D a fta r Isi Memperoleh wawasan baru bersama PROMETHEUS............................................................v
4.3
Mesenterium dan anlage organ pencernaan di daerah kaudal usus depan: rotasi lambung....................................................32
4.4
Rotasi lambung dan topografi organ-organ di daerah usus-depan bagian kaudal; terjadinya Bursa omentalis................34
4.5
Rotasi jerat usus dan perkembangan organ di daerah usus tengah dan belakang....................................................................36
4.6
Ringkasan perkembangan di daerah usus tengah dan belakang; gangguan perkembangan......................................... 38
5
Sistem urin
5.1
Ringkasan..................................................................................................40
5.2
Perkembangan ginjal, Pelvis renalis dan Ureter...............................42
5.3
Perkembangan nefron dan kandung kemih; sambungan Ureter; malformasi.......................................................... 44
6
Sistem kelamin
6.1
Sinopsis..................................................................................................... 46
6.2
Perkembangan Gonad........................................................................... 48
Mengapa PROMETHEUS?.....................................vii Terima kasih............................................................. ix Struktur dan perkembangan sistem organ pada embrio 1
Rongga tubuh
1.1
Definisi, tinjauan, dan evolusi rongga tubuh......................................2
1.2
Diferensiasi lempeng benih (organogenesis) dan perkembangan rongga tubuh........................................................4
1.3
Pembentukan kompartemen coelom intra-em brional.................... 6
1.4
Pembagian dan arsitektur rongga tubuh............................................ 8
2
Sistem peredaran darah
2.1
Tinjauan dan prinsip struktur dinding............................................... 10
2.2
Pembuluh darah terminal dan sistematika perjalanan utama pembuluh darah........................................................................ 12
2.3
Zona kardiogenik, proses pembentukan tabung jan tu n g ............ 14
2.4
Perkembangan ruang-dalam jantung, takdir sinus venosus........16
2.5
Sekat-sekat jantung (Septum atriale, interventriculare, dan aorticopulmonale)...........................................................................18
2.6
6.3
Perkembangan saluran genital (Ductus genitalis).......................... 50
6.4
Perbandingan jenis kelamin dan hubungannya dengan Systema urinarium...................................................................52
6.5
Perbandingan antara struktur embrional dengan struktur yang m atur............................................................................... 54
7
Sistem limfatik
Peredaran darah sebelum dan sesudah lahir serta kelainan jantung bawaan yang paling sering terjadi......................20
7.1
Sinopsis......................................................................................................56
7.2
Jalur-jalur drainase limfe........................................................................58
3
Sistem pernapasan
8
Sistem endokrin
3.1
Tinjauan.....................................................................................................22
8.1
Ringkasan..................................................................................................60
3.2
Perkembangan pangkal tenggorokan dan trachea; bakal paru-paru...................................................................................... 24
8.2
Mekanisme umpan balik di dalam sistem endokrin...................... 62
3.3
Perkembangan dan pematangan paru.............................................. 26
9
Sistem saraf vegetatif
4
Sistem pencernaan
9.1
Simpatis dan parasimpatis....................................................................64
9.2
Aferen pada sistem saraf otonom dan sistem saraf enterik........ 66
4.1
Ringkasan..................................................................................................28
4.2
Perkembangan dan diferensiasi Tractus gastrointestinalis........... 30
Thorax 1
Sinopsis dan Diaphragma
4.3
Batas-batas Pleura dan paru.............................................................132
1.1
Pembagian rongga Thorax dan partisi Mediastinum.....................70
4. 4
Trachea...................................................................................................134
1.2
Diaphragma: lokasi dan proyeksinya pada tu b u h .......................... 72
4.5
Paru: bentuk dan struktur...................................................................136
1.3
Diaphragma: Bentuk dan lubang-lubang u tam a ............................ 74
4.6
Paru: segmen-segmen........................................................................ 138
1.4
