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Lampiran I
Penurunan Persamaan Kinetika untuk Pertumbuhan melekat dengan pendekatan Model Empiris sederhana (Mann, A. T., dan T. Stephenson, 1997, Modelling Biological Aerated Filters for wastewater treatment, Water Resouce Vol. 31, No 10, hal 2443-2448)
Laju Reaksi keseluruhan untuk penurunan substrat dengan menggunakan biofilm dapat dianggap sebagai Orde pertama. Sehingga: … … … … … … … . .1
SCOD
H
dengan S adalah konsentrasi SCOD dan k adalah konstanta laju pada waktu spesifik. Integrasi persamaan 1 didapatkan: … … … … … … … . .2 Variabel t dapat dikaitkan dengan beban volumetrik: … … … … … … … . .3 dengan k’ adalah konstanta biomassa, beban Volumetrik BV dapat ditulis dengan: … … … … … … … . .4
subsitusi Persamaan 3 dengan Persamaan 4: … … … … … … … . .5 Sehingga … … … … … … … . .6 dengan
n adalah konstanta tergantung tipe media … … … … … … . .7
Plotting penyisihan SCOD (S/S0) terhadap ketinggian reaktor (H) memberikan tipikal kurva orde ke-satu. Dengan plotting ln(S/S0) terhadap H, didapatkan nilai slope (-m).
m1 m2
ln S/S0
m3
H
Dengan ploting ln(Qm/A) dengan ln(S0) nilai slope (n) dan intersep y-axis (k*) dapat diperoleh untuk tiap reaktor.
m=n ln (Qm/A)
k* Ln S0
Lampiran II Metode Pengukuran Parameter COD, Amonium, DO dan TSS
Lampiran III Uji statistik dan Perhitungan kinetika Uji Statistika 1. Konsentrasi DO t‐Test: Two‐Sample Assuming Equal Variances DO R1 Mean 4.842 Variance 1.68752 Observations 5 Pooled Variance 1.514085 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 8 t Stat 0.50371 P(T<=t) one‐tail 0.31402 t Critical one‐tail 1.859548 P(T<=t) two‐tail 0.62804 t Critical two‐tail 2.306006
DO R2 4.45 1.34065 5
Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail
DO R1 4.842 1.68752 5 1.135695 0 8 ‐0.48368 0.320788 1.859548 0.641575 2.306006
DO R3 5.168 0.58387 5
Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail
DO R2 4.45 1.34065 5 0.96226 0 8 ‐1.15731 0.140266 1.859548 0.280531 2.306006
DO R3 5.168 0.58387 5
2. Konsentrasi Amonium t‐Test: Two‐Sample Assuming Equal Variances Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail
Amonium 1 Amonium 2 0.58662093 1.271012007 0.17084048 0.681792291 11 11 0.42631639 0 20 ‐2.45821392 0.01160462 1.724718 0.02320925 2.08596248 Amonium 1 Amonium 3 0.58662093 1.393653516 0.17084048 0.569332341 11 11 0.37008641 0 20 ‐3.11114927 0.00275195 1.724718 0.0055039 2.08596248 Amonium 2 Amonium 3 1.27101201 1.393653516 0.68179229 0.569332341 11 11 0.62556232 0 20 ‐0.36364996 0.35996757 1.724718 0.71993514 2.08596248
3. Konsentrasi SCOD t‐Test: Two‐Sample Assuming Equal Variances Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one‐tail t Critical one‐tail P(T<=t) two‐tail t Critical two‐tail
COD R1 58.90909 135.8909 11 279.5545 0 20 ‐1.37714 0.091844 1.724718 0.183687 2.085962
COD R2 68.72727 423.2182 11
COD R1 58.9090909 135.890909 11 102.227273 0 20 3.41601907 0.00136914 1.724718 0.00273828 2.08596248
COD R3 44.18182 68.56364 11
