37
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Afaq, F., Adhami, V.M., Ahmad, N., dan Mukhtar, H., 2005, Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis, Mutat Res, 571(1-2): 153-73. Ahmad, N., dan Gilliam, A.C., 2001, A definitive role of ornithine decarboxylase in photocarcinogenesis, American Journal of Pathology, 159:885-892. Aitken, G.R., Henderson, J.R., Chang, S.C., McNeil, C.J., dan BirchMachin, M.A., 2007, Direct monitoring of UV-induced free radical generation in HaCaT keratinocytes, Clin Exp Dermatol, 32:722-727. Agoes, G.,2007, Teknologi Bahan Alam, Penerbit ITB Press, Bandung. Alatas, Z., dan Lusiyanti.Y., 2001, Efek Kesehatan Radiasi Non Pengionan pada Manusia, Prosiding Semnas Efek Kesehatan Radiasi Non Pengion pada Manusia, Litbang Keselamatan Radiasi dan Biomedika Nuklir-BATAN, Jakarta. Andley, U.P., Becker, B., Hebert, J.S., Reddan, J.K., Morrison, A.R., dan Pentland, A.P., 1996, Enhanced prostaglandin synthesis after ultraviolet-B exposure modulates DNA synthesis of lens epithelial cells and lowers Intraocular pressure in vivo, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 37:142-153. Badreshia, B. S., dan Draelos, Z., 2007, Insight into skin lightening cosmeceuticals for women of color, J. Drugs Dermatol., 6, 32-39. Baumann, L., and Alleman, I.B., 2009, Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed, McGraw-Hill, New York, 292–311. Brenner, M., dan Hearing, V.J., 2008, The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin, Photochem Photobiol, 84: 539–549. Capote, R., Alonso-Lebrero, J.L., Garcia, F., Brieva, A., Pivel, J.P., dan Gonzalez, S., 2006, Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits trans-urocanic acid photoisomerization and photodecomposition., J. Photochem Photobiol B, 82: 173–179. Capriotti, 2012, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, J. Clin. Aestet. Derm., 5 : 24-26.
38
Carter, F. L., Carlo, A.M., and Stanley, J.B., 1978, Termiticidal Components of Wood Extracts : 7-Methyljuglone from Diospyros virginia. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 26(4), 869-873. Chang, T. S., 2009, An Update Review of Tyrosinase Inhibitor, Int J Mol Sci, 10(6), 2440–2475. Chaudhuri, R.K., Lascu, Z., dan Puccetti, G., 2007, Inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica tannins on melanin synthesis, Cosm & Toil, 122, 73–80. Chiou,W. F., Ko, H. C., and Wei, B. L., 2009, Evodia rutaecarpa and Three Major Alkaloids Abrogate Influenza A Virus (H1N1)-Induced Chemokines Production and Cell Migration, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011 : 750513. Clydesdale, G.J., Dandie, G.W., dan Muller, H.K., 2001, Ultraviolet light induced injury: Immunological and inflammatory effests, Immunol Cell Biol, 79, 547–68. Cordell, A., 1981, Introduction to Alkaloid, A Biogenetic Approach, A Wiley Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 105-116. Cuppett, S. L., Schrepf, M., and Hall, C. I., 1996, Natural Antioxidant – Are They Reality?. In Shahidi, F., Natural Antioxidants, Chemistry, Health Effect and Applications, AOCS Press, Champaign, 12-24. Dalimartha, S., 2008, Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, Penerbit Trubu Agriwidya Ikapi, Jakarta, 126. Dasuki, A.U., 1991, Sistematika Tumbuhan Tinggi, ITB, Bandung. Damayanti, N., dan Listiawan, M.Y., 2004, Fisiologi dan Biokomia Pigmentasi Kulit, Berkala Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin, 16(2), 156-62. Damayanti, R., A., dan Yuwono, T., 2013, Dimetilsulfoksid Sebagai Enhancer Transpor Transdermal Teofilin Sediaan Gel, Pharmaciana, 1. De Gruijl, F.R., 2000. Health Effects from Solar UV Radiation, Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 72(3-4), 177-196. Depkes RI, 1986, Sedian Galenik, Dirjen POM, Jakarta, 12, 26. Depkes RI, 2000, Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat, Cetakan Pertama, Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta, 3-5, 10-11. Djamilah, A., 2010, Isolasi dan Penentuan Struktur Molekul Serta Uji Bioaktivitas Senyawa dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Pare, Tesis, Program Magister Ilmu Kimia Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