Diaphragma: persaratan, pembuluh darah, dan pembuluh limfe...............................................................................76
4.7
Struktur fungsional percabangan (pohon)bronkhus.................... 140
4.8
Arteri dan vena paru (Aa. dan Vv.pulmonales - Vasa publica)..................................................................................... 142
4.9
Arteri dan vena bronkhus (Aa. dan Vv.bronchiales Vasa privata)........................................................................................... 144
4.10
Struktur fungsional percabangan pembuluh darah..................... 146
4.11
Persaratan dan drainase limfatik Trachea, percabangan Bronchus, dan paru...............................................................................148
4.12
Mekanika pernapasan......................................................................... 150
4.13
Anatomi Rontgen paru dan sistem pembuluh darah.................... 152
2
Ringkasan sistematika neurovaskularisasi
2.1
Arteri: Aorta thoracica........................................................................... 78
2.2
Vena: Vena cava dan sistem azigos.....................................................80
2.3
Pembuluh limfe....................................................................................... 82
2.4
Kelenjar limfe di Thorax........................................................................ 84
2.5
Persaratan.................................................................................................86
3
Organ sirkulasi dan neurovaskularisasinya
3.1
Letak jantung di dalam Thorax............................................................ 88
3.2
Pericardium: posisi, struktur, dan persaratan....................................90
3.3
Jantung: bentuk dan struktur...............................................................92
3.4
Struktur otot jantung (Myocardium)..................................................94
3.5
Rongga jan tun g .......................................................................................96
3.6
Sepintas mengenai katup jantung (posisi katup dan kerangka jantung)..................................................98
3.7
Katup jantung dan tempat auskultasi..............................................100
3.8
Gambaran jantung pada foto Rontgen Thorax..............................102
3.9
Sonografi jantung: ekokardiografi................................................... 104
3.10
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) jantung.................................106
3.11
Sistem eksitasi dan konduksi: elektrokardiogram......................... 108
3.12
Kerja mekanis jan tun g ......................................................................... 110
4.14 Tomografi komputer (CT-scan) p aru ................................................154
5
Oesophagus dan Thymus dan lintasan pembuluh darah, limfatik, dan saraf
5.1
Oesophagus: letak dan pembagian.................................................156
5.2
Oesophagus: pintu masuk dan keluar, pembukaan, dan sfingter............................................................................................ 158
5.3
Oesophagus: Konstruksi dinding dan tempat-tempat yang lemah............................................................................................. 160
5.4
Arteri dan vena Oesophagus.............................................................162
5.5
Drainase limfatik Oesophagus........................................................... 164
5.6
Inervasi Oesophagus........................................................................... 166
5.7
Thymus................................................................................................... 168
6
Anatomi topografis
6.1
Anatomi permukaan, regio-regio topografis dan titik-titik tulang yang dapat diraba...................................................170
6.2
Orientasi pada Skeleton Thorax (proyeksi organ)......................... 172
6.3
Konstruksi dinding Thorax depan dan lintasan pembuluh darah, limfatik, dan saraf................................................174
3.16 Angiografi koroner konvensional (pemeriksaan kateter jan tu n g ).......................................................... 118
6.4
Organ Thorax in situ: dilihat dari ventral, lateral, dan kranial..............................................................................................176
3.17 Angiografi koroner dengan Multisiice Spiral Computed Tomography (MSCT)......................................................... 120
6.5
Organ-organ Thorax in situ: dilihat dari dorsal............................178
6.6
Jantung: Cavitas pericardiaca............................................................180
6.7
Mediastinum sebagai satu kesatuan yang utuh............................182
6.8
Mediastinum posterius....................................................................... 184
6.9
Mediastinum superius...............................
