DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Almodares, A., Hadi, M.R., Ranjbar and Taheri, R. 2007a. The effect of nitrogen treatments, cultivar and harvest stages on stalk yield and sugar content in sweet sorghum. Plant Sci. 6:423-426 Almodares, A., Hadi, M.R. and Ahmadpour, H. 2008. Sorghum stem yield and soluble carbohydrates under phonological stages and salinity levels. Biotech. 7:4051-4055 Almodares, A. and Hadi. M.R. 2009. Production of bioethanol from sweet sorghum: A review. Agri. 4: 772-780 Awika, J.M., Rooney, L.W. 2004. Sorghum phytocemicals and their potential impact on human health. Phytochemistry.65:1199-1221 Awika,
J.M., Yang, L., Jimmy, D. 2009. Comparative antioxidant, antiproliperative and phase II enzyme enducing potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicholor) varieties. Food Sci. and Technol.42 : 1041-1046
Bhaskar, A, and Vyas, K.G. 1988. Studies on competition between weed and Chenopudium album L. Weed Res.28:53-58 Baziramakenga, R ; Leroux, G.D. 1994. Critical period of quack grass (Elytrigia repens) removal in potato (Solanum Tuberosum). Weed Sci, 42 : 52–533 Borrell, A.K. dan Hammer, G. 2005. The physiology of “stay-green” in sorghum. Hermitage Research Station, University of Quensland, Brisband Bosnic, A.C. and Swanton, C.J. 1997. Influence of barm yard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) time of emergence and density on corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci, 5 : 276 – 282 Bullard, R.W. and York, J.O. 1985. Breeding for bird resistance in sorghum and maize. In:Plant Breeding Progress Reviews (ed. By G.E Russel), Butterworths, Surrey,Vol.I,pp. 193-222 Chikoye, D., Weise, S.F. and Swanton, C.J. 1995. Influence of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) time of emergence and density on white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Sci.43 ; 375 – 380 Cho, S. H., Chi, Y., Ha, T.Y. 2000. In vitro and in vivo effects of prosomillet, buckwheat and sorghum on cholesterol metabolism. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 14, A249
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[CSA]. 1996. Distribution of total number of house holds, total crop land area per house hold by size of holdings. Agriculture Sample Survey (Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority) Dartius et al, 1991. Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman. Badan kerjasama perguruan tinggi negeri wilayah Barat Palembang. Tim Agronom Net Work. Palembang Evans, S.P., Knezevic, S.Z., Lindquist, J.I., Shapiro, C.A. and Blankenship, E.E. 2003. Nitrogen application influences the critical periode for weed control in corn. Weed Sci. 51 ; 408-417 Efendi, R., Aqil, M. dan Marcia Pabendon. 2013. Evaluasi genotype sorgum manis (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) produksi biomas dan daya ratoon tinggi. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan vol. 32 no.2 Fadly, A.F, Efendim, R., Rauf, M. dan Akil, M. 2004. Pengaruh Cara Penyiangan Lahan dan Pengendalian Gulma Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jagung pada Tanah Bertekstur Berat. Seminar mingguan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia, Marros, 18 Juni 2004, hal.14. Freeman, J.E. 1970. Development and structure of the sorghum plant and its fruit. In Joseph S. Wall dan William M. Ross (Eds.) Sorghum production and utilization: major feed and food crops in agriculture and food series. The Avi PublishingCompany, Connecticut. Pp. 28-72. Gardner, F.P, Pearce, R.B. dan Mitchell, R.L. 1991. Fisiologi Tanaman Budidaya. Universitas Indonesia ( UI-press). Jakarta. Hal.364 Goldsworthy, P.R. dan Fisher, N.M. 1992. Fisiologi Tanaman Budidaya Tropik. Diterjemahkan oleh Tohari. Gajah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Hal. 329-356 Grassi, G., Qiong, Z., Grassi, A., Fjällström, T. and Helm, P. 2002. Smallscale modern autonomous bioenergy complexes: development instrument for fighting poverty and social exclusion in rural villages. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Change, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17-21 June Hendrival, W.Z. dan Azis, A. 2014. Periode kritis tanaman kedelai terhadap persaingan gulma. Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Malikussaleh, Reuleut, Aceh Utara. Vol 9 no 1 House, L.R. 1995. A Guide to Sorghum Breeding. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics. Andhra Pradesh, India. 238p Irawan, B dan Nana Sutrisna. 2011. Prospek pengembangan sorgum di Jawa Barat mendukung diversifikasi pangan. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi.29(2):99-113