39
Djuanda, A., 2007, Ilmu Penyakit Kulit Dan Kelamin, Balai Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta. Duthie, M.S., Kimber, I., dan Norval, M., 1999, The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the human immune system, Br J Dermatol, 140, 995–1009. Farris, P., 2005, Topical vitamin C: A useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions, Dermatol. Surg, 31, 814-818. Fatchiyah, 2013, Laik Ethic Penelitian Dengan Hewan Coba, Brawijaya, Malang. Fatmawaty, A., Apolarosa, T., Radhia, R., dan Michrun, N., 2012, Formulasi fisik Dan Permeasi Krim Pemutih Asam Kojat Dengan Variasi Enhancer, Majalah Farmasi dan Farmakologi, 139-142. Fatonah, N.K., 2006, Pengaruh Zat Peningkat Penetrasi (Enhancer) Dimetil Sulfoksida (DMSO) Terhadap Permeasi Perkutan Piroksikam Dalam Sediaan Gel., Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Federer, W. T., 2011, Statistical Design and Analysis for Intercropping Experiments, Springer, New York. 30-33. Fidrianny, I., Susilawati, R. D., dan Ruslan, K., 2015, In vitro Antioxidant Capacities of Three Organs of Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Form West JavaIndonesia Using DPPH and FRAP Assays, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research,7(5), 1034-1041. Fisher, G.J., Wary, Z.Q., Datta, S.C., Varami, J., and Kary S.,1997. Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by Ultraviolet light, New Enyl J Med., 337 : 1419-1429 Fithria, R.F., 2015, Mengatasi Hiperpigmentasi Ringan dengan Produk Sediaan Topikal, Universitas Wahid Hasyim Press, Semarang, 13, 45. Fitrie, A.A., 2004, Histologi Dari Melanosit, e-USU Repository, 5. Fitzpatriek, T. B., and Mihm, M.C., 1971, Abnormalities of the melanin pigmentary system, In Thomas B. Fitzpatrick et al. (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine, pp. 1591-657, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Geerligs, M., 2009, Skin Layer Mechanics, Universiteitsdrukkerij TU Eeindhoven, Eeindhoven, 16-30. Gillbro, J. M., and Olsson, M. J., 2011, The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin lightening agents existing and new approaches, Int. J, Cosmet. Sci, 33, 210221.
40
Graham, R., and Burns, B.T., 2005, Dermatologi, Erlangga, Jakarta, 3, 131. Gruijl, F.R., 2000, Photocarcinogenesis: UVA vs UVB. Methods Enzymol, 319:359-366. Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Longo, G., dan Rakesh, D.D., 2008, Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Int. Center for Science and High Technology, Italy. Harborne, J.B., 1987, Metode fitokimia : Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan, Institut Teknologi Bandung Press, Bandung. Hartanti, L., dan Setiawan, H.K., 2009, Inhibitory Potential of Some Synthetic Cinnamic Acid Derivatives Towards Tyrosinase Enzyme, Jurnal Indo. J. Chem., 158 – 168. Hastiningsih, I., 2015, Krim Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Pohon Nangka (Arthocarpus Heterophilus) Sama Efektivnya Dengan Krim Hidrokuinon Dalam Mencegah Peningkatan Jumlah Melanin Pada Kulit Marmut (cavia Porcelus) Yang Dipapar Sinar UVB, Tesis, Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana, Denpasar. Hernawati, 2009, Potensi Buah Pare (Momordicha charantia L.) Sebagai Herbal Antifertilitas, Jurnal, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung. Hindritiani, R., Dhianawati, D., Sujatno, M., Sutedja, E., dan Setiawan, 2013, Penurunan Aktivitas Tirosinase dan Jumlah Melanin oleh Fraksi Etil Asetat Buah Malaka (Phyllantus emblica) pada Mouse Melanoma B16 Cell-Line, MKB, 2, 45. Ichihashi, M., Ando, H., Yoshida, M., Niki, Y., dan Matsui, M., 2009, Photoaging of the skin, Anti-Aging Medicine, 6:46-59. Jayanto, H., 2015, Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pare (Momordica charantia) dengan Metode Dilusi, Skripsi, Program Studi Kimia Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta. Jeong, S.H., Ryu, Y,B., Curtis-Long, M.J.,2009, Tyrosinase Inhibitory Poliphenols from Roots of Morus lhou, J Agric. Food Chem, 57, 195-1203. Jindra, N.M., dan Imholte, M.L., 2009, The Potential Application of Hairless Guinea Pigs as a Replacement for the Yucatan Mini-pig in Animal Studies, Distribution APublic Affairs case, 09-158
