DAFTAR ISI Halaman Judul …………………………………………………………....…… i Lembar Pengesahan …………………………………………….…...………… ii Kata Pengantar ………………….…………………………………….....……. iii ……………..………………...……………………….…....………. iv
Abstrak
Daftar Isi ……………………………………………………………....………. v Daftar Tabel ……………………………………………………....…………… x Daftar Gambar ……………………………………………....………………… xi
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1.
Latar Belakang ......................……...................................................... 1
1.2.
Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................3
1.3.
Tujuan Penelitian ………………………….. .......................................3
1.4.
Batasan Penelitian ................................................................................3
1.5.
Keaslian Penelitian .............................................................................4
1.6.
Plagiat ..................................................................................................4
1.7.
Manfaat Penelitian ..............................................................................4
BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. Umum ....................................................................................................5 2.2. Penelitian Mengenai Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Pancang ..................................................................................................................5
BAB III. LANDASAN TEORI 3.1. Tanah .................…................................................................................9 3.2. Penyelidikan Tanah di Lapangan ..........................................................10 3.2.1. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) .................................................11 3.3. Fondasi Tiang Pancang .........................................................................12 3.4. Daya Dukung Tiang Pancang ...............................................................16 3.5. Daya Dukung Tiang Dengan Parameter Uji Laboratorium ...................17
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3.5.1. Kapasitas Dukung Ujung Tiang (Qp) ...........................................17 1. Tanah Pasir 2. Tanah Lempung
...................................................................17 ...........................................................19
3.5.2. Kapasitas Dukung Ujung Tiang (Qs) ...........................................20 1. Tanah Pasir 2. Tanah Lempung
...................................................................21 ...........................................................22
3.5.3. Kapasitas Dukung Ujung Tiang (Qu) ..........................................24 3.5.4. Kapasitas Dukung Ujung Tiang (Qa) ..........................................24 3.6. Daya Dukung Tiang Dengan Uji Standart Penetration Test (N-SPT) ...............................................................................................................25 3.7. Tiang Pancang Kelompok .....................................................................25 3.7.1. Efisiensi Tiang Kelompok.............................................................25 3.7.2. Daya Dukung Kelompok Tiang ....................................................26 3.7.3. Daya Dukung Blok Tiang ............................................................27 3.7.4. Distribusi Beban Pada Tiang Kelompok.......................................28 1. Beban Mati 2. Beban Hidup
.....................................................................28 ...................................................................29
3.8. Pile Cap .................................................................................................32 3.9. Penurunan Fondasi Tiang (Settlement) ................................................38 3.9.1 Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Tunggal .............................................38 1. Tanah Pasir 2. Tanah Lempung
...................................................................38 ...........................................................41
3.9.2 Penurunan Fondasi Kelompok Tiang 1. Tanah Pasir 2. Tanah Lempung
.........................................42
...................................................................42 ............................................................43
BAB IV. METODE PENELITIAN 4.1. Tinjauan Umum ....................................................................................47 4.2. Jenis Penelitian ......................................................................................47 4.3. Cara Pengambilan Sampel ....................................................................47 4.4. Instrumen Penelitian ..............................................................................48
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4.5. Bagan Alir Metode Penelitian
.........................................................48
BAB V. ANALISIS KAPASITAS DUKUNG FONDASI TIANG PANCANG 5.1. Data Struktur Jembatan ..........................................................................49 5.2. Perhitungan Beban Jembatan .................................................................50 5.2.1. Beban Mati (DL) .........................................................................50 1. Beban Sendiri Rangka..............................................................50 2. Beban Deck Beton ...................................................................51 5.2.2. Beban Tambahan (SDL) ...............................................................54 1. Plat Trotoar ..............................................................................54 2. Railing .....................................................................................57 3. Lapisan Aspal ..........................................................................59 5.2.3. Beban Hidup (LL) ........................................................................61 1. Pejalan Kaki .............................................................................61 5.2.4. UDL, KEL dan Rem ....................................................................64 1. Beban UDL dan KEL ..............................................................64 2. Beban Rem ..............................................................................65 3. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 1 ..........................................65 4. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 2 ..........................................67 5. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 3 ..........................................69 6. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 4 ..........................................71 7. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 5 ..........................................73 8. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 6 ..........................................75 9. UDL,KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 7 ..........................................77 5.2.5. Beban Angin ................................................................................79 5.2.6. Beban Temperatur ........................................................................82 5.2.7. Beban Gempa ................................................................................84 5.2.8. Kombinasi Pembebanan ...............................................................86 5.3. Data Umum Struktur Bawah .................................................................90 5.3.1. Data Tanah di Lapangan ...............................................................92
