DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonim, 2008. Pelaksanaan RKL dan RPL Tahun 2007. PT Pertamina Unit Pengolahan II. PT Pertamina Dumai Riau Indonesia Abelson, P., (1980). Cost Benefit Analysis and Environmental Problems. Itchen Printers Limited, Southampton, England Adrianto,L., 2006. Pengenalan Konsep dan Metodologi Valuasi Ekonomi Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Laut. PKSPL IPB Bogor 2006 Alexander A. M., John A. L, Michael M, Ralph C. d’Arge. 1998. METHOD; A method for valuing global ecosystem services. Ecological Economics 27 (1998) 161– 170 Anonims. 2004. Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (2004) 624–649 Antti Pasila. 2004. A biological oil adsorption filter. Marine Pollution Bulletin. xxx (2004) xxx–xxx Ardianto,L. (2006). Pengenalan Konsep dan Metodologi Valuasi Ekonomi Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Laut. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Institut Pertanian Bogor. Barbier, R., E. B. M.Acreman, and D. Nowler. (1997). Economic Valuation of Wetland: A Guide for Makers and Planners. RAMSAR Convention Berau, Gland. Swizeland. Barry C. Field, and Martha K. Field. (2002). Environmental Economics, An Introduction. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Blackmore. G. 1998. An overview of trace metal pollution in the coastal waters of Hong Kong. The Science of the Total Environment 214_1998.21]48 Bourgeois, R., Franck.J. 2002. Participatory Prospective Analysis; Exploring and Anticipating Challenges with Stakeholders. CAPSA Monograph No. 46. Borton, D. N. (1994). Economic Factors and Valuation of Trpical Coastal Resources. Universteit I Bergen. Senter for miljo-Og Ressrsstudier. Norway. Bryan, G.W. 1976. Heavy Metal Contamination in The Sea. In Johnston, R. (Ed.) Marine Pollution, Academic Press Inc., London. Cantlon.J.E. 1999. Herman E. Koenig. 1999. ANALYSIS; Sustainable ecological economies. Ecological Economics 31 (1999) 107–121 Costanza. R. 1999. ANALYSIS; The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans. Ecological Economics 31 (1999) 199–213 Cheevaporn V., Piamsak M. 2003. Water pollution and habitat degradation in the Gulf of Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47 (2003) 43–51.
68 Cheung. S.G., K.K. Tai,C.K. Leung,Y.M. Siu. 2002. Effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding behaviour of the sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus (Powys). Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 (2002) 107–113 Cho, K.J., Kiyonori Hiraoka c, Tetsuo Mukai a, Wataru Nishijima a, Kazuto Takimoto a, Mitsumasa Okada. 2004. Effects of oil spill on seawater infiltration and macrobenthic community in tidal flats In-Young Chung. Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2004) xxx–xxx Cincin-Sain,B. and Robert W. Knechh. 1998. Integrated Coastal and Management, Consepts and Practise. Island Press. Washington DC and Covelo California. Clark, J.R. 1998. Coastal Seas The Conservation Challenge. USA Dahuri, R., J. Rais, S.P. Ginting dan M.J. Sitepu. 1996. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu. PT. Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Dana L. Wetzel 1, Edward S. Van Vleet. 2004. Accumulation and distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons found in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in the canals of Venice, Italy. