K., Oetari, A., Santoso, I. 1999. Pengenalan Kapang Tropik Umum, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. Hlm. 136. Gilmour, D. 1990. Halotolerant and Halophilic Microorganisms. In Edwars C. Microbiology of Extreme Environments. Buckingham: Open University Press. Greenway, M. 1994. Litter Accesion and Acumulation in a Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake Wetland in South Eastern Queensland Aust. Journal. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45: 1509-1519. Hamilton, L. S. and Snedaker, S. C. 1984. Handbook for Mangrove Area Management. Gland Paris. Honolulu. Handayanto, E. 1996. Ekologi Tanah dan Pengelolaan Kesuburan Tanah Secara Biologi. Jurusan Ilmu Tanah. Faperta. Unibraw. Malang. Hobbie, E. A., Watrud, L. S., Maggard, S., Shiroyama, T. and Rygiewicz, P.T. 2003. Carbohydrate Use and Assimilation by Litter and Soil Fungi by Carbon Isotopes and Biology Assays. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 35: 303-311. Hogarth, P. J. 1999. The Biology of Mangrove. Oxford University Press. New York. Iswari, S. R. and Yuniastuti, A. 2006. Biokimia. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta.
Kartawinata, K., S., Adisoemarto, S., Soemodihardjo, and Tantra, I. G. M. 1979. Status Pengetahuan Hutan Bakau di Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Ekosistem Mangrove. LIPI-MAB: 21-39. Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kaswadji, R. 2001. Keterkaitan Ekosistem di Dalam Wilayah Pesisir. Sebagian bahan kuliah SPL.727 (Analisis Ekosistem Pesisir dan Laut). Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan IPB. Bogor, Bogor. Khazali, M. 1999. Panduan Teknis Penanaman Mangrove Bersama Masyarakat. Wetland International – Indonesia Programme. Bogor, Indonesia. Kohlmeyer, J., Bebout, B. and Volkman-Kohlmeyer, B. 1995. Decomposition of Mangrove Wood by Marine Fungi and Teredinids in Belize. Marine Ecology. (16): 27-39. Kohlmeyer, J., and Kohlmeyer, E. 1979. Marine Ecology. Academic Press. New York. Kusmana, C., Takeda, S. and Watanabe, H. 1995. Litter Production of A Mangrove Forest in East Sumatera, Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar V: Ekosistem Mangrove, Jember, 3-6 Agustus 1994: 247-265. Kontribusi MAB Indonesia No. 72-LIPI, Jakarta. Kuter, G. A. 1986. Microfungal Populations Associated with The Decomposition on Sugar Maple Leaf litter. Mycologia 78: 114-126. Moore-Landecker, E. 1990. Fundamentals of The Fungi. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood. New Jersey. Langenheders, S. 2005. Links Fungi Structure and Function of Heterotrophic Aquatic Fungi Communities. Disertation. Uppala University. Sweden. Ludwig, J. A. dan J. F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical Ecology. A Primer Methods and computing. Jhon wiley and Sons Inc. New York 337 Hlm. Macnae, W. 1968. A General Account of The Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps and Forests in The Indowest-Pasific Region. Adv. Mar. Biol. 6: 73-270 Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurements. Croom Helm Limite. London. Mahasneh, A. M. 2001. Bacterial Decomposition of Leaf Litter From al-khor Qatar-arabian gul. Journal of Biological Sciences. 1(8): 717-719.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Mall, L.P., Billoro and Amritphalee, D. 1982. Cortain Ecological Observation on Mangrove of The Andaman Island. Dalam: Trop. Ecol. 27: 225-233. Mallin, M. A., Williams, K. E., Esham, E. C. and Lowe, R. P. 2000. Effect of Human Development on Fungical Water Qualitative in Coastal Watershed. Eco Appl. 10: 1047-1056. Mason, C. F. 1977. Decomposition. Studies in Biology No. 74. The Edward Arnold Publication Limited Southampton. London. Nakagiri, A., S.Y. Newell, T. Ito, T. K. Tan and C. L. Pek. 1996. Biodiversity and Ecology of The Oomycetes Fungus, Halophytopthora. Diwpa Series 1: 273-280. Nontji, A. 1993. Laut Nusantara (Marine Nusantara). Djambatan Jakarta, Indonesia, Hlm 368. Nybakken, J.W. 1993. Biologi Laut Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis. Diterjemahkan oleh M. Eidman, Koesoebiono, D.G. Bengen, M. Hutomo dan S. Sukarjo. Gramedia. Jakarta. Hlm. 459. Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamental Ecology 3. Ed W.B Sounders. Philadelphia. Olson, J. S. 1963. Energi Storage and the Balance of Producer and Decomposers in Ecologycal System. Ecology 44 : 322-331. Pitt, J. I., and Hocking A. D. 1997. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Second Edition. Published by Academic Press. Sydney. Polunin, N.V.C. 1986. Decomposition Processes in Mangrove Ecosystem. Workshop on Mangrove Ecosystem Dynamic. UNDP/UNESCO. Hlm. 95. Robinson, T. 1991. Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Terjemahan. Institut Teknologi Bandung. Bandung. Samson, A. R., Hoekstra, E. S. and Van Oorschot, C. A. N. 1984. Introduction To Food-Borne Fungi. Second Edition. Institute of The Royal Netherlands.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Santoso, N. 2000. Pola Pengawasan Ekosistem Mangrove. Makalah disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Pengembangan Sistem Pengawasan Ekosistem Laut Tahun 2000. Jakarta. Indonesia. Sediadi, A. and Pramudji. 1986. Penelitian Kecepatan Gugur Mangrove dan Penguraiannya dalam Hutan Bakau di Teluk Ambon. Hlm. 115-120 dalam Prosiding Seminar III Ekosistem Hutan Mangrove. LIPI. Jakarta. Silitonga, E. L. 2010. Jenis-Jenis Fungi Yang Terdapat Pada Serasah Daun Rhizophora mucronata Yang Mengalami Dekomposisi Pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas. Skripsi Budidaya Hutan. USU Medan. Snedaker, S.C. 1978. Mangrove: Their Values and Perpetuation. Nature and Resources. 14: 6-13. Soerianegara, I. 1998. Ekologi Hutan Indonesia. Fakultas Kehutanan IPB. Bogor. Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1978. Flora. Pradnya Paramitha, Jakarta. Sunarto. 2003. Peranan Dekomposisi Alam Proses Produksi Pada Ekosistem laut: Makalah. IPB. Bogor. 16 November 2003. Hlm. 5–14. Tarigan, J. 1988. Pengantar Mikrobiologi. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Proyek Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan. Jakarta. Tortora, G. J. 1986. Microbiology. The BinjminCumming Publishing Company. Inc. Menlo Park. California. Waiser, M. J. and Robarts, R. D. 1995. Microbial Nutrient Limitation in Praire Saline Lakes with High Sulfate Concentration. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 566-574. Waring, R. H. and Schlesinger, W. H. 1985. Forest Ecosystems-Concepts and Management. Academic Press, Orlando. Florida. Wijiyono. 2009. Keanekaragaman Bakteri Serasah Daun Avicennia marina Yang Mengalami Dekomposisi Pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas Di Teluk Tapian Nauli. Tesis Biologi USU Medan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Yunasfi, 2006. Dekomposisi Serasah Daun Avicennia marina oleh Bakteri dan Fungi pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas. Disertasi Kehutanan IPB Bogor.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