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5.4. Perhitungan Struktur Bawah .................................................................94 5.4.1. Kapasitas
Dukung
Tiang
Tunggal
Pancang
Parameter
Laboratorium................................................................................94 5.4.2. Kapasitas Dukung Tiang Tunggal Pancang Uji Lapangan .......................................................................................................95 5.4.3. Jumlah Kebutuhan Fondasi Tiang Pancang ..................................97 5.4.4. Distribusi Beban pada Tiang Kelompok ......................................97 5.4.5. Kapasitas Dukung Kelompok Tiang Pancang.............................100 5.4.6. Penurunan Tiang Pancang ..........................................................101 1. Analisis Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Tunggal ..........................101 2. Analisis Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Kelompok.......................101 5.4.7. Kapasitas Dukung Tiang Bor ......................................................102 5.4.8. Jumlah Kebutuhan Fondasi Tiang Bor .......................................103 5.4.9. Distribusi Beban pada Tiang Kelompok .....................................103 5.4.10. Kapasitas Dukung pada Kelompok Tiang Bor..........................106 5.4.11. Penurunan Tiang Bor ...............................................................106 1. Analisis Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Tunggal ..........................106 2. Analisis Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Kelompok.......................107
BAB VI. PEMBAHASAN 6.1. Tinjauan Umum ...................................................................................108 6.2. Hasil Analisis .......................................................................................108 6.2.1. Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Pancang...................108 6.2.2. Analisis Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Pancang ..............................109 6.2.3. Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Bor ..........................109 6.2.4. Analisis Penurunan Fondasi Tiang Bor ......................................110
BAB VII. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 6.1. Kesimpulan ..........................................................................................111 6.2. Saran ....................................................................................................112
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PENUTUP............................................................................................................113 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .........................................................................................114 LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................116
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 3.1
Nilai Koefesien Cu …………………………………..………
10
Tabel 3.2
Rentang Nilai Sudut Geser Dalam (φ) untuk Pasir..…..……..
10
Tabel 3.3
Hubungan N dengan Kerapatan Relatif (Dr).……………….
12
Tabel 3.4
Hubungan N, Konsistensi dan Kuat Tekan Bebas (qu)..…….
12
Tabel 3.5
Jumlah Jalur Lalu Lintas …………………………………….
29
Tabel 3.6
Nilai Koefisien Cp.......................……………………………. 39
Tabel 3.7
Modulus Elastis......................………………………………... 40
Tabel 3.8
Angka Poisson ......................………………………………... 41
Tabel 5.1
Temperatur Jembatan rata-rata nominal berdasarkan RSNI T-022005 .…………........................................................….………. 54
Tabel 5.2.1
Kombinasi Pembebanan …………………………..................... 87
Tabel 5.2.2
Kombinasi Pembebanan …………………………..................... 88
Tabel 5.2.3
Kombinasi Pembebanan …………………………..................... 89
Tabel 5.3
Data Geoteknik di Lapangan ……...…...................................... 92
Tabel 6.1
Hasil Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Pancang Tunggal ...…............................................................................................. 109
Tabel 6.2
Hasil Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Pancang Kelompok...............................................................................….. 109
Tabel 6.3
Hasil Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Bor Tunggal .. 109
Tabel 6.4
Hasil Analisis Kapasitas Dukung Fondasi Tiang Bor Kelompok ...............................................................................................….. 109
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1
Lokasi Jembatan Tayan ..................………………………….. 2
Gambar 3.1
Uji SPT Secara Manual ……....………………………………. 11
Gambar 3.2
Jenis-jenis Tiang Pancang ……....……………………..…….. 13
Gambar 3.3
Tiang Pancang dan Momen Pada Tiang ……………..……..... 14
Gambar 3.4
Point Bearing Piles dan Friction Piles ………………………. 17
Gambar 3.5
Faktor Daya Dukung Ujung Nc* dan Nq* …….…………….
Gambar 3.6
Variasi Satuan Perlawanan Ujung Tiang Pada Pasir Berlapis... 19
Gambar 3.7
Kapasitas Dukung Ujung Tiang Pada Tanah Pasir.................... 19
Gambar 3.8
Kapasitas Dukung Ujung Tiang Pada Tanah Lempung............. 20
Gambar 3.9
Kapasitas Dukung Selimut Tiang (Qs)...................................... 21
18
Gambar 3.10 Koefisien λ Vijayvergiya dan Focht........................................... 22 Gambar 3.11 Nilai Cu Terhadap Nilai α ......................................................... 23 Gambar 3.12 Kapasitas Dukung Ultimit Tiang .............................................. 24 Gambar 3.13 Gelembung Tekanan untuk Tiang Tunggal dan Kelompok........ 27 Gambar 3.14 Ketentuan Beban T yang Dikerjakang pada Jembatan Jalan Raya .................................................................................................... 30 Gambar 3.15 Distrbusi Beban D yang Berkerja pada Jembatan...................... 31 Gambar 3.16 Ketentuan Penggunaan Beban D............................................... 31 Gambar 3.17 Susunan Kelompok Tiang Dalam Pelat Penutup Tiang............. 33 Gambar 3.18 Kriteria Perancangan Pelat Penutup Tiang................................. 34 Gambar 3.19 Reaksi Pusat Berat Kelompok Tiang.......................................... 35 Gambar 3.20 Kelompok Tiang Dibebani Dengan Beban Vertikal dan Momen di Kedua Arah Sumbunya ......................................................... 37 Gambar 3.21 Grafik Faktor Koreksi ................................................................. 44 Gambar 3.22 Distribusi Tegangan Untuk Perkiraan Penurunan Kelompok Tiang Pada Tanah Lempung ...................................................... 46 Gambar 4.1