3.13 Arteriae coronariae dan vena jantung: sistematika dan topografi.................................................................. 112 3.14 Arteriae coronariae: jenis pendarahan jan tun g .............................114 3. 15 Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) dan infark jan tun g ......................116
3.18
Dilatasi balon, IMA-Bypass vena dan arteri aortokoroner........ 122
3.19 Aliran limfe jantung..............................................................................124 3.20
Persyaratan jantung..............................................................................126
4
Organ sistem respirasi, jalan napas, dan neurovaskularisasinya
4.1
Paru (pulmo): letak paru di dalam Thorax...................................... 128
4.2
Rongga pleura (Cavitas pleuralis)..................................................... 130
186
6.10 Arcus aortae dan Apertura thoracis superior.................................188 6.11 Aspek klinis: Stenosis isthmus A o rta...............................................190 6.12 Aspek klinis: Aneurysma aortae....................................................... 192
Abdomen dan Pelvis 1
Ringkasan arsitektur rongga-rongga abdomen dan Pelvis
3.21
Cabang-cabang A.mesenterica superior: Arteri ke Pancreas, usus halus, dan usus besar............................ 260
1.1
Prinsip bangunan, struktur dinding yang ikut ambil bagian dan aspek-aspek fungsional............................................... 196
3.22
Cabang-cabang A.mesenterica inferior: pasokan ke usus besar.......................................................................262
1.2
Organisasi rongga Abdomen dan Pelvis........................................198
3.23
Cabang-cabang A.mesenterica inferior: pasokan ke Rectum..............................................................................264
1.3
Susunan organ interna dalam ruang-ruang di rongga Abdomen dan Pelvis........................................................200
2
Ringkasan sistematika neurovaskularisasi
2.1
Cabang-cabang Aorta abdominalis: Gambaran umum dan cabang-cabang berpasangan.................................................... 202
2.2
Cabang-cabang Aorta abdominalis: Cabang-cabang yang tunggal dan yang berpasangan tidak langsung................ 204
2.3
V.cava inferior........................................................................................ 206
2.4
Sistem vena porta (V. portae hepatis)..............................................208
2.5
Anastomosis vena di Abdomen dan Pelvis.................................... 210
2.6
Trunci lymphatici dan kelenjar limfatik (Nodilymphoidei)......... 212
2.7
Drainase limfatik dari organ...............................................................214
2.8
Ganglion dan Plexus o to n o m ............................................................216
2.9
Organisasi sistem saraf simpatis dan parasimpatis...................... 218
3
Organ sistem pencernaan dan neurovaskularisasinya
3.1
Lambung (Gaster): letak, bentuk, organisasi, dan gambaran internal..............................................................................220
3.2
Lambung: konstruksi dinding dan histologi................................. 222
3.3
Usus halus (Intestinum tenue): usus dua belas jari (Duodenum)...........................................................................................224
3.4
Usus halus (Intestinum tenue): Jejunum dan Ileum (yang disebut konvolusi usus halus)................................................ 226
3.5
Usus besar (Intestinum crassum): ruas-ruas Colon..................... 228
3.6
Usus besar: struktur dinding, Caecum, dan Appendix vermiformis......................................................................... 230
3.7
Usus besar: letak, bentuk, dan gambaran internal Rectum......232
3.8
Organ kontinens: struktur dan komponen.................................... 234
3.9
Organ kontinens: fungsi.................................................................... 236
3.10
Penyakit Canalis analis: hemoroid, abses anal, dan fistula anal...................................................................................... 238
3.24 V.portae hepatis: drainase vena dari lambung, Duodenum, Pancreas, dan Limpa..................................................... 266 3.25 V.mesenterica superior dan inferior: drainase vena dari usus halus dan usus besar............................. 268 3.26
Cabang-cabang V.mesenterica inferior: drainase vena dari Rectum................................................................ 270
3.27
Drainase limfe dari lambung, limpa, Pancreas, Duodenum, dan h ati............................................................................272
3.28 Drainase limfe dari usus halus dan usus besar............................. 274 3.29 Inervasi otonom untuk hati, kandung empedu, lambung, Duodenum, Pancreas dan lim pa....................................................... 276 3.30 Inervasi otonom usus: daerah inervasi Plexus mesentericus superior.............................. 278 3.31 Inervasi otonom usus: daerah inervasi Plexus mesentericus inferior dan hypogastricus inferior............280
4
Organ sistem urinari dan neurovaskularisasinya
4.1
Ringkasan Organa urinaria; Ginjal in situ....................................... 282
4.2
Ginjal (Renes): posisi, bentuk, dan struktur................................... 284
