CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ANTARA SERVICES CHAPTER DAN INVESTMENT CHAPTER DALAM PERJANJIAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL (FTA/EPA/CEPA) HERLIZA DIREKTUR PERUNDINGAN PERDAGANGAN JASA DITJEN KERJA SAMA PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL KEMENTERIAN PERDAGANGAN
MEDAN, 10 DESEMBER 2015
Pengamatan Umum Bagaimana dan di mana jasa dan investasi diatur…. How
Where
Approach
Positive
Services Chapter
GATS-inspired
Negative
Investment Chapter
NAFTA-inspired
That affects…
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Structure of the agreement
2
Investment protection
3
Investment liberalization
Masing-masing chapter memiliki mekanisme sendiri-sendiri dalam
memproteksi penyediaan jasa melalui commercial presence dan/ investasi bidang jasa. Level proteksi dan liberalisasi yang diatur kedua chapter adalah berbeda. Source: Korea’s presentation at RCEP WGTIS 3 meeting
2
Isu Liberalisasi dan Proteksi pada Commercial Presence GATS-inspired
Investment protection provisions
Investment liberalization provisions
Could be covered by linkage provisions. However, level of protection is depends on its context
• NT • MFN
Not covered
NAFTA-inspired • Expropriation and Compensation • Transfer • Compensation and Loses • MSOT • Subrogation • Special Formalities and Information Requirements • ISD • NT • MFN
• PR • SMBD
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Commercial Presence “vs” Investment • Pengaturan commercial presence dapat di-cover oleh chapter TIS dan chapter investment • Menurut Chapter TIS: Pengaturan chapter ini akan berlaku pada penyediaan jasa yang dilakukan melalui keberadaan komersial di wilayah negara lain • Menurut chapter investment: pengaturan chapter berlaku pada setiap aset yang dikendalikan oleh investor baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung yang memiliki “characteristics of an investment” 4
Chapter TIS dan Chapter Investment dijalankan secara Berbeda…. • Chapter Investment: Pendekatan “asset-based” • Chapter TIS: Pendekatan “enterprise-based” • Dikatakan bahwa pendekatan secara aset adalah lebih luas daripada pendekatan secara enterprise: All enterprises are assets, but not all assets are enterprises Services chapters usually require the enterprise to be owned or controlled by persons of another Party, however Investment chapters also cover non-controlling shareholdings 5
Gambaran Pengaturan pada Chapter Trade in Services dan Chapter Investment
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Source: Japan’s presentation at RCEP WGTIS 5 meeting
Linkage Chapter Trade in Services dan Chapter Investment IJEPA • Article [57.2] Scope Chapter Investment: “In the event of any inconsistency between this Chapter and Chapter 6: a. with respect to matters covered by Articles 59, 60 and 63, Chapter 6 shall prevail to the extent of inconsistency; and b. with respect to matters not falling under subparagraph (a), this Chapter shall prevail to the extent of inconsistency.” Note: Article 59 (National Treatment), Article 60 (MostFavoured-Nation) dan Article 63 (Prohibitions of Performance Requirements) 7
Linkage Chapter Trade in Services dan Chapter Investment IJEPA
CHAPTER INVESTMENT
Artikel yang diatur oleh keduanya, yang jika terjadi inkonsistensi maka yang berlaku adalah Article 59 (National ch.investment Treatment), Article 60 (Most-FavouredNation) dan Article 63 (Prohibitions of Performance Requirements)
CHAPTER TRADE IN SERVICES
Linkage Chapter Trade in Services dan Chapter Investment IJEPA Chapter TIS
Chapter Investment
TIS only
Investment only
Market Access National Treatment
National Treatment Additional commitments Schedule of specific commitments
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment General Treatment Access to the Courts of Justice Prohibition of Performance Requirements Reservations and Exceptions Expropriation and Compensation Protection from Strife Authorization, Licensing or Qualification Mutual Recognition
Transparency Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers
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Linkage Chapter Trade in Services dan Chapter Investment IJEPA Chapter TIS
Chapter Investment
Payment and Transfers
Transfers
TIS only
Investment only
Subrogation Settlement of Investment Disputes between a Party and an Investor of the Other Party • Restriction to safeguard the balance of payments • Emergency safeguard measures
Temporary safeguard measures
Prudential Measures Denial of benefits
Denial of benefits Taxation Measures as Expropriation Environmental Measures
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