COD R2 68.7272727 423.218182 11 245.890909 0 20 3.67097298 0.00075815 1.724718 0.0015163 2.08596248
COD R3 44.18182 68.56364 11
Perhitungan Kinetika Konsentrasi 300 Port CR1 0 337 30 196 60 85 90 58 m 0.022
CR2 337 217 78 66 0.019
CR3 337 190 84 44 0.017
ln(C/C0R1) ln(C/C0R2) ln(C/C0R3) 0.000 0.000 0.000 ‐0.542 ‐0.440 ‐0.573 ‐1.590 ‐1.673 ‐1.592 ‐1.975 ‐1.845 ‐2.239
Konsentrasi 400 Port CR1 0 414 30 245 60 133 90 76 m 0.019
CR2 414 249 150 84 0.017
CR3 414 222 119 73 0.019
ln(C/C0R1) ln(C/C0R2) ln(C/C0R3) 0.000 0.000 0.000 ‐0.525 ‐0.507 ‐0.623 ‐1.135 ‐1.015 ‐1.247 ‐1.702 ‐1.600 ‐1.737
Konsentrasi 500 Port CR1 0 509 30 315 60 180 90 107 m 0.017
CR2 509 319 200 116 0.016
CR3 509 281 155 101 0.018
ln(C/C0R1) ln(C/C0R2) ln(C/C0R3) 0.206 0.206 0.206 ‐0.275 ‐0.262 ‐0.389 ‐0.834 ‐0.730 ‐0.984 ‐1.354 ‐1.271 ‐1.410
No 1 2 3
Ci Q (kg/m3) A (m2) (m3/hr) 0.337 0.015 0.0432 0.414 0.015 0.0432 0.509 0.015 0.0432
lnCi ‐1.088 ‐0.882 ‐0.675
ln(QmR1/A) ln(QmR2/A) ln(QmR3/A) 2.7589 2.8054 2.6311 2.9055 3.0168 2.9055 3.0168 3.0774 2.9596
mR1 0.022 0.019 0.017
mR2 0.021 0.017 0.016
mR3 0.025 0.019 0.018
Desain Pengudaraan Perhitungan kebutuhan udara atau oksigen untuk reaktor ASFFR pada penelitian ini mengacu pada Said (2006). Kebutuhan oksigen teoritis
= Jumlah BOD yang dihilangkan
Temperatur udara rata‐rata = 25oC Berat udara pada temperatur 25oC = 1,1725 kg/m3 Diasumsikan jumlah oksigen di dalam udara 22% Sehingga jumlah kebutuhan udara teoritis:
kebutuhan udara teoritis = 1 kg/hari 1,1725 kg/m3 x 0,22 gO2/g udara
= 3,88 m3/hari
Dengan memperhitungkan faktor efisiensi alat dan faktor keamanan, maka penggunaan aerator yang mempunyai dengan debit udara 3,5 l/menit diperkirakan telah cukup.
Lampiran IV
Hasil Penelitian dan Perhitungan
Berikut ini adalah hasil pengukuran pada Penelitian yang dilakukan, sebagai urutan adalah: 1. Konsentrasi SCOD dan massa biofilm saat aklimatisasi reaktor 2. Konsentrasi SCOD saat percobaan batch 3. Konsentrasi oksigen terlarut, temperatur, dan pH pada percobaan kontinyu 4. Konsentrasi Amonium saat percobaan kontinyu 5. Konsentrasi TSS saat percobaan kontinyu 6. Konsentrasi SCOD saat percobaan kontinyu pada konsentrasi teoritis 300, 400 dan 500 mg/l Semua pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara duplo kecuali untuk pengukuran konsentrasi oksigen terlarut, temperatur dan pH.
1. Konsentrasi SCOD saat aklimatisasi reaktor a. Konsentrasi SCOD saat aklimatisasi No
Pemeriksaan
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
Konsentrasi COD (mg/l), Reaktor Inlet 1 2 640 580 600 640 580 540 640 327 387 640 324 380 567 127 133 580 124 130 616 130 107 616 128 100 616 66 68 616 64 60 640 81 82 640 83 82 640 83 72 640 83 72 640 73 83 640 76 85 640 73 80
3 500 568 293 300 120 130 120 128 81 90 82 82 86 88 98 98 98
10
640 640 640
b a b
78 83 83
88 79 79
100 93 88
b. Massa Biofilm saat akhir aklimatisasi
R1
R2
R3
awal (g) akhir (g) n rata2 (g) rata2 (mg) Jumlah Media @ reaktor Volume Reaktor Kons (mg/l)