4.3
Ginjal (Renes): arsitektur dan struktur mikrokoskopis................ 286
4.4
Pelvis renalis dan transportasi urin.................................................. 288
4.5
Kelenjar adrenal (Glandula suprarenalis)........................................ 290
4.6
Ureter in situ..........................................................................................292
4.7
Kandung kemih (Vesica urinaria) in situ..........................................294
4.8
Kandung kemih, leher kandung kemih, dan Urethra: konstruksi dinding dan fungsi...........................................................296
4.9
Anatomi fungsional kontinens! urin ................................................ 298
4.10
Urethra.................................................................................................... 300
4.11
Arteri dan Vena Ginjal dan kelenjar adrenal: Ringkasan.............302
4.12
Arteri dan Vena Ginjal dan kelenjar adrenal: varian-varian pembuluh darah.......................................................... 304
4.13
Drainase limfe dari ginjal, kelenjar adrenal, ureter, dan kandung kem ih.............................................................................306
3.11 Karsinoma rektum............................................................................... 240 3.12
Hati (Hepar): letak dan hubungan dengan organ-organ di sekitarnya...........................................................................................242
3.13
Hati (Hepar): situasi peritoneum dan bentuk............................... 244
3.14
Hati (Hepar): segmen-segmen dan histologi............................... 246
3.15
Kandung empedu (Vesica biliaris).................................................... 248
3.16
Saluran empedu ekstrahepatik dan Ductus pancreaticus......... 250
3.17
Pancreas................................................................................................. 252
3.18
Limpa (Splen, Lien)...............................................................................254
3.19
3.20
4.14 Inervasi otonom Organa urinaria dan kelenjar adrenal...............308
5
Organ sistem genital dan neurovaskularisasinya
5.1
Ringkasan systema genitalium..........................................................310
5.2
Organa genitalia interna feminina: ringkasan...............................312
5.3
Organa genitalia interna feminina: bentuk, konstruksi, dan hubungan-hubungan peritoneal..............................................314
5.4
Organa genitalia interna feminina: konstruksi dinding dan fungsi Uterus................................................................................. 316
Cabang-cabang Truncus coeliacus: arteri ke lambung, hati, dan kandung em pedu............................................................... 256
5.5
Organa genitalia interna feminina: kedudukan Uterus dan Vagina..........................................................318
Cabang-cabang Truncus coeliacus: Arteri ke Pancreas, Duodenum, dan lim pa..................................... 258
5.6
Organa genitalia interna feminina: kondisi epitel pada Cervix uteri.................................................................................. 320
5.7
Organa genitalia internal feminina: hapusan sitologi, konisasi; karsinoma serviks............................... 322
5.8
Organa genitalia interna feminina: indung telur (Ovarium) dan pematangan folikel...................................................................... 324
5.9
Graviditas dan partus...........................................................................326
5.10
Organa genitalia masculina: Kelenjar-kelenjar genital aksesoris................................................... 328
6.4
Ruang-ruang drainase dan Recessus di dalam rongga peritoneum ..............................................................................356
6.5
Ringkasan tentang Mesenterium...................................................... 358
6.6
Topografi Bursa omentalis..................................................................360
6.7
Topografi organ-organ Abdomen atas: hati (Hepar), kandung empedu (Vesoca biliaris), Duodenum, dan Pancreas.......................................................................................... 362
6.8
Topografi organ-organ Abdomen atas: Lambung (Gaster) dan limpa (Splen)................................................364
6.9
Anatomi potong lintang organ-organ Abdomen atas................ 366
5.11 Tumor Prostata: Karsinoma prostat dan hiperplasi prostat; pemeriksaan dini ("screening")..........................................................330 5.12
Organa genitalia masculina: Scrotum, Testis, dan Epididymis...................................................................................... 332
5.13
Organa genitalia masculina: saluran yang menyalurkan sperma dan eja kulat.............................................................................334
5.14 Cabang-cabang A.iliaca interna: ringkasan tentang arteri pemasok organ Pelvis dan dinding Pelvis............................336 5.15
Pasokan darah ke organ-organ Pelvis pada laki-laki................... 338
5.16
Pasokan pembuluh darah organ-organ Pelvis pada perempuan.................................................................................. 340
5.17
Pasokan pembuluh darah Organa genitalia interna dan Vesica urinaria pada perempuan.................