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (2004) 927–936 DiGiacomo P.M.,L. Washburn., Benjamin H., Burton H. Jones. 2004. Coastal pollution hazards in southern California observed by SAR imagery: stormwater plumes, wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps. Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2004) xxx–xxx Djijono, (2002). Valuasi Ekonomi Menggunakan Metode Travel Cost Taman Wisata Hutan di Taman Wan Abdul Rachman, Provinsi Lampung. (Makalan Pengantar Falsapah Sains (PPS702)). Institut Pertanian Bogor 2002. Fauzi, A. (2004). Ekonomi Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, Teori dan Aplikasi. PT Gramedia, Jakarta Fauzi, A. dan Anna,S (2005). Permodelan Sumber Daya Perikanan dan Kelautan, untuk Analisis Kebijakan. PT Gramedia, Jakarta Grande. J.A.., J. Borrego. J.A. Morales., M.L. de la Torre. 2003. A description of how metal pollution occurs in the Tinto–Odielrias (Huelva-Spain) through the application of cluster analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 (2003) 475–480 Hanley, N and CL Spash. (1993). Cost Benefit Analysis and The Environment. Edward Elgar Publistion Limited. Northampton, MA. USA. Hufsemidt, MM et.al. (1987). Lingkungan Sistem Alami dan Pembangunan: Pedoman Penilaian Ekonomis. Alih Bahasa: Reksohadiprojo, S. Gajah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Kusumastanto, T., Adrianto,L., Wahyudin, Y. (2005). Valuasi Ekonomi Sumberdaya Perikanan. Institut Pertanian Bogor Nasir, M. 1988. Metode Penelitian. Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta. Nicholson Shaun., Piotr Szefer. 2003. Accumulation of metals in the soft tissues, byssus and shell of the mytilid mussel Perna viridis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from polluted
69 and uncontaminated locations in Hong Kong coastal waters. Baseline / Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 (2003) 1035–1048 Katayama, Y,. Tetsu Oura, Mihoko Iizuka. Izumi Orita. KyungJin Cho. Mitsumasa Okada. 2003. Effects of spilled oil on microbial communities in a tidal flat In Young Chung. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47 (2003) 85–90 Kr€ogera S., Sergey Piletskyb, Anthony P.F. Turner. Biosensors for marine pollution research, monitoring and control. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 (2002) 24–34 Mayer-Pinto. M., A.O.R. Junqueira. 2003. Effects of organic pollution on the initial development of fouling communities in a tropical bay, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 (2003) 1495–1503 Pertamina PT (Persero) (2005). Pemantauan Lingkungan Kilang PT Pertamina UP II Dumai tahun 2005. Dumai Russo R.C.. 2002. Development of marine water quality criteria for the USA.. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 (2002) 84–91 Ramanathan, R. 1998. Introductory Econometrics: with Applications. The Dryden Press. University of California. San Diego. Fourth Edition. Ryder K., A. Temara., D.A. Holdway. 2004. Avoidance of crude-oil contaminated sediment by the Australian seastar, Patiriella exigua (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2004) xxx–xxx Salim,E. (2004). Jurnal Ekonomi Lingkungan. Edisi XV Desember 2004 Singarimbun (1987). Metode Penelitian Survai. LP3ES Supriharyono. 2000. Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam di Wilayah Pesisir Tropis. PT. Gramedia Putaka Utama. Jakarta Takarina, N.D., David R. B., Michael J.R. 2004. Speciation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Semarang, Indonesia. Baseline / Marine Pollution Bulletin 49 (2004) 854–874 Ukwe C.N., C.A. Ibe., B.I. Alo K.K. Yumkella. 2003. Achieving a paradigm shift in environmental and living resources management in the Gulf of Guinea: the large marine ecosystem approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47 (2003) 219–225 Wittmann, G.T.W. 1979. Toxic Metal. In Forstner, U., and G.T. Wittmann (Eds.) Metal Pollutions in The Aquatic Environment. Spinger-Verlag. Yap, C.K., A. Ismail, S.G. Tan. 2003. Cd and Zn concentrations in the straits of Malacca and intertidal sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Baseline / Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 (2003) 1341–1358
Lampiran 1. Peta Lokasi Penelitian
71
Lampiran 2: Tabel Definisi Variabel dalam Persamaan Regresi Logit Nama Deskripsi Variabel Variabel Independent (variabel respon) B1 Keinginan untuk membayar biaya perbaikan kualitas lingkungan 0: Tidak Mau Membayar 1: Mau Membayar B2 Besarnya nilai WTP dari responden 0: 0 – Rp 2.500,1: Rp. 2.500,- - Rp. 5.000,- dan Rp. 10.000,Variable Dependen (Variabel penjelas) A1 Jenis Kelamin 0: Perempuan 1: Laki-laki A2 Tingkat Umur 1: 15-22 tahun 2: 23-28 tahun 3: 28-50 tahun A3 Tingkat Pendidikan 1: SD/sederajat 2: SLTP/sederajat 3: SLTA/sederajat dan PT A4 Jenis pekerjaan 1: Karyawan, Buruh, Pegawai 2: Pedagang, Petani, Montir, Wiraswasta 3: Mahasiswa dan Pengangguran/Tidak bekerja C1 Tingkat Pendapatan 1: < 500.000,2: Rp. 500.000,- s/d Rp. 1.000.000,3: >Rp.1.000.000,C2 Biaya tanggungan keluarga 1: > orang 2: 5 orang 3: < 5 orang
72
Lampiran 3 Hasil Analisa Regresi Logit (1)
REGRESI LOGISTIK
Hasil Analisis Regresi Logit (1) Tabel 1. Variabel A2 A2 (1) (2) (3) (4) A3 A3 (1) (2) (3) C1 (1) C2 C2 (1) (2) Konstanta
Β (Koefisien)
Exp (Β)
-6.146 -7.652 -10.402 -11.467
0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000
12.754 10.398 8.949 -4.571
345947.9 32789.039 7703.575 0.010
11.868 1.761 2.020
142669.9 5.821 7.538
-2 Loglikelihood untuk Block Number = 0 -2 Loglikelihood untuk Block Number = 1 R2(Nagelkerke) Keterangan : A2 : Tingkat Umur A2 (1) : 21 – 30 tahun (2) : 31 – 40 tahun (3) : 41 – 50 tahun (4) : > 50 tahun A3 : Tingkat Pendidikan A3 (1) : SLTP sederajat (2) : SLTA sederajat (3) : Akademi / Perguruan Tinggi C1 : Pendapatan C1(1) : Rp. 750.000; s/d Rp. 1.000.000; C2 : Jumlah Tanggungan Keluarga C2(1) : 5 orang (2) : < 5 0rang
Signifikansi 0.462 0.970 0.963 0.950 0.944 0.447 0.938 0.950 0.957 0.092 0.318 0.797 0.134 0.993 49.961 26.088 0.642
73
Lanjutan Lampiran 3
Variabel
Β (Koefisien)
Exp (Β)
Signifikansi 0.462
A2 A2 (1)
-6.146
0.002
0.970
(2)
-7.652
0.000
0.963
(3)
-10.402
0.000
0.950
(4)
-11.467
0.000
0.944 0.447
A3 A3 (1)
12.754
345947.9
0.938
(2)
10.398
32789.039
0.950
(3)
8.949
7703.575
0.957
C1 (1)
-4.571
0.010
0.092 0.318
C2 C2 (1)
11.868
142669.9
0.797
(2)
1.761
5.821
0.134
2.020
7.538
0.993
Konstanta
-2 Loglikelihood untuk Block Number = 0
49.961
-2 Loglikelihood untuk Block Number = 1
26.088
R2(Nagelkerke)
0.642
Keterangan :
(4) : SLTA sederajat
A2
(5) : Akademi / Perguruan Tinggi
: Tingkat Umur
A2 (1) : 21 – 30 tahun
A3
C1
: Pendapatan
(5) : 31 – 40 tahun
C1(1) :
(6) : 41 – 50 tahun
1.000.000;
(7) : > 50 tahun
C2
: Tingkat Pendidikan
A3 (1) : SLTP sederajat
Rp.
750.000;
s/d
Rp.
: Jumlah Tanggungan Keluarga
C2(1) : 5 orang (2) : < 5 0rang
75