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Irfatongga, G.A., Purwanti, S. dan Rabaniyah, R. 2011. Periode kritis kedelai hitam (Glycine max (L.) Merill), terhadap gulma, pengaruhnya pada hasil dan kualitas benih selama penyimpanan. Fakultas Pertanian Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta. Hal.5-10 Kardiman, R. 2011. Struktur tegakan pohon setelah 14 tahun penebangan di plot permanen bukit Gaja buih. Universitas Andalas, Padang. Hal.7 Knezevic, S.Z, Evans, S.P. and Mainz, M. 2003. Row spacing influences the critical time for weed removal in soybean (Glicine max). Weed Technol. 17:666-673 Lafitte, H. R. 1994. Identifying poduction problems in tropical maize. A field guide. CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F. p.76-84 Laimeheriw, J. Balai Informasi Pertanian Propinsi Irian Jaya. Teknologi budidaya sorgum, Departemen Pertanian. Hal 1-8
1989/1990,
Malik, V.S., Swantoon, S.J. and Michaels, T.E. 1993. Interaction of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, row spacing and seedling density with annual weeds. Weed Sci 41:62-68 Meriyanti, N.F. 2010. Study Periode Kritis Tanaman Padi Hibrida (Oryza sativa Linn) Terhadap Persaingan Gulma di Lahan Sawah. Skripsi. Fakultas Pertanian . Institut Pertanian Bogor Metcalfe, D.S. and Elkins, D.M. 1980. Crop production. Principles and practices. Fourth edition. Macmillan publishing Co., Inc. New York. 366-386 Moenandir, J., Sulaiman, M.D. 1996. Periode kritis kacang tanah terhadap gulma. Risalah seminar nasional prospek pengembangan agribisnis kacang tanah di indonesia. Nomor 7-1996. Badan penelitian dan pengembangan pertanian. Pusat penelitian dan pengembangan tanaman pangan. Balai penelitian tanaman kacang-kacangan dan umbi-umbian Malang. 237-245 Moenandir, J. 1993. Ilmu Gulma dalam Sistem Pertanian. Raja Grafindo Persana. Jakarta. Monteiro, A., Henriques, I. and Moreira, I. 2011. Periodo critico do controle de infestantesna cultura da batateira na provincia do huambo (Angola). Critical period for control in potatoes in the Huambo Province (Angola). Planta Daninha, Viçosa_MG, 29 : 351 – 362 Muhabibah, 2009. Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Gulma Terhadap Perkecambahan Beberapa Biji Gulma, Skripsi: UIN. Malang
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Murrinie, E.D. 2010. Analisis pertumbuhan kacang tanah dan pergeseran komposisi gulma pada frekwensi penyiangan dan jarak tanam yang berbeda. ISSN: 1979-6870, hal.2 Murty, D.S. and Sahni, B.B. 1990. Industrial utilization of sorghum summerry proceedings of a symposium on the current status and potential of industrial uses of sorghum in Nigeria. Other. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 1990. Industrial utilization of sorgum. proceedings of symposium on the current status and potential of industrial uses of sorgum. 58p Musa, L., Muklis dan Rauf, A. 2006. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah (Fundamental of Soil Science). Departemen Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan Nasution, F.H., Ginting, J., Siagian, B. 2013. Tanggap pertumbuhan produksi padi gogo varietas situ begendit terhadap pengolahan tanah dan frekwensi penyiangan yang berbeda. Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi : 1:ISSN 23376597, hal.2 Pertiwi, D. 2012. Periode kritis dan kehilangan hasil kubis bunga (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis L.) kultivar White Shot akibat persaingan dengan gulma di dataran medium. Pustaka Ilmiah. CISRAL. Universitas Pajajaran. Indonesia Portugal, J.M.; Vidal, R.A. 2009. Nivesis economicos de prejuizos de plantas infestantes nas culturas agricolas ; Conceitos,Definiç ŏese formas de Calculo. Planta Daninha,27:869-877 Rahayu, N., Nasrullah, A.T., Soejono. 2003. Periode kritis tanaman jagung manis (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) terhadap persaingan dengan gulma. Agrosains vol.16 no.1 Reddy, B.V.C., Sitenhouse, J.W. and Rattunde, H.F.W. 1995. Sorghum grain quality improvement for food, feed and industrial uses. Edisi khusus Balai penelitian tanaman kacang-kacangan dan umbi-umbian (4):39-52 Rismunandar. Bandung
1986.
Sorghum Tanaman Serba Guna. Penerbit Sinar Baru.