48.9474 48.3229 10 0.06245 62.45 330 10 2060.85
49.562 48.9605 10 0.06015 60.15 330 10 1984.95
49.547 48.9032 10 0.06438 64.38 330 10 2124.54
2. Konsentrasi SCOD saat percobaan batch a. DO, T dan pH percobaan batch No.
1
Jam
13.00
2
16.00
3
19.00
4
22.00
5
01.00
6
04.00
7
07.00
Reaktor
Kondisi Aerator
T (oC)
DO (mg/l)
pH
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2
off on on off off on on off on on on on off off on on off on on on
24.3 23.4 23.6 225.1 24.3 24.2 24.3 24.1 24.2 24 24 24 24 24 23.6 23.5 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.5
4.2 5.02 5.88 5.81 4.39 4.76 6.3 4.98 6.3 4.4 5.32 6.1 4.85 6.72 6.58 6.07 4.65 6.68 6.19 6.27
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Keterangan
R3
23.5
on
7
6.17
b. Konsentrasi SCOD No
Konsentrasi COD (mg/l) 1 2 3 300 340 300 300 300 320 210 140 200 200 140 180 80 130 160 87 140 160 58 70 48 60 68 51 42 62 60 42 62 57 40 60 40 44 61 40 28 24 34 28 28 30
Jam ke‐ Pemeriksaan
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
3. Konsentrasi oksigen terlarut, temperatur, dan pH
pada percobaan
kontinyu
Jam Ke
Reaktor
DO (mg/l)
T (oC)
pH
1 2 3 4 5 6
Inlet 1 Inlet 2 Inlet 3 Inlet 5 Inlet 6 Inlet 7
2.43 4.85 3.32 3.18 3.33 3.45
23.1 23.5 23.5 23.7 23.7 23.6
7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
Jam Ke
Reaktor
Port
DO (mg/l)
T (oC)
pH
1
R1
1
5.75
22.3
R2
2 3 1
4.94 5.99 4.37
22.3 22.2 22.5
2
4.61
22.4
7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
Kondisi
on‐off
off
4.38 6.11
22 22.5
R1
2 3 1
5.96 5.91 4.47
R2
2 3 1
4.69 4.78 4.26
22.4 22.6 22.9 22.9 22.8 22.9
R3
2 3 1
4.48 4.84 4.85
22.9 22.8 22.7
R1
2 3 1
4.91 5.18 4.49
22.7 22.8 23.4
R2
2 3 1
3.67 4.28 4.13
23.4 23.3 23.1
R3
2 3 1
4.75 5.3 4.59
23.1 23.1 23.2
R1
2 3 1
R2
2 3 1
R3
2 3 1
R1
2 3 1
R2
2 3 1
R3
2 3 1
R1
2 3 1
4.76 5.44 3.33 2.55 3.74 1.89 1.92 2.49 3.63 3.62 4.12 5.68 6.57 7.07 5.79 5.55 5.25 5.77 5.96 6.21 3.76 4.47 3.34
23.2 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.7 23.6 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7
2
3
4
5
6
R3
3 1
2 3
7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
on
on
on
on
off‐on
on
on
off
off
on
on
on
on
on
R2
1
R3
2 3 1
2 3
3.99 4.15 4.37 4.92 4.49 4.89
23.7 23.7 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.6
7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
off
on
4. Konsentrasi Amonium saat percobaan kontinyu
Jam ke‐
Reaktor
1 2
Inlet R1 R2 R3 Inlet R1 R2
Port 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
Pemeriksaan Absorbansi a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
0.175 0.175 0.072 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.029 0.030 0.071 0.069 0.154 0.154 0.039 0.039 0.065 0.066 0.129 0.129 0.184 0.186 0.194 0.194 0.085 0.085 0.101 0.1 0.136 0.137 0.081
Konsentrasi Amm. (mg/l) 1.47 1.47 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.09 0.10 0.49 0.47 1.27 1.27 0.19 0.19 0.43 0.44 1.04 1.04 1.56 1.58 1.65 1.65 0.62 0.62 0.77 0.76 1.10 1.11 0.58
3
R3 Inlet R1 R2 R3
4
Inlet R1 R2
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
0.081 0.158 0.158 0.115 0.113 0.048 0.048 0.153 0.154 0.142 0.142 0.249 0.25 0.025 0.025 0.088 0.088 0.05 0.05 0.067 0.068 0.118 0.12 0.159 0.159 0.021 0.022 0.013 0.01 0.144 0.144 0.249 0.249 0.066 0.066 0.132 0.133 0.099 0.098 0.109 0.109 0.207 0.207
0.58 1.31 1.31 0.91 0.89 0.27 0.27 1.26 1.27 1.16 1.16 2.17 2.18 0.06 0.06 0.65 0.65 0.29 0.29 0.45 0.46 0.93 0.95 1.32 1.32 0.02 0.03 ‐0.06 ‐0.08 1.18 1.18 2.17 2.17 0.44 0.44 1.07 1.08 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.85 1.77 1.77
5 6
R3 Inlet R1 R2 R3 Inlet R1 R2 R3
