Catatan Kuliah ITP506

Catatan Kuliah –ITP506

Perkembangan teknologi dan isu mutakhir tentang

Irradiasi Pangan Purwiyatno Hariyadi D Departemen t Il Ilmu & Teknologi T k l i Pangan P Fateta IPB

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Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isue Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi Pangan

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Isu mutakhir Tek Pangan - tentang Irradiasi Pangan

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Irradiasi • Radiasi = pancaran gelombang (energi) • Semua gelombang dapat dikarakterisasi dengan frekuensi (f) dan d panjang j gelombangnya l b (λ). (λ ) • Kecepatan rambat gelombang tidak dipengaruhi oleh frekuensinya f = c/ λ dimana , c = kecpt. cahaya (3 x 1010 cm/sec) dlm hampa. f = frekuensi (sec-1) λ = panjang gelombang (cm) • Energy (E) = h f h = Kontanta Plank (6.626 x 10-27 ergs sec) MPTP – IPB


Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation • Makin pendek λ = makin tinggi energi • Cahaya, gel radio, gel mikro (microwave), gel televisi = λ panjang, energi rendah tidak bisa mempunyai pengaruh pada atom

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Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation

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Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation • Panjang gelombang (λ) yang semakin pendek energii yang main i ti tinggii cukup untuk memukul elektron pada struktur atom ionisasi (radikal bebas) killing effect (terhadap DNA) • Energi tidak cukup tinggi untuk “memecah” memecah inti atom tidak menyebabkan “radioaktif”

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Irradiasi • Iradiasi pengion : M → M+ + edimana, M = atom atau molekul • Gelombang elektromagnet yang bersifat pengion : • Sinar Sinar--x, • Pancaran elektron (electron (electron beams), beams), • sinar katoda (cathode (cathode rays), rays), • Sinar Sinar--β, dan • Sinar S Sinar-γ. • Tipe iradiasi lainnya: Neutron, Deuteron dan partikelpartikel-α menyebabkan kerusakan bahan pangan.

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Irradiasi : Sifat-sifat beberapa radiasi pengion

Penetration : Depth of absorber of unit density (water) required to reduce radiation intensity ?? by a factor of 1000 Purwiyatno hariyadi/TPG/Fateta/IPB MPTP – IPB



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Irradiasi : Sifat-sifat beberapa radiasi pengion

• Sinar Gamma – Radiasi elektromagnet yang dipancarkann oleh Co-60 dan Cs-137 – Penetrasi dalam dan seragam ke segala arah

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Irradiasi Pangan • Pemaparan bahan pangan oleh radiasi untuk keperluan “mengawetkan” • Telah lama diteliti dan dipelajari • Aplikasi pada industri terbatas = dibatasi oleh persepsi konsumen • Saat ini;; konsumen dunia mulai menunjukkan j “ketertarikan”nya terhadap teknologi irradiasi

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Irradiasi Pangan • Menyebabkan “gangguan” metabolisme internal sel karena ternjadinya kerusakan ikatan ikatan-ikatan ikatan kimia • Kerusakan DNA menyebabkan sel kehilangan kemampuan reproduksinya • “radikal bebas” dibentuk ketika terjadi kontak dengan bahan pangan yang mengandung air • R Radikal dik l b bebas b b berreaksi k id dengan DNA menyebabkan b bk kematian • DNA merupakan bagian sel yang “radiation sensitive”

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Dosis Irradiasi •

Dikendalikan oleh “the International Commission on Radiological Units” Rad

•

1R Rad d = jjumlah l h iirradiasi di i yang menyebabkan b bk 1 g b bahan h yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 100 erg (1 Rad = 100 erg/g)

•

Satuan umum

•

1 Grey = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 kg bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 1 joule;

•

1,000 Grey = 1 kGy.

•

100 Rad = 1 Gy

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“Grey“



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Dosis Irradiasi


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Dosis Irradiasi - Metoda pengukuran iradiasi • Cloud chamber or darkening of photographic films • •

Detection and visualization of tracks of individual radioactive particles. Not much relevance to foods but could be used for safety of personnel.

• Ionization Chamber - This is also used in Geiger Geiger--Mueller counter counter. • The chamber is filled with a gas and an electric field is established between two electrodes. • The ions are collected on electrodes and radiation is measured as pulse intensity.