Bagan Alir Penulisan Tugas Akhir ............................................. 48
Gambar 5.1
Data Geometri Jembatan ............................................................. 49
Gambar 5.2
Persepektif Jembatan Utama Tayan............................................. 50
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Gambar 5.3
Model 3D Jembatan Utama Tayan ............................................. 50
Gambar 5.4
Area Slab Jembatan .................................................................... 51
Gambar 5.5
Spasi Cross Beam ...................................................................... 51
Gambar 5.6
Aplikasi Beban Slab pada Model View 1......................……….. 52
Gambar 5.7
Aplikasi Beban Slab pada Model View 2......................……….. 53
Gambar 5.8
Aplikasi Beban Slab pada Model View 3......................……….. 54
Gambar 5.9
Area Plat Trotoar..................................……………………….. 54
Gambar 5.10 Spasi Cross Beam ....................................................................... 55 Gambar 5.11 Aplikasi Beban Plat Trotoar pada Model View 1........................56 Gambar 5.12 Aplikasi Beban Plat Trotoar pada Model View 2.............…….. 56 Gambar 5.13 Aplikasi Beban Plat Trotoar pada Model View 3..............…….. 57 Gambar 5.14 Aplikasi Beban Railing pada Model View 1......................……..58 Gambar 5.15 Aplikasi Beban Railing pada Model View 2.....................…….. 58 Gambar 5.16 Area Lapisan Aspal...................................................................... 59 Gambar 5.17 Spasi Cross Beam ....................................................................... 59 Gambar 5.18 Aplikasi Beban Lapisan Aspal pada Model View 1.................... 60 Gambar 5.19 Aplikasi Beban Lapisan Aspal pada Model View 2.................... 60 Gambar 5.20 Aplikasi Beban Lapisan Aspal pada Model View 3.................... 61 Gambar 5.21 Area Beban Pejalan Kaki ............................................................ 61 Gambar 5.22 Aplikasi Beban Pejalan Kaki pada Model View 1...................... 62 Gambar 5.23 Aplikasi Beban Pejalan Kaki pada Model View 2.......................63 Gambar 5.24 Aplikasi Beban Pejalan Kaki pada Model View 3.......................63 Gambar 5.25 Beban UDL dan KEL ..................................................................64 Gambar 5.26 Konfigurasi UDL dan KEL ........................................................ 64 Gambar 5.27 Konfigurasi Beban Rem .............................................................. 65 Gambar 5.28 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 1 (View 1)....................................................................................... 66 Gambar 5.29 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 1 (View 2)....................................................................................... 67 Gambar 5.30 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 2 (View 1)....................................................................................... 68
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Gambar 5.31 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 2 (View 2)....................................................................................... 69 Gambar 5.32 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 3 (View 1)....................................................................................... 70 Gambar 5.33 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 3 (View 2)....................................................................................... 71 Gambar 5.34 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 4 (View 1)....................................................................................... 72 Gambar 5.35 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 4 (View 2)....................................................................................... 73 Gambar 5.36 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 5 (View 1)....................................................................................... 74 Gambar 5.37 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 5 (View 2)....................................................................................... 75 Gambar 5.38 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 6 (View 1)....................................................................................... 76 Gambar 5.39 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 6 (View 2)....................................................................................... 77 Gambar 5.40 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 7 (View 1)....................................................................................... 78 Gambar 5.41 Aplikasi Beban Beban UDL, KEL dan Rem Konfigurasi 7 (View 2)....................................................................................... 79 Gambar 5.42 Input Data Beban Angin ............................................................. 80 Gambar 5.43 Intensitas Beban Angin pada masing-masing buhul (View 1) ......................................................................................................80 Gambar 5.44 Intensitas Beban Angin pada masing-masing buhul (View 2) .......................................................................................................81 Gambar 5.45 Tributari Area Beban .................................................................. 82 Gambar 5.46 Intensitas Beban Angin yang dicek ..............................................82 Gambar 5.47 Beban Temperatur dengan Tmin = -170C ....................................83 Gambar 5.48 Beban Temperatur dengan Tmin = 340C ....................,................84
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Gambar 5.49 Spektrum Gempa Tanah Lunak Kalimantan Barat........................84 Gambar 5.50 Respon Spectra Gempa Zona 6......................................................85 Gambar 5.51 Input Data Gempa Arah Longitudinal...........................................85 Gambar 5.52 Input Data Gempa Arah Transversal..............................................86 Gambar 5.53 Detail Pier 17..................................................................................90 Gambar 5.54 Susunan Formasi Tiang Pancang ..................................................90 Gambar 5.55 Potongan Fondasi Tiang Pancang dan Jenis Tanahnya .................90 Gambar 5.55 Data SPT Pier 17............................................................................93
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