3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
0.093 0.093 0.054 0.055 0.193 0.194 0.078 0.078 0.309 0.309 0.047 0.046 0.071 0.07 0.029 0.03 0.051 0.051 0.097 0.097 0.316 0.316 0.082 0.083 0.168 0.169 0.307 0.305 0.159 0.159 0.137 0.137 0.124 0.123 0.116 0.118 0.074 0.072 0.062 0.062 0.144 0.144 0.058
0.70 0.70 0.33 0.34 1.64 1.65 0.56 0.56 2.74 2.74 0.26 0.25 0.49 0.48 0.09 0.10 0.30 0.30 0.74 0.74 2.80 2.80 0.59 0.60 1.41 1.42 2.72 2.70 1.32 1.32 1.11 1.11 0.99 0.98 0.92 0.93 0.52 0.50 0.41 0.41 1.18 1.18 0.37
2 3
b a b a b
0.058 0.044 0.045 0.285 0.285
0.37 0.24 0.25 2.51 2.51
5. Konsentrasi TSS saat percobaan kontinyu
Reaktor
ke
R1
1 2 3 4
R2 R3
awal 0.9335 0.9472 0.9413 0.619 0.6804 0.6688 0.9484 0.9457 0.9435 0.7283 0.9229 1.1773 0.8718 0.947 0.9369 0.6619 0.9456 1.1865
5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Berat kertas saring (g) Selisih akhir 0.0006 0.9341 0.0052 0.9524 0.0079 0.9492 0.00885 0.7075 0.0114 0.6918 0.0109 0.6797 0.0078 0.9562 0.0094 0.9551 0.0115 0.955 0.0123 0.7406 0.0034 0.9263 0.0106 1.1879 0.0033 0.8751 0.0087 0.9557 0.0076 0.9445 0.0129 0.6748 0.0089 0.9545 0.011 1.1975
mg 0.6 5.2 7.9 8.85 11.4 10.9 7.8 9.4 11.5 12.3 3.4 10.6 3.3 8.7 7.6 12.9 8.9 11
Konsentrasi 24 208 316 354 456 436 312 376 460 492 136 424 132 348 304 516 356 440
6. Konsentrasi SCOD saat percobaan kontinyu pada konsentrasi teoritis 300, 400 dan 500 mg/l a. Reaktor 1 Kons. Teoritis
Jam Ke
Pemeriksaan
300
1 2
a b a
[COD] (mg/l), H (cm) Inlet
30
60
90
345 345 300
210 200 186
98 98 82
40 42 48
3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3
b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
Kons. Teoritis
Jam Ke
Pemeriksaan
300 400
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
400 500
300 330 330 367 360 335 333 346 350 433 430 420 420 390 390 533 533 485 482 510 510
186 190 187 198 196 200 200 198 200 256 258 248 248 231 233 329 330 300 297 315 315
80 87 90 77 77 77 78 86 87 139 139 135 132 125 124 188 188 171 170 180 177
48 73 70 53 52 58 57 73 74 85 85 77 76 71 66 112 116 102 100 107 107
b. Reaktor 2 [COD] (mg/l), H (cm) Inlet
30
60
90
345 345 300 300 330 330 367 360 335 333 346 350 433 430 420 420
205 202 190 190 213 210 230 230 224 226 210 200 261 260 253 253
97 97 87 85 82 82 77 80 57 57 67 65 157 156 152 149
28 30 73 70 48 48 68 69 78 76 98 98 87 85 85 85
500
3 1 2 3
a b a b a b a b
Jam Ke
Pemeriksaan
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
390 390 533 533 485 482 510 510
235 233 334 336 304 308 319 316
141 140 209 207 190 200 200 196
79 80 122 120 100 103 116 116
c. Reaktor 3 Kons. Teoritis 300 400 500
[COD] (mg/l), H (cm) Inlet
30
60
90
345 345 300 300 330 330 367 360 335 333 346 350 433 430 420 420 390 390 533 533 485 482 510 510
198 200 180 180 188 190 194 192 190 186 200 200 232 236 225 225 209 210 294 300 267 260 281 275
86 86 87 85 77 76 82 80 77 77 97 98 124 127 121 121 112 100 162 160 147 150 155 154
42 42 40 38 33 35 48 48 44 42 58 58 72 72 74 68 60 62 106 100 92 88 95 97
Lampiran V Foto Alat Penelitian
(b)
(c)
(a)
(e)
(d)
Gambar 1. (a) Reaktor SAB yang digunakan didalam percobaan (b) Inlet air limbah (c) inlet pengudaraan (d) Piringan di dasar reaktor (e) Selang Effluen
(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
Gambar 2. Alat-alat laboratorium yang digunakan di dalam penelitian (a) COD Reaktor (b) Desikator (c) Spektrofotometer (d) Oven
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Gambar 3. Kegiatan Penelitian (a)Pengambilan Sampel (b) Pengukuran debit (c) Pengukuran DO, temperatur dan pH (d) Sediaan Amonium untuk pembuatan kurva standar