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Dosis Irradiasi - Metoda pengukuran iradiasi • Radiation absorbed by food is measured by chemical dosimeter.

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•

The standard used is often a calorimetric technique.

•

The amount of heat produced by 10 kGy radiation absorbed by 1 g of water will produce 2.68C temperature increase.

•

Oxidation--reduction of metals or organic ions has been used Oxidation as indicators.


PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN 1. Pengaruhnya thd Air "radiolisis“ air tereksitasi (H2O)* radikal bebas OH· dan H· air terionisasi (H2O)+ elektron terhidrasi (e-aq)

gas hydrogen (H2) hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) air (H2O) ion hidronium (H3O+) ion Hidroxksida (OH-)

Komponen Bahan Pangan (lemak, kh, protein, dll) MPTP – IPB



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PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN 2. Pengaruhnya thd senyawa nonnon-akueus • Rantai hidrokarbon (lipid, atau polimer bahan pengemas). • - (CH2) → - (CH (CH··) - + H· H· • Senyawa aromatik → stabil • Pati dan pektin cukup sensitif • Protein – asam asam--asam amino tertentu (histidine, asam amino bersulfur, fenilalanin, dan tirosin) sangat sensitif. • Lemak Lemak..

“ketengikan oksidatif“

• Karbohidrat

pencoklatan nonnon-enzimatis


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PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBA

-

memproduksi radikal bebas

-

radikal bebas bereraksi dengan protein dan DNA

-

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sel mati



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D10 : dosis irradiasi yang menyebabkan pengurangan jumlah mikroba dengan faktor 10 D10 dose

D10,veg bacterium D10,yeast

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PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBA Model inaktivasi mikroba oleh irradiasi bisa juga dinyatakan sbb :

N = N0 e

−

D D

0

dimana, N = jumlah mo setelah iradiasi, = jumlah mo awal (sebelum iradiasi), N0 D = Dosis radiasi yang diterima, diterima dan D0 = konstanta; tgt jenis mo dan kondisi lingkungan Konstanta D0 = dosis radiasi yang menyebabkan kematian mikroba sebanyak 63% populasi. MPTP – IPB



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PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBA _______________________________________________________ organisme medium in D10 (Rad) which irradiated _______________________________________________________ Bacterial spore C botulinum A36 buffer 0.33 106 B53 buffer 0.33 106 B57 canned chicken 0.37 106 C. sprogenes 367 water 0.22 106 Veg bacteria Sal typhimrium E coli li

buffer egg yolk b ff buffer

2.0 104 8.0 104 9 0 103 9.0

Yeast Sacc cerevisiae

saline

5.0 104

Mold Asp niger

saline

4.7 104

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Organism Dvalue Resistance

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APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN Irradiasi dosis rendah (sampai 1 kGy)

Menghambat perkecambahan

(1 Gy = 1 Joule/Kg)

Menunda pematangan buah

Dosis medium (1-10 kGy)

Mengurangi risiko patogen dan meningkatkan g masa simpan (keawetan)

Dosis tinggi ( > 10 kGy)

Strilisasi

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APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN

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APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN

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APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN Sterilization of foods (radappertizing (radappertizing)) in hermetically sealed containers requires 2 - 4 x 106 rad for room temperature storage doses around 105 rad can be used for pasteurization of refrigerated foods. • Waste treatment • De De--infestation of grain grain, dried foods foods, spices etc etc., 25 25,000 000 rad • Sprout inhibitor in potatoes, carrots, onions 15,000 rads • Accelerated aging of whisky

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Sumber Irradiasi • Cobalt 60 • Waktu paruh ~ 5 tahun • Penetrasi lebih dalam daripada elektron • Lebih murah

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Sumber Irradiasi 1. Cobalt - 60 Produced by irradiation of CoCo-59 in a nuclear reactor. This has a halfhalf-life of 5.27 yr and emits two γ -rays per disintegration with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. The metal is formed as strips and contains more than 100,000 cu per strip. The food product is irradiated from two sides to provide uniform dose throughout the container. container The dose of irradiation is such that it does not cause radioactivity in the food.