Samosir, S. 2010. Studi Periode Kritis Tanaman Padi Hibrida (Oryza sativa L) Terhadap Gulma Jajagoan ( Echinochloa crus-galli L.). Sripsi. Fakultas Pertanian. UnstitutPertanian Bogor Sasmitamihardja, D. and Siregar, A.H. 1996. Fisiologi tumbuhan. Proyek Pendidikan Akademik. Dirjen Dikti. Depdikbud. Bandung. pp 253-281
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Shih, C.H., Siu, Y.T., Song, L.M. 2007. Quantitative analysis of anticancer 3-deoxyathocyanidins in infected shorgum seedlings. J. Agric. food chem.. 55:254-259 Singgih, S. dan Hamdani, M. 2002. Evaluasi daya hasil galur sorgum. Risalah penelitian jagung dan serealia lain. Balai penelitian tanaman jagung dan serealia lain. Maros, Sulawesi Selatan Sirappa, M.P. 2003. Prospek pengembangan sorgum di Indonesia sebagai komoditas alternatif untuk pangan, pakan dan industri. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Selatan, Makassar. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 22:133-139 Sitompul, S.M. dan Guritno, B. 1995. Analisis Perrtumbuhan Tanaman. Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta. Hlm 409 – 412. Soebandi. 1988. Perbaikan varietas. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pangan . Bogor. Hal 81-98 Suarni.
2004. Evaluasi sifat biji dan kandungan kimia biji sorgum setelah penyosohan. Jurnal Stigma XII (1):88-91.
Suarni dan Subagio, H. 2012. Potensi pengembangan jagung dan sorgum sebagai sumber pangan fungsional. Jurnal Litbang Pert. Vol. 32 No. 2 Juni 2013: 47-55 Sudaryono. 1996. Prospek Sorgum di Indonesia. Potensi, Peluang dan Tantangan Agribisnis. Risalah Simposium Prospek Tanaman Sorgum untuk Pengembangan Agroindustri, 17-18 Januari 1995. Edisi Khusus Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kacang-Kacangan dan Umbi-Umbian (4):25-38. Sumarno dan Karsono, S. 1996. Perkembangan produksi sorgum di dunia dan penggunaannya. Edisi Khusus Balitkabi 4:13 – 24 Sukman dan Yakup, 1995. Gulma dan Tekhnik Pengendaliannya. Penerbit Rajawali Press. Jakarta Tamado,. T.L., Ohlander†, and Milberg, P. 2002. Interference by the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. with grain sorgum: influence of weed density and duration of competition. International Journal of Pest Management, 48(3)183-188 Tarigan, D.H., Irmansyah, T., Purba, E. 2013. Pengaruh waktu penyiangan terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi beberapa varietas sorgum. Jurnal On line Agroekoteknologi. ISSN No.2337 6597. 2 :86-94 Thakur C. 1980. Scientific Crop Production. Vol.1. Food Crops. Metropolitan Book Co.Pvt.I td. New Delhi. Hal.204-230
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Toure, A. dan Weltzien, E. (2004). Guinea sorghum hybrids: Bringing the benefits of hybrid technology to a staple crop of sub-Saharan Africa. IERICRISAT Ugen, M. A., Hans, C. Wien, Caharles, W. Wourtmann. 2002. Dry bean competitiveness with annual weeds as affected by soil nutrient availability. Weed Sci, 50 ;530-535 Vasilakoglou, I,K., Dhina, N., Karagiannidis, and Gatsis, T. 2011. Sweet sorghum productivity for biofuels under increased soil salinity and reduced irrigation. Field Crops Research 120:38-46 Webster, T.M., Faircloth, W.H., Flanders, J.T., Prostko, E.P and Grey, T.L. 2007. The critical period of bengal dayflower (Commelina bengalensis) control in peanut. Weed Sci. 55:359-364 Webster, T.M and Grey, T.L. 2008. Growth and Reproduction of Benghal Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) in Response to Drought Stress. Weed Sci. 56(4):561-566 Webster, T.M., Grey, T.L., Flanders, J.T and Culpepper, A.S. 2009. Cotton planting date affects the critical period of benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) Control. Weed Sci. 57:81–86 Widyatama Chandra Eka, Tohari, Rohland Rugomulyo, 2010. Periode Kritis Kedelai Hitam (Glycine max (L.) Merill) Terhadap Gulma. Fakultas Pertanian Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta Wortmann, C.S. 1993. Contribution of bean morphological characteristics to weed suppression. Agron, J. 85:840-843 Zimdhal, R.L. 2004. Weed Crop Competition. Blackwell Publishing. Page 6-8
A Review second edition.
Universitas Sumatera Utara