DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adel, M. 2001. Bacterial Decomposition of Avicennia marina Leaf Litter. Journal of Biological Science. 8: 717-719. Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil Mycrobiology. 2nd Ed. Jhon Wiley and Sons. New York. 467. Alongi, D. M. 1994. The Role of Bacteria in Nutrient Recycling in Tropical Mangrove and Other Coastal Benthic Ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 285: 19-32. Amarashinge, M., Balasubramanian, D. 1992. Net Primary Productivity of Two Mangrove Forest Stand on The Norwestern Coast of Srilanka. 41 – 47 in developments in hydrobiology : The Ecology of Mangrove and related ecosystem. Kluwets Academic Publisher. Netherland. Anderson, J. M., Swift, M. J. 1983. Decomposition in Tropical Forest. P. 287-309 in Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. Special Publication No. 2. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick. The British Ecological Society. Blackwell Scientific Publication. Oxford. Anke, D. I. 2008. Kajian Awal Potensi Tumbuhan Indigenous dan Keragaman Funginya Untuk Revegetasi Lahan Bekas Tambang Timah di Pulau Bangka. Bogor. ITB Arief, A. 2003. Hutan Mangrove. Penerbit Kanisius. Yogyakarta. Aksornkoae, S. 1993. Ecology and Management of Mangrove. IUCN, Bangkok. Thailand. Atlas, R. M., Bartha, R. 1981. Microbial Ecology. Fundamentals and Applications. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Inc. Austin, A. T., Vitousek, P. M. 2000. Precipitation, Decomposition and Litter Decomposability of Metrosideros polymorpha in Native Forest on Hawaii. Journal of Ecology. 88: 129-138 Ayunasari, W. 2009. Diversitas dan Visualisasi Karakter Fungi Dekomposer Serasah Daun Avicennia marina Pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas. Skripsi Biologi. USU. Medan. Barnes, B. V., Donald R. Z., Shirley R. D., Stephen H. S. 1997. Forest Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Jhon Wiley and Sons Inc.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bell, M. K., Dickinson. C. H. 1974. Decomposition of Herbaceus Litter. Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition. (1) 37-67. Hogart, P. J. 1999. The Biology of Mangrove. Oxford University Press. New York. Holt, J.G et al. 1994. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Ninth Edition. USA: William & Wilkins. Blum. L. K, Mills. A. L., Zieman. J. C., Zieman. R. T. 1988. Abudance of Bacteria and Fungi in Seagrass and Mangrove Detritus. Marine Ecology Progress Series: 42: 73-78. Boulton, A. J., Boon. P. I. 1991. A Review of Methodology Used to Measure Leaf Litter Decomposition on Lotic Environment: Time to Turn Over an Old Leaf. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 42: 1-43 Bunyavejchewin, S., Nuyim. T. 2001. Literfall Production in a Primary Mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Forest in Southern Thailand. Silvicultural Research Report: 23-28. Cappucino, J. G., Sherman. N. 1996. Microbiology a Laboratory Manual. Rockland Community College Suffern. New York. Dix, N. J., Webster. 1995. Fungal Ecology. Chapman and Hall. London. New York D’Costa, P.M., Kalekar, S., Bhosle. S. 2004. Diversity of Free Living and Adhered Bacteria from Mangrove Swamps. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 44: 247250. Efendi, I. 1999. Pengantar Mikrobiologi Laut. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Riau. Pekanbaru. Hlm. 118 Feliatra. 2001. Isolasi da Identifikasi Bakteri Heterotrof yang Terdapat pada Daun Mangrove (Avicennia sp dan Sonneratia sp) dari Kawasan Stasiun Kelautan Dumai. Jurnal Nature Indonesia 3(2): 10 4– 112 Fuks, D., Devescovi, M., Precali, R., Krstulovic, N., Solie, M. 1997. Bacterial Abudance and Activity in the Highly Stratified Estuary of the Krka. Mar. Chen. 32: 333-346. Harger, J. R. E. 1982. Major problems in the functional analysis of mangroves in Southeast Asia. Paper presented at the symposium on mangrove forest ecosystem productivity. April 20-22. Bogor. Hrenovic, J., Damir, V., Bozidar, S. 2003. Influence of Nutrients and salinity on Heterotrophic and coliform Bacteria in the Shallow, Karstic Zrmanja Estuary (Eastern Adriatic Sea). Cevre Dergisi. (46): 29-37.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hunter, M., T. Stephenson, P. W. Kirk, W. Perry, R. Lester, J. N. 1986. Effect of Salinity Gradients and Heterotrophic Microbial Activity on Biodegradation of Nitrilotricetic Acid in Laboratory Simulations of the Estuarine Environment. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology. 51: 919-925. Hutchings. P., Saenger, P. 1987. Ecology of Mangrove. Aust, Eco. Series. University of Quensland Press. St Lucia, Quensland. Jawetz, E. Melnick, J., Adelberg, E. 1996. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 20. Jakarta. EGC Kolm, H. E., Schcoememberger, M. F., Piemonte, M. R., Souza, P. A., Sculli, G. S., Mucciato, M. B., Mazzuco, R. 2002. Spatial Variation of Bacteria in Surface Waters of Paranagua and Antonina Bays. Curitiba mar. 45: 1-14 Kurniayanti. 2009. Diversitas dan Visualisasi Karakter Fungi Dekomposer Serasah Daun Avicennia marina Pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas. Biologi. USU. Medan. Kusmana, C. 2002. Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove Secara Berkelanjutan dan Berbasis Masyarakat. Makalah disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove di Jakarta. 6-7 agustus 2002 Langenheders, S. 2005. Links Fungi Structure and Function of Heterotrophic Aquatic Fungi Communities. Disertation. Uppala University. Sweden. Lay, B. W. 1994. Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. Jakarta. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Lay, B. W., Sugyo, H. 1992. Mikrobiologi. Jakarta. Rajawali Press. Lear, R., Turner. T. 1977. Mangrove of Australia. University of Queensland. Press. 44-54 Ludwig, J. A., Reynolds J. F. 1988. Statistical Ecology. A Primer Methods and Computing. Jhon Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. 337. Lyla, P. S., Ajmal. K.S. 2006. Marine Microbial Diversity and Ecology: Importance and Future Perspectives. Currents Science. 90: 1325-1335. Macnae, W. 1968. A General Account of The Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps and Forest in The Indowest-Pasific Region. Adv. Mar. Biol. 6: 73-270 Magurran, A. E. 1987. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. London. Croom. Helm Mann, K. H. 1986. Ecology of Coastal Water a System Approach Studies in Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication. Oxford. 8: 18-52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Martinko, J. M., Madigan, M. T. 2005. Brock Biology of Microorganism, 11 th ed., Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Pretince Hall. Mckanne, L., J. Kandel (1996), Microbiology Essentials and Aplication, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Mona, G. K., Jammo, K. M., Awad, H. E. 2006. Distribution of Heterotrophic Aerobic Marine Bacteria in Sediment in Eastern Harbour of Alexandria. Annals of Microbiology. 4: 295-304. Muslimin, L. W. 1996. Mikrobiologi Lingkungan. Pusat Studi Lingkungan. Jakarta. Naamin, N. 1991. Penggunaan Mangrove untuk Budidaya Tambak Keuntungan dan Kerugian. Dalam Prosiding Seminar IV Ekosistem Hutan Mangrove MAB Indonesia LIPI. Bandar Lampung Nontji, A. 1993. Laut Nusantara (Marine Nusantara). Djambatan. Jakarta. Indonesia. Hlm 368. Nybakken, J.W. 1993. Biologi Laut Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis. Diterjemahkan oleh Eidman, Koesoebiono, D. G. Bengen, M. Hutomo dan S. Sukarjo. Gramedia. Jakarta. Hlm 459 Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamental of Ecology. Tokyo: W. B. Saunders --------------- 1998. Dasar-dasar Ekologi. Edisi ketiga. Terjemahan Tjahjono Samingan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Pratikto, W.A, Suntoyo, K. Sumbodho, Solihin, Taufik, Yahya. T. 2002. Perencanaan Perlindungan Pantai Alami Untuk Mengurangi Resiko Terhadap Bahaya Tsunami. Makalah disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove di Jakarta. 6-7 Agustus 2002 Polunin, N. V. C. 1986. Decomposition Processes in Mangrove Ecosystem. Workshop on Mangrove Ecosystem Dynamic. UNDP/UNESCO. 95-104. Robinson, T. 1991. Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Terjemahan. Institut Teknologi Bandung. Bandung. Saraswati, R., Sumarno. 2008. Pemanfaatan Mikroba Penyubur Tanah Sebagai Komponen Teknologi Pertanian. Iptek Tanaman Pangan. Hlm 41-58. Saunder. G. W. 1980. Organic Matter and Decomposer. In the Functioning of Fresh water Ecosystem eds. By E. D. Le Cren and R. H. Lowc-Mc. Connel. Cambridge University Press. 588.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Shome, R. Shome, B. R., Mandal, A. B., Bandopadhyaya, A. K. 1995. Bacterial Flora in Mangrove of Andaliman . Indian Journal of Marine Science. 24: 97-98. Sikong, M. 1978. Peranan Hutan Mangrove sebagai Tempat Asuhan Berbagai Jenis Ikan dan Crustacea. Dalam prosiding seminar ekosistem mangrove. Jakarta 27 februari – 1 Maret 1978 Hlm 106 – 108 Snedaker, S. C. 1978. Mangrove; their values and perpetuation. Nat. Resour. 14: 6-13 Soerinegara, I., Indarwan. A. 1982. Ekologi Hutan. Bogor. Departemen Manajemen Hutan. Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Bogor Solic, M. Krstulovic, N. 1992. Separate and Combined Effects of Solar Radiation, Temperatur, Salinity, and pH on the Survival of Faecal Coliform in Sea Water. Mar. Pillut Bull. 24: 411-416 Soeroyo. 1987. Aliran Energi pada Ekosistem Mangrove. Oseana. Volume XII Swift, M. J. Heal. O. W, Anderson. J. M. 1979. Decomposition of Terestrial Ecosystem. Blackwell Sci. Pub,. Oxford Edinburgh. 145-153 Syahputri, V. A. 2010. Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Daun Avicennia marina oleh Beberapa Fungi pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas. Skripsi. Pertanian. USU. Medan Tarumingkeng, R. C. 1994. Dinamika Populasi Kajian Ekologi Kuantitatif. Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Jakarta. 284 Hlm Wijiyono. 2009. Keanekaragaman Bakteri Serasah Daun Avicennia marina yang Mengalami Proses Dekomposisi pada Berbagai Tingkat Salinitas di Teluk Tapian Nauli. Tesis Biologi USU. Medan Zdnowski, M. K., Figuiras, E. G. 1997. Relation Between The Abudance of Bacteria and Other Biota and The Hygrographic Variability in The Ria De Vigo. Spain. Mar. Ecol. Prog. 174: 157-267.
Universitas Sumatera Utara