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Irradiasi • Cobalt 60 (Gamma ( Radiation)

Cobalt 60 2 5 6 Mrad 2.5-6

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Sumber Irradiasi 2. Dengan menggunakan Mesin • • •

Akselerator elektron : mulai untuk aplikasi non--pangan ((plastik, non plastik, obat, dan cat). Kelemahan?: penetrasi rendah. Teknologi baru : banyak dioperasikan secara komersial.

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APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN TERTENTU : Efek samping negatif penampakan.

off flavor, tekstur dan

• Masalah off off--flavor pada daging, ikan & unggas (oksidasi lemak dan degradasi protein) : • Daging (beef) paling sensitif (pork & poultry lebih stabil). • Perubahan warna : daging mentah → coklat daging masak → pinkish • Buah/sayuran segar : .......> kerusakan tekstur & off off--flavor @ > 105 rad • Produk Dairy : off off--flavor pada susu @ 104 - 5 x 104 rad • Coklat : off off--flavor @ 5,000 rad MPTP – IPB


APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN TERTENTU : Minimisasi Efek samping negatif 1. Gunakan dosis iradiasi rendah 2. Kombinasikan iradiasi dengan panas, atau perlakuan kimia 3. Iradiasi pada kondisi beku 4. Iradiasi pada kondisi atmosfer yang inert 5. Tambahkan freefree-radical scavengers, seperti asam askorbat.

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CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI

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CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI Spices and Dried Vegetable Seasonings Irradiated spices and dried vegetable seasonings have been retail marketed in South Africa over the past 10 years and the volume is increasing. In fact, irradiation is used so routinely by the spice trade in South Africa that it would be difficult to find spices treated by some other means (fumigation, heat) in the country. A variety of processed food (for example, sauces, salad dressings, sandwich spread) also incorporate irradiated spices and vegetable seasonings. All irradiated products have to be labelled with ith an irradiation logo pl plus s the word ord ‘Rad ‘Radurised’. rised’ Since 1995, irradiated spices and dried vegetable seasonings have been marketed at retail levels in Belgium. Irradiated spices, condiments and seasonings are also available in China. MPTP – IPB



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CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI Frog Legs Because of strict microbiological g specifications p in France,, most, if not all, frog legs marketed in the country have been treated by irradiation to ensure their hygienic quality. The product has to be labelled ‘treated by ionization’ and can be purchased in most French food markets.

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CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI Onions, Garlic Vidalia onions have been irradiated in Florida, to prevent p g, and marketed at retail level in Chicago g since 1992. sprouting, Irradiated garlic has been sold in increasing quantities in several cities in China since the early 1990s. During 1995-98, about 166,000 tonnes of garlic were irradiated and marketed across China. All products are labelled to indicate the treatment.

Chicken Following the approval of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the quality control programme for irradiated poultry in 1993, small quantities of irradiated chicken have been offered for sale in some retail outlets in Florida, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas with success. MPTP – IPB



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CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI Fermented Pork Sausages Irradiated fermented pork sausages (Nham, a local delicacy in Thailand which is almost always consumed raw) treated for Thailand, controlling pathogenic microorganisms and parasites, are gaining popularity since their first market trial in 1986. During 1997, about 80 tonnes of Nham were irradiated in Thailand. Increasing quantities of this irradiated product are being supplied to supermarkets in Bangkok. In addition to marketing in Bangkok, the producers have developed new markets in the north and northwest of Thailand where Nham is a staple part of the diet diet. There is a widespread demand for this irradiated product as the risk from infection by Salmonella and Trichinella spiralis has been removed. The irradiation logo and a statement indicating irradiation treatment are required on the label. MPTP – IPB


CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI Other Food Products Since a semi-commercial irradiator in Chittagong, Bangladesh went into operation in 1993, small quantities of irradiated dried fish (for insect control) have been available in the market in Chittagong and other cities in Shelf-stable, ready-to-eat meals are commercially available in South Africa. At present, 12 such meals are in existence, including beef curry, beef stroganoff, chicken curry, lasagna and a Malaysian dish called bobotie. These meals are labelled as irradiated and have a shelf-life of greater than two years, making them ideal for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, yachting, safaris and mountaineering. Successful market trials of other irradiated foods such as rice, mungbeans, potatoes and d onions i iin severall countries t i iin recentt years will ill lik likely l llead d tto further commercialization of irradiated food in the near future. The actual sale of irradiated food in the market in several countries has clearly demonstrated that consumers will accept irradiated food if they have the choice.