41
Katiyar, S., 2005, Silymarin and skin cancer prevention: antiinflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects (Review), Int J Oncol, 26:169-76 Kligman, A.M., dan Willis, I., 1975, A new formula for depigmenting human skin, Arch Dermatol, 111(1): 40-8. Koesoema, L., 2009, Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Terjadinya Melasma pada Pekerja Perempuan di Perkebunan Tebu PTPN II Klumpang, Tesis, 1995, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Komisi Etik Penelitian Kesehatan, 2011, Pedoman Nasional Etik Penelitian Kesehatan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta. Krutmann, J., 2001, The role of UV rays in skin aging, Eur J Dermatol, 11:170-171. Kusantati, H., 2008, Tata Kecantikan Kulit untuk SMK Jilid I, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Jakarta. Leelaprakash, G., Caroline, R. J., Gowtham, B. M., Javvaji, P. K., and Prasad, S. A., 2011, In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Momordica charantia Leaves, Pharmacophore, 2(4), 244-252. Loizzo, M.R., Tundis, R., dan Menichini, F., 2012, Natural and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors as antibrowning agents: an update, Comp Rev in Food Sci & Food Safety, 11(4), 378-399. Markham, K. R., 1988, Cara Mengidentifikasi Flavonoida, Terjemahan Kosasih Padmawinata, ITB, Bandung. McMullen, R. L., Bauza, E., Gondran, C., Obert, G., Dmloge, N., Dal Farra, C., and Moore, D.J., 2010, Image Analysis To Quantity Histological And Immunofluorescent Staining Of Ex Vivo Skin And Skin Cell Culture, International jurnal Cosmetic Science, 143-54. Mutiara, E. V., dan Wildan, A., 2014, Ekstraksi Flavonoid dari Daun Pare (Momordica charantia L.) Berbantu Gelombang Mikro Sebagai Penurun Kadar Glukosa Secara In Vitro, Metana, 10(1), 1-11. Nabet, F.B., 1996, Zat gizi antioksidan penangkal senyawa radikal pangan dalam sistem biologis, Prosiding Seminar Senyawa Radikal dan Sistem Pangan : Reaksi Biomolekuler, Dampak terhadap Kesehatan dan Panangkalan, Pusat Studi Pangan dan Gizi Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jakarta.
42
Nagarani, G., Abirami, A., and Siddhuraju, P., 2014, A Comparative study on Antioxidant potentials, inhibitory activities against key enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, and anti-inflamatory activity of leaf extract from different Momordica species, Food Science and Human Wellness, 3, 36-46. Nugroho, B. W., Dadang, dan Prijono, D. 1999. “Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Insektisida Alami”. Pusat Kajian Pengendalian Hama Terpadu, IPB. Bogor. Pandel, R., Poljsak, B., Godic, A., and Dahmane, R., 2013, Skin Photoaging and The Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention, International Scholarly Research Notices: A Review, ISRN Dermatology, 2013, 1-3. Patil, A. D., A. J. Freyer, L. Killmer, P. Offen, P. B. Taylor, B. J. Votta, and Johnson, R. K., 2002, A New Dimeric Dihydrochalcone and A New Prenylated Flavone from The Bud Covers of Artocarpus altilis: Potent Inhibitors of Cathepsin K, J. Nat. Prod., 65:4, 624-627. Plensdorf, S., and Martinez, J., 2009, Common Pigmentation Disorders, American Family Physician, 79:2. Rachmawati, H., mozef, T., and Adam, S., 2010, Influence of Artocarpus communis Leave Extract on the Physical Characteristic of Pellet, Jurnal Matematika dan Sains, 15, 3. Ragland, K., 1988, Guinea Pig,. T.F.H. Publications, New Jersey.
Redha, A., 2010, Flavonoid: Struktur, Sifat Antioksidatif Dan Perannya Dalam Sistem Biologis, Jurnal Belian, 9, 196-202. Renner, S. S.,Schaefer, H., and Kocyan, A., 2007, Phylogenetics of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae), BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7: 58-69. Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., dan Paganga, G., 1996, Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids, Free Radic. Biol. Med, 20: 933956. Sanmugapriya, E., and Venkataraman, S., 2006, Studies on hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions of Strychnos potatorium Linn. seeds on CCl4 induced acute hepatic injury in experimental rats, J. thnopharmacol, 105(1-2): 154160.