5.18
6.10 Topografi dari usus halus dan usus besar...................................... 368 6.11
6.12 Topografi Rectum................................................................................. 372 6.13
Situs retroperitonealis: ringkasan dan pembagian...................... 374
6.14
Situs retroperitonealis: hubungan peritoneal................................376
6.15
Situs retroperitonealis: organ-organ di ruang retroperitoneum................................................................................... 378
6.16
Situs retroperitonealis: letak ginjal.................................................. 380
6.17
Hubungan peritoneal pada permukaan posterior dinding Abdom en.................................................................................382
342
Drainase limfatik dari Organa genitalia masculina dan feminina..........................................................................................344
Radiografi usus halus dan usus besar..............................................370
5.19 Inervasi otonom pada Organa genitalia masculina..................... 346 5.20 Inervasi otonom pada Organa genitalia feminina........................348
6.18 Hubungan peritoneal pada Pelvis minoris......................................384
6
Anatomi topografis
6.19 Topografi jaringan ikat Pelvis, tingkat-tingkatan ruang Pelvis dan dasar Pelvis.............................................................386
6.1
Anatomi permukaan tubuh, regio-regio topografis dan titik-titik tulang yang mudah dipalpasi..................................350
6.2
Posisi organ-organ di Abdomen dan Pelvis dan proyeksinya terhadap dinding badan............................................ 352
6.3
Topografi rongga peritoneum yang dibuka (Pars supracolica dan infracolica).................................................... 354
6.20
Perangkat fiksasi Uterus...................................................................... 388
6.21
Situs Pelvis perempuan....................................................................... 390
6.22
Situs Pelvis laki-laki..............................................................................392
6.23 Anatomi potongan Pelvis perem puan............................................ 394 6.24 Anatomi potongan Pelvis laki-laki.................................................... 396
Rangkuman tentang Organ
Sistematika Neurovaskular 1.1
Thymus...............................................................................
400
1.1
Thymus................................................................................................... 420
1.2
Oesophagus......................................................................
401
1.2
Pericardium............................................................................................421
1.3
C o r.......................................................................................
402
1.3
Jantung (Cor).........................................................................................422
1.4
Pericardium........................................................................
403
1.4
Trachea, Bronchi, dan paru (Pulmo)................................................ 424
1.5
Pulmo, Bronchi dan Trachea..........................................
404
1.5
Oesophagus...........................................................................................426
1.6
Diaphragma.......................................................................
405
1.6
Lambung (Gaster)................................................................................ 427
1.7
Hepar, Vesica biliaris dan Splen....................................
406
1.7
Usus halus (Intestinum tenue): Duodenum..................................428
1.8
Gaster..................................................................................
407
1.8
Usus halus (Intestinum tenue) Jejunum dan Ile u m ....................429
1.9
Duodenum dan Pancreas...............................................
408
1.9
1.10
Jejunum dan Ile u m ........................................................
409
Usus besar (Intestinum crassum) Caecum dengan Appendix vermiformis dan Colon....................................430
1.11
Caecum, Appendix vermiformis, Colon ascendens, dan transversum.............................................................
1.10
Usus besar (Intestinum crassum) Rectum..................................... 431
410
1.11
Hati (Hepar)...........................................................................................432
Colon descendens dan Colon sigmoideum............
411
1.12
Kandung empedu (Vesica biliaris) dan saluran em pedu............433
Rectum.............................................................................
412
1.13
Pancreas................................................................................................ 434
1.14
Re n, Ureter dan Glandula suprarenalis.....................
413
1.14
Limpa (Splen, Lien)............................................................................. 435
1.15
Vesica urinaria, Prostata, dan Glandula vesiculosa.
414
1.15
Glandulae suprarenales...................................................................... 436
1.16
Testis, Epididymis, dan Ductus deferens..................
415
1.16
Ginjal (Renes)........................................................................................437
1.17
Uterus, Tuba uterina, dan Vagina...............................
416
1.17
U reter..................................................................................................... 438
1.18
Tuba uterina dan Ovarium...........................................
.417
1.18
Kandung kemih (Vesica urinaria)..................................................... 439
1.19
Urethra................................................................................................... 440
1.20
Vagina..................................................................................................... 441
1.21
Uterus dan Tubae uterinae................................................................ 442
1.22
Prostata dan Glandula vesiculosa.................................................... 444
1.23
Epididymis dan Ductus deferens..................................................... 445
1.24
Testis (Didymis).................................................................................... 446
1.25
Ovarium................................................................................................. 447
1.12 1.13
Lampiran Daftar Pustaka Indeks..............
451