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FASILITAS IRRADIASI

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FASILITAS IRRADIASI

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Iradiasi Pangan • Identified byy the FDA and World Health Organization g (WHO) as having significant strategic importance for the future of food safety worldwide • Non-thermal technology for pasteurization of solid food • Improves food Safety and shelf-life economically • Can kill Salmonella and E. E coli

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ISU IRRADIASI

pertanyaan/persepsi konsumen Apakah produk pangan yang diiradiasi menjadi radioaktif? Bagaimana keamanan personalia/operator fasilitas irradiasi? Bagaimana potensi bahaya dari mikroba yang bertahan (surviving microflora)? Kehilangan nutrisi? Perubahan kimia? Beracun? Karsinogenik? Irradiasi : Pro dan Kontra MPTP – IPB


ISU IRRADIASI

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pelabelan



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PERSEPSI IRADIASI?? Sejak 9/11 ……. … berubah??? b b h???

Bio--Terrorist? Bio MPTP – IPB


PERSEPSI IRADIASI?? Sejak 9/11 ……. … berubah??? b b h???

Penggunaan teknologi iradiasi menggunakan mesin berkas elektron untuk proses dekontaminasi surat MPTP – IPB



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2. Dengan menggunakan Mesin Berkas Elektron (E(E-beam)

E-beam accelerator

E- E- E- E- EE- E- EE-

3MeV-12 MeV

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2. Dengan menggunakan Mesin Berkas Elektron (E(E-beam) • Akselerator elektron : mulai untuk aplikasi non--pangan (plastik, non (plastik, obat, dan cat). • Low Low--energy accelerators (150 keV - 2.0 MeV). • Medium Medium--energy accelerators (2.5 - 8.0 MeV). • High High--energy accelerators (> 9.0 MeV).

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☺☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Degradasi beberapa polimer (paparan lebih singkat) ☺ Tanpa residu ☺ On/Off terkendali ☺ “persepsi lebih aman”

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minimal



Tantangan dari segi engineering Daya penetrasi rendah pasteurization”??? “cold p “electronic pasteurization”???

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solved!

Batasan legal ? (food authority)



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2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E (E--beam)

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2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E (E--beam) Two Side Orange Irradiation

Orange irradiation type: one side, two side or rotation?

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3 Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isue Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi Pangan


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2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E (E--beam) Two Side Orange Irradiation Main requirements: q • • • • • • • •

purpose is orange pasteurization and disinfestation electron energy up to 10 MeV system includes two modules beam power of each module up to 10 kW orange diameter 7 cm orange weight 170 g orange irradiation depth whole volume irradiation dose up to 300 Gy 2 Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isue Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi Pangan

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2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E (E--beam) Two Side Orange Irradiation D th dose Depth d distribution di t ib ti for f 10 MeV M V

140

Relative dose, %

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

2

4

6

Density*depth, g/ccm*cm one-side irradiation second-side irradiation double-side irradiation

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• P Product d t thickness thi k att 10 M MeV V and 1 g/cm3 bulk density: - 2.8 cm at one side irradiation, - 8.0 cm at two side irradiation. • Optimal electron energy for two side irradiation of 7 cm diameter orange is 8.8 MeV. • Dose non-uniformity at one side irradiation is 100 % unacceptable. • Dose non-uniformity at two side irradiation is 25 %.

4 Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isue Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi Pangan


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2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E (E--beam) Two Side Orange Irradiation

There are two independent irradiation 10 kW systems irradiated one conveyor. Oranges go by rows with 7 oranges in each row without rotation. 300 Gyy required q dose. V=1 m/sec conveyor speed. Scanning frequency 140 Hz. Scanning width is 50 cm. Total throughput is 1 T/min.

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Francisco J. Bueso (AGEN 689, Texas A &M University) MPTP – IPB



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Kesimpulan • Irradiasi Pangang berpotensi p menjadi j bagian g penting dari pemecahan masalah keamanan pangan • Mesin Berkas Elektron : mempunyai potensi memenangkan “hati” konsumen • P Perlu l analisis li i risiko i ik efektif.

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k komunikasi ik i risiko i ik yang


Detection Methods for Irradiated Food

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ISU IRRADIASI

pelabelan

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Catatan Kuliah ITP506

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