43
Sapri., Fithriani, A., dan Narulita, R., 2014, Pengaruh Ukuran Serbuk Simplisia terhadap Rendemen Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) dengan Metode Maserasi, Prosiding Seminar Nasional 1 Kimia, Akademi Farmasi Samarinda, HKI-Kaltim. Shabella, R., 2012, Terapi Daun Pare, Cable Book, Klaten, hlm 33-44. Shaheen, F., Ahmad, M., Khan, M.T., Jalil, S., Ejaz, A., Sultankhodjaev, M.N., Arfan, M., Choudhary, M.I., dan Atta-ur-Rahman., 2005, Alkaloids of Aconitum laeves and their anti-inflamatory antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities, J Phytochemistry, 66(8), 935-940. Shembale, A. I., Borole, D.K., and Lohiya, R.T., 2010, Useful Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery: A Review, Int. J. Pharm Research & Developments, 2(5), 1-6. Simanjuntak, D. J., 2010, Isolasi Senyawa Flavonoida dari Buah Tumbuhan Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa W.Ait), Skripsi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Solomons, T. W. G., 1988, Fundamental of Organik Chemistry, Ed4, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,744-755, 1039. Sudharmono, A., 2005, Penatalaksanaan Hiperpigmentasi Wajah. Maj Kedokt Indon, 55(3). Snyder, C.R., Kirkland, J.J., and Glajach. J.L., 1997, Practical HPLC Method Development, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Lnc. New York. Pp. 722-723. Svobodová, A., Psotová, J., dan Walterová, D., 2003, Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV- induced skin damage, Biomed Papers, 147:137– 145. Tamzil, A., Sendry, F., dan Aris, D.M., 2014, Pengaruh jenis pelarut terhadap persen yieldalkaloid dari daun salam india (Murraya koenigii), Teknik Kimia, 20, 2. Taylor, S. C., Arsonnaud, S., dan Czernielewski, J., 2005, The Taylor Hyperpigmentation Scale : new visual assessment tool for the evaluation of skin color and pigmentation, Cutis, 76 (4) : 270-4. Triwiyatno, E. A., 2003, Bibit Pare Cilacap, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 10-11. Tranggono, R. I., dan Latifah, F., 2007, Buku Pegangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Kosmetik, PT Gramedia Pustaka Umum, Jakarta, 11-12, 29, 47-49.
44
Trease, G.E., dan Evans, W.C., 1972, Pharmacognosy, 10th Ed, Bailliere Tindal & Cox, London. Tristianty, S., 2014, Pemberian Kombinasi Krim Hidrokuinon Dan Asam Traneksamat Oral Menurunkan Jumlah Melanin Lebih Banyak Dibanding Krim Hidrokuinon Pada Marmut Betina (Cavia porcellus) yang dipapar UVB, Tesis, Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar. Tsai, T., Ching-Jang, H., Wen-Huey, W., Wen-Cheng, H., Jong-Ho, C., and Po-Jung, T., 2014, Antioxidant, cell-protective, and anti-melanogenicactivities of leaf extracts from wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn. var. abbreviata Ser.) cultivars. Botanical Studies,2014, 55-78. Winangsih., Prihastanti, E., dan Parman, S., 2013, Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan terhadap Kualitas Simplisia, Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi, 21, 1. Winarsih, H., 2007, Antioksidan alami dan radikal bebas, Kanisius, Yogyakarta. Wondrak, G.T., Jacobson, M.K., dan Jacobson, E.L., 2006, Endogenous UVA photosensitizers: mediators of skin photodamage and novel targets for skin photoprotection, Photochem Photobiol Sci, 5: 215–237. Wood, J.M., and Schallreuter, K.U., 1991, Studies on the reactions between human tyrosinase, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and thiols. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1074(3), 378–385. World
Health Organization, 2009, Health Effect from Radiation UV, http://www.who.int/uv/health/en/, Diakses tanggal 19 November 2016.
Wu, S. J., and Ng, L. T., 2007, Antioxidant and Free RadicalScavenging Activities of Wilod Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.Var. abbreviata Ser.) in Taiwan, Elsevier LWT - Food Science and Technology, Taiwan, 323-330. Yamamoto, D., 2015, Guinea Pig, Reaktion Books Ltd., London. Zhang, H., dan Zhou, Q., 2013, Tyrosinase inhibitory effects and antioxidative activities of saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Nutshell, PLOS ONE, 8(8): 1-6. Zubair, S., and Mujtaba, G., 2009, Comparison of efficacy of topical 2% liquiritin, topical 4% liquiritin and topical 4% hydroquinone in the management of melasma, Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists, Ludhiana, 19, 